Chapter 16 Section A: Control and Integration of ...



Chapter 16 Section A: Control and Integration of Carbohydrate, Protein & Fat Metabolism

Section 16A.1

How long does the absorptive state last following a typical meal?

Once blood has passed through the digestive tract and nutrients enter the bloodstream, what is the next organ that blood passes through? What is the advantage of this arrangement?

Describe the anatomical route by which fats do not pass first through the liver after being absorbed from the gut?

What molecule is the major source of energy during the absorptive state?

What tissue accounts for the vast majority of body mass, and the thus the greatest consumer of energy, even at rest?

What is the fate of glucose absorbed skeletal muscle during the absorptive phase?

In adipocytes, what is the fate of glucose during the absorptive phase?

What are the multiple fates of glucose in liver cells (hepatocytes) during the absorptive phase?

What are lipoproteins and what is their purpose?

The liver produces VLDLs which contain large amounts of triglycerides. What happens to these triglycerides in adipose tissue?

Cholesterol isn’t a source of energy. What are its roles in human physiology?

Why are LDLs considered “bad” cholesterol?

Why are HDLs considered “good” cholesterol?

What is the fate of amino acids that enter hepatocytes?

What happens to excess amino acids that are not used for protein synthesis?

What are the major differences between the absorptive and post-absorptive states?

What are the sources of blood glucose during the post-absorptive phase? Which organ provides glucose during the early period of the post-absorptive phase?

How does skeletal muscle contribute to plasma glucose during the post-absorptive phase?

How does adipose tissue contribute to plasma glucose during the post-absorptive phase?

What other fuel molecule is generated by adipose tissue during the post-absorptive phase?

What accounts for the drastic reduction of muscle tissue mass during starvation?

Through what steps in which organ are amino acids converted to glucose?

What is the difference between glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis?

What is “glucose sparing” and why is it important?

How and where are ketones produced?

Of the following, which cannot be used as fuel by the nervous system: glucose, fatty acids, ketones?

Section 16A.2

What are the sources of insulin and glucagon?

Which organs are glucose sinks? Glucose sources?

Which of the above hormones prevails during the absorptive phase? The post-absorptive phase?

Other than growth-promoting effects, what is the overall effect of insulin?

What are the major target cells for insulin and how is the metabolism of those cells changed by insulin?

What is the stimulus that leads to the secretion of insulin?

Explain how insulin leads to the uptake of glucose in its target cells.

How does insulin lead to protein synthesis in muscle cells?

Create a negative feedback loop for plasma glucose homeostasis beginning with the stimulus: eating a large Snickers candy bar. Be sure to include the sensors (receptors), afferent pathway (if there is one!), integrator, efferent pathway, effectors and their actions, and how all this affects plasma glucose.

Other than carbohydrates, what kind of meal can also stimulate glucose secretion?

What accounts for the rise in secretion of insulin even before you eat that Snickers bar?

What hormone prevails during the post-absorptive phase? What are its effects compared to insulin?

What’s occurring with respect to insulin and glucagon concentrations during the transition from the absorptive to the post-absorptive state?

What effect does stress have on the metabolism of muscle, liver and adipose tissue cells?

Explain how the sympathetic nervous system is involved in glucose homeostasis in a person who skips lunch and works unceasingly through the afternoon.

What are the differences in the origins of IDDM and NIDDM? Which is more common? Which is the result of an autoimmune disorder?

For NIDDM, what is the meaning of “insulin resistance?

What are the recommended treatments for IDDM? For NIDDM?

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