Organic Compound Notes



PACKET 2: BIOCHEMISTRY (The Chemistry of Life)

Bio.4.1 Understand how biological molecules are essential to the survival of living organisms.

• Bio.4.1.1 Compare the structures and functions of the major biological molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) as related to the survival of living organisms.

• Bio.4.1.3 Explain how enzymes act as catalysts for biological reactions

Bio.1.2 Analyze the cell as a living system.

• Bio.1.2.1 Explain how homeostasis is maintained in a cell and within an organism in various environments (including temperature and pH).

Vocabulary

|Organic compounds |Proteins |Lipids |

|inorganic compounds |amino acids |fatty acids |

|monomer |polypeptide |glycerol |

|polymer |peptide bond |triglycerides |

|dehydration synthesis |insulin | |

|hydrolysis |biuret’s (test) |Nucleic Acids |

|Carbohydrates |Enzymes |DNA |

|Monosaccharide/simple sugars |substrate |RNA |

|glucose |product |nucleotides |

|benedicts solution (test) |active site | |

|polysaccharide/ complex carbohydrates |activation energy |pH |

|cellulose | |acid |

|glycogen | |base |

|starch | |neutral |

|iodine (test) | |buffer |

Organization of Life:

_____________________* combine together to make (

_____________________* combine together to make (

_____________________ combine together to make (

_____________________ may combine together to make (

_____________________ may combine together to make (

_____________________ may combine together to make (

_____________________ may combine together to make(

_____________________ may combine together to make (

______________________

From Simple to Complex: The Building Blocks of Life

▪ ____________________________Compounds –contain the element carbon and hydrogen.

▪ ____________________________Compounds – do not contain the carbon and hydrogen together*.

* Is carbon dioxide (CO2) organic or inorganic? ___________________________

❖ The four most abundant elements in living things are ___________________, __________________, _________________ and _______________________ (HONC).

• ____________________________ – such as plants are able to make their own organic compounds from inorganic compounds through photosynthesis (the chemical equation is seen below).

Carbon Dioxide + Water + Solar Energy ( Glucose + Oxygen

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Solar energy ( C6H12O6 + 6 O2

__________ __________ __________ __________

So today, almost all organic compounds are formed biotically (by __________________ things), then the question became – how did the first organic compounds form?

Miller and Urey Experiment to answer how first organic compounds formed:

Miller & Urey’s experiment provides support for the idea that conditions on lifeless, ‘primordial’ Earth could have allowed the spontaneous formation of more complex (organic) molecules. Since the conditions on earth are now very different, we do not see the same reactions occurring.

Important Terms to know:

❖ ____________________: A single compound or building block used to make a larger compound.

❖ __________________: Many monomers joined together to form a large compound

❖ ____________________________ ____________________________: The process of combining small compounds to form large compounds and water molecules. (Also known as Condensation Reaction)

H+ OH- + H+ OH- = H+ OH- + H2O

❖ _________________________________: Breaking down a larger compound (polymers) into smaller pieces (monomers)… Enzymes and water are needed to break the polymer down.

H+ OH- + H2O = H+ OH- + H+ OH-

| |Lipids |

|Carbohydrates |Monomers - _______________________ |

|Monomers - _____________________ Example: ______________ |Polymers - __________________________________ |

|Polymers - ______________________ |Examples: ______________________ - such as cholesterol that |

|Examples: ______________________ - in plant cell walls |makes hormones and parts of cells |

|_____________________ - how plants store extra carbs |______________________ - make up the cell membrane |

|____________________ - how animals store extra carbs | |

|Functions ____________________________________________ |Functions _____________________________________________ |

|Foods include: ________________________________________ |______________________________________________________ |

|Indicator test: |Foods include: ________________________________________ |

|Sugar - ____________________, Positive color is ____________ |Indicator test:______________________, Positive color is |

|Starch - ___________________, Positive color is _____________ |a ________________________ |

| |__________________________ |

|Proteins |Nucleic Acids |

|Monomers - _______________________ |Monomers - _______________________ |

|Polymers - ________________________ |Polymers - __________________________________ |

|Functions / Examples – |Functions _____________________________________________ |

|________________________________ - absorb extra sugar from blood |______________________________________________________ |

|_____________________________ - on red blood cells, carries oxygen |[pic] |

|_________________________________ - help with chemical reactions | |

|Foods include: ________________________________________ | |

|Indicator test: ____________________, Positive color is ____________ | |

The Chemistry of Life…Organic Compounds

Complete the table by placing a check in the correct column for each description

|Description |Carbs |Lipids |Proteins |Nucleic Acids|

|Made up of nucleotides | | | | |

|Most consist of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule | | | | |

|Quick source of energy | | | | |

|DNA and RNA | | | | |

|Contain peptide bonds | | | | |

|Directs the production of proteins | | | | |

|Commonly called fats and oils | | | | |

|Subunits or building blocks are simple sugars | | | | |

|Made up of amino acids | | | | |

|Used for long-term energy storage, insulation & protective coatings | | | | |

|Help carry out chemical reactions | | | | |

|Important parts of biological membranes (makes up most of the membrane) | | | | |

|Transport substances in and out of cells | | | | |

|Store & transmit hereditary information | | | | |

1. ____________________ is how plants store excess sugar and animals store excess sugar as ___________________ . Both are complex carbs.

2. This is a protein in red blood cells _______________________.

3. A protein that can change the rate of a reaction is an _____________________.

4. Triglyceride is lipid made up of a glycerol molecule and ________(#) _____________________________.

5. The monomers that make up nucleic acids are known as __________________________________.

6. The two basic kinds of nucleic acids are _______________________ and ______________________.

7. If you see a word end in –ose (Ex: glucose, sucrose) then think _________________. If the word ends in –ase (Ex: cellulase, amylase) then think _______________________.

Organic Compound Concept Map

-----------------------

Step 1 - __________________ __________________________________________________

Step 2 - _____________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Step 3 - _________________________ ________________________________________________________________

4 Organic Compounds

1.

Organic Compounds

Must contain

6.

Monosaccharides

7.

Starch, Cellulose & Glycogen

Sucrose and Lactose

5.

Can be

Such as

Such as

8.

Are made of

9.

Fatty Acids

Carbohydrates

Consist of

Are linked

by

Are made

of

12.

Peptide Bonds

11.

10.

Hydrogen

2.

And usually contain

3.

4. Some also contain phosphorus

Stores genetic information in the form of

14.

13.

Enzymes

• A special type of ________________________

• Function - to _____________________________ a chemical reaction by _______________________ the energy needed to start the reaction (__________________________________________)

• Enzymes are _________________ since they only work on one type of substrate.

• Enzymes are ____________________ since they can be used over and over.

• Enzymes are affected by _______________ and ______________________. Their _________________ changes so they can no longer fit with the substrate. When the shape changes an enzyme has been ___________________________.

Equation for a chemical reaction (_____________________________):

_________

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light ( C6H12O6 + 6 O2

___________________ _________________

[pic]

Label the lines:

• Without enzyme

• With enzyme

How do you know?

pH

___________________ help maintain homeostasis by minimizing changes in ________. Most body systems function optimally at a pH of near _______. As the pH changes ___________________ may stop working, nerve and muscle activity weakens, and finally all chemical reactions are affected.

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