Roth IRA Rules of Thumb
Roth IRA Rules of Thumb
There is an entire section of this guide dealing with Roth IRA Decision Factors. This page is for those of you who do not want to plow through lots of analysis — or who want a quick way to check whether you came to the right conclusion. These rules of thumb represent my judgment about when it generally makes sense to choose the Roth Individual Retirement Arrangement/Account (IRA). For the reasoning behind the rules, visit the relevant pages in the section dealing with decision factors.
Roth IRA vs. Taxable Account
One of the alternatives to a Roth IRA is a regular taxable account with a bank, mutual fund or stockbroker. Either way you get no deduction when money goes in. The Roth IRA provides earnings that are tax-deferred and possibly tax-free. However, if you make a taxable withdrawal of earnings from the Roth IRA, you will report ordinary income (not long-term capital gain), and you may pay a 10% early distribution penalty.
• Choose the Roth IRA over a taxable account if you expect to qualify for tax-free distributions. Remember, you can withdraw contributions tax-free at any time, but earnings generally have to stay in until you are 59½ and have satisfied the five-year requirement.
• If you expect to withdraw earnings when they are taxable, you are generally better off with a taxable account — especially if you are investing for long-term capital gains, or if the 10% early distribution penalty will apply.
Roth IRA vs. Nondeductible IRA
If you participate in a retirement plan maintained by your employer and your income is above certain levels, you may face a choice between saving in a Roth IRA or making a nondeductible contribution to a traditional IRA. In either case you get no deduction for your contribution, but the Roth IRA provides greater flexibility in withdrawing your contributions, and the possibility of withdrawing your earnings tax-free.
• Choose the Roth IRA over a nondeductible contribution to a traditional IRA in all cases.
Roth IRA vs. Deductible IRA
The choice between saving in a Roth IRA and a deductible contribution to a traditional IRA is more difficult. The traditional IRA gives you a deduction when you contribute, but the Roth IRA gives you a chance to have earnings that are entirely tax-free for decades to come. Here are the main ideas here:
• If you are saving the maximum amount each year, the Roth IRA is likely to be better.
• If you are in a low tax bracket when saving, the Roth IRA is likely to be better.
• Conversely, if you are in a high tax bracket when you contribute and expect to be in a much lower tax bracket when you withdraw your earnings, a traditional IRA may be the better choice.
Roth IRA vs. Employer Plan
If your employer provides a 401k or similar plan, you may face a choice between contributing to that plan or a Roth IRA. Do not forget you can do both!
• Choose your employer's 401k or similar plan if your employer will make matching contributions, and you do not expect to forfeit the matching contributions by quitting before they are vested.
• Otherwise choose as you would for a deductible IRA (see above).
Rules of Thumb for Conversions
Finally we come to the most complicated choice: whether to convert (roll over) your traditional IRA to a Roth IRA.
• Generally you should not roll to a Roth IRA if you need to hold out some of the IRA money to pay taxes on the conversion and you will pay the 10% early distribution penalty on the amount you hold out.
• If your retirement tax bracket will be 15%, avoid paying 28% or higher on your rollover. Remember that a partial rollover may permit you to avoid pushing into a higher tax bracket in the year of the rollover.
• If your traditional IRA contains mostly nondeductible contributions, rolling it to a Roth IRA should produce handsome benefits.
• Even if all contributions to your traditional IRA were deductible, rolling it to a Roth IRA may produce benefits if the first two points above do not apply.
Once again, these are merely rules of thumb. In most cases they give the right results, but your particular situation may call for a different answer. An extended discussion of all the factors that go into choosing a Roth IRA begins in Roth IRA Decision Factors.
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Guide to the Roth IRA
You have found the web's most complete guide to the Roth IRA. Print it all out and you will have over 150 pages of guidance. However, you do not have to get lost in the details. We have easy overview pages like Roth IRA 101 and Roth IRA Rules of Thumb. After you visit those pages you may want more details. If so, they are all here.
We have organized our guide to the Roth IRA into the following main topics:
Roth IRA Essentials
This guide is so extensive that you probably will not want to read all of it unless you are a tax professional or investment advisor. In this part of the guide we make it easy for you to get the big picture. Then you can scan the subjects below to find pages that will answer particular questions you may have.
• Roth IRA Essentials (topic intro)
• Roth IRA 101
• General Rules for IRAs
• Roth IRA Rules of Thumb
• How to Start a Roth IRA
Regular Contributions
This part of our guide lays out all the rules relating to regular (non-rollover) contributions to Roth IRAs.
• Regular Contributions (topic intro)
• Basic Rules for Regular Contributions
• Regular Contribution to Conversion Roth IRA
• Compensation Income
• Spousal Roth IRA
• Phase-Out Rules
• Modified Adjusted Gross Income
• Expanded Roth IRA Availability
Conversions and Rollovers
Our complete guide to converting or rolling a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA:
• Guide to the Conversion Decision (topic intro)
• Conversion Preliminaries
• Conversion Eligibility
• Partial Conversion
• Advantages of Conversion
• Disadvantages of Conversion
• Conversion Consequences
• Four-Year Spread
• How Much Conversion Tax
• Source of Funds for Conversion Tax
• Timeline for Using Your IRA
• Periodic Payments and Conversions
• The Future of the Roth IRA
Distributions from Roth IRAs
Click to these pages for rules governing distributions from Roth IRAs.
• Distributions from Roth IRAs (topic intro)
• Roth Ira Distribution Overview
• General Rules for Distributions
• Tax-Free Distributions
• First-Time Homebuyer
• Taxable Distributions
• Distributions After Conversions
• Inherited Roth IRA
Undoing Contributions and Conversions
If you want — or need — to undo a contribution or a conversion to a Roth IRA, these are the pages that provide you with the information you need.
• Undoing Contributions and Conversions (topic intro)
• Excess Contributions
• Recharacterization Overview
• Recharacterization Rules
• Recharacterization Mechanics
• Earnings Allocations
• Reconversion to Save Taxes
• Extended Deadline for Recharacterizations
Roth IRA Decision Factors
How do you decide whether to contribute to a Roth IRA? How do you decide whether to make a rollover to a Roth IRA? This part of our guide includes the following pages:
• Roth IRA Decision Factors (topic intro)
• Tax Features of IRAs
• The Roth IRA is Bigger
• Roth IRA vs. Non-IRA Savings
• Roth IRA vs. Nondeductible IRA
• Roth IRA vs. Deductible IRA
• Roth IRA vs. Employer Plan
• Roth IRA Rollover Considerations
• Roth IRA and Tax on Social Security
Roth IRA Investment Strategies
This part of our guide provides ideas for ways you should — or should not — use Roth IRAs as part of your financial planning strategy.
• Roth IRA Investment Strategies (topic intro)
• Roth IRA and College Savings
• Roth IRA and Saving for a Home
• Post-Retirement Rollover to Roth IRA
• IRAs for Minors
• Lifetime Gift of a Roth IRA
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