Doral Academy Preparatory School



Chapter 8 ReviewMultiple ChoiceIdentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.____1.The 1950s brought a "cognitive revolution" in psychology becausea.some theorists recognized that an exclusive focus on observable behavior would yield an incomplete picture of human functioning.b.it was finally recognized that cognition is a uniquely human capability.c.introspection became more objective and reliable as a research tool.d.behaviorists recognized that language could not be studied objectively.____2.During the first half of the 20th century, the study of cognition was discouraged becausea.earlier studies using the method of introspection had reliably mapped the structure of consciousness.b.of the theoretical dominance of behaviorism.c.cognition was not considered to be a psychological function.d.language acquisition was viewed as an innate process that could not be studied empirically.____3.Which of the following theorists encouraged the study of cognitive activity that helped lead to the cognitive revolution in the 1950s?a.Sigmund Freudb.John Watsonc.Herbert Simond.B. F. Skinner____4.Symbols that convey meaning, plus rules for combining those symbols that can be used to generate an infinite variety of messages are known asa.language.b.telegraphic speech.c.an overextention.d.semantics.____5.When the word "oat" is changed to the word "boat," the number ofa.phonemes and morphemes are both increased.b.phonemes stays the same, but the number of morphemes is increased.c.phonemes increases, but the number of morphemes stays the same.d.phonemes decreases, but the number of morphemes increases.____6.Phonemes are the smallest units of ____ in a spoken language; morphemes are the smallest units of ____ in a language.a.sound; meaningb.sound; syntaxc.meaning; soundd.meaning; syntax____7.Semantics is the component of language concerned witha.understanding the meaning of words and word combinations.b.specifying rules for how words can be arranged into sentences.c.creating novel messages from a finite number of symbols.d.correctly pronouncing the prefixes, suffices, and root words of a language.____8.If your psychology professor gives students two separate grades on their essay questions on exams, one for content or meaning and the other for grammar, the first grade can be said to refer to the ____ and the second grade to the ____ of the essays.a.semantics; syntaxb.syntax; semanticsc.phonemes; morphemesd.morphemes; phonemes____9.You are at a daycare center and hear three 12-month-old babies babbling, each from a different ethnic/linguistic background (Asian, Hispanic, and Caucasian). The babbling of each of these infantsa.will sound very similar, because maturation is the major determinant of language acquisition during the first year.b.will consist mainly of vowel sounds, because consonant sounds don't usually emerge until 14 months of age.c.will consist mainly of two-word phrases (telegraphic speech).d.will sound very different, with each child's babbles sounding quite similar to the parents' native language.____10.A child's first words are generally spoken at about what age?a.3 to 5 monthsb.6 to 8 monthsc.10 to 13 monthsd.18 to 21 months____11.Jenna is 14 months old and uses only "bottle, no, up, bye-bye, mama, and dada" when she talks. However, when the family is on their way to visit Jenna's grandmother, and her father tells Jenna to get her blue bunny from the bedroom and bring it with her, Jenna quickly runs to get the bunny. This episode demonstrates thata.toddlers' receptive vocabularies are larger than their productive vocabularies.b.toddlers' productive vocabularies are larger than their receptive vocabularies.c.infants have difficulty pronouncing phonemes they have never heard.d.Jenna is able to overextend her current vocabulary.____12.Fast mapping isa.the development of a mental representation of one's environment.b.the pacing activity associated with genetics, allowing for anticipation of motivational events.c.the type of play a child engages in at an early age.d.mapping words to underlying concepts after only one exposure.____13.Telegraphic speech normally includes onlya.nouns.b.verbs.c.nouns and verbs.d.nouns, verbs, and articles.____14.A child who uses "wented" as the past tense of the verb "to go"a.is using a metalinguistic transformation.b.is probably still at the stage of using semantic slanting.c.is using a general rule in an irregular case where it does not apply.d.is using motherese to express the past tense.____15.A child who says, "I sawed a cat in the yard," is making which of the following errors?a.Overextensionb.Underextensionc.Overregularizationd.Underregularization____16.Recent research suggests that bilingual people learn another language ___________ monolingual people.a.much more slowly thanb.slightly more slowly thanc.at about the same pace asd.more quickly than____17.Joe is a bilingual elementary school student. Relative to his monolingual peers, Joe is likely to excel on tasks requiringa.working memory.b.processing speed.c.social intelligence.d.vocabulary.____18.Results from studies in which researchers have attempted to teach chimpanzees to use nonverbal language (i.e., sign language or communication boards) indicate thata.chimpanzees are incapable of acquiring nonverbal communication.b.some chimpanzees have appeared to learn many words and have combined words in appropriate ways.c.chimpanzees are capable of learning language at a level equivalent to that seen in 10-year-old children.d.chimpanzees can use nonverbal methods to communicate with other chimps, but not with humans.____19.Critics of the research with Washoe and other chimps that were taught ASL focused on whethera.the chimps were able to generate phonemes required for true language.b.the chimps had truly acquired the rules of language.c.the chimps were able to understand the semantics or the meanings of the words they were producing.d.ASL could be considered a true language.____20.The most impressive attempts to teach language to chimpanzees have involved teaching chimps to usea.spoken English.b.American Sign Language (ASL).c.Universal Sign Language (USL).d.geometric symbols on a computer-monitored keyboard.____21.The fact that overregularizations occur in many different languages as children master language skills provides evidence againsta.the interactionist theory of language development.b.the behavioral theory of language development.c.the nativist theory of language development.d.the linguistic relativity theory of language development.____22.Which of the following statements concerning functional fixedness is MOST accurate?pared to young children, older children and adults are less likely to show evidence of functional fixedness.b.All age groups are likely to show evidence of functional fixedness, especially when solving problems using unfamiliar objects.pared to all other age groups, adolescents are most likely to show evidence of functional fixedness.pared to older children and adults, young children are less likely to show evidence of functional fixedness.____23.Eva just upgraded her software package. However, even though the updated version contains a number of more efficient methods for working with files, Eva continues to work with files the way she did before the upgrade. In this case, Eva is showing evidence ofa.mental set.b.belief perseverance.c.priming.d.the availability heuristic.____24.Rylee's algebra teacher is amazed at the creativity Rylee shows in solving homework problems. He seldom uses the same method on two consecutive problems, even when the problems are very similar in content and structure. Although Rylee makes lots of mistakes in algebra, he is unlikely to experiencea.overregularization in his problem-solving.b.mental set in his problem-solving.c.functional fixedness in his problem-solving.d.noncompensatory problem-solving.____25.Joan was placed in charge of planning her sorority's spring formal dance. If she thought she should hire the same band that played at last year's dance because of how much everyone enjoyed the band, Joan could be considered to be encountering the ____ barrier to effective problem-solving.a.mental setb.unnecessary constraintsc.irrelevant informationd.functional fixedness____26.The set of possible pathways to a solution considered by a problem solver is known asa.an algorithm.b.a heuristic.c.a mental set.d.the problem space.____27.When Alaina is working on her bicycle, she brings her entire tool kit out on the driveway and starts pulling wrenches from it at random, trying them until she finds one that fits. Alaina's approach when she is working on her bicycle could be BEST described asa.alternate outcomes analysis.b.working backward.c.trial and error.d.forming subgoals.____28.Which of the following statements is LEAST accurate?a.Algorithms can be used to apply the trial-and-error approach systematically.b.If an algorithm is available for a problem, it guarantees that a solution can eventually be found.c.Algorithms exist for all clearly defined problems.d.Algorithms may be impractical when the problem space is large.____29.The trial-and-error approach to problem-solving is most effective whena.there is a relatively large number of possible solutions.b.there is a relatively small number of possible solutions.c.there are no time constraints on solving the problem.d.a solution to the problem must be found quickly.____30.In which case would working backward to solve a problem be an effective strategy?a.When a problem has a well-defined endpointb.When a problem is unsolvable by heuristicsc.When it is necessary to change the representation of a problemd.When a problem has multiphasic branch points____31.Observing the similarities between a new problem to be solved and one you've successfully solved in the past is calleda.an algorithm.b.searching for analogies.c.shaping.d.the alternative outcomes effect.____32.Individuals from Eastern Asian cultures tend to focus on context and the relationships among elements in a field. This is referred to as a(n)a.analytic cognitive style.b.additive cognitive style.c.subtractive cognitive style.d.holistic cognitive style.____33.The process that involves evaluating alternatives and making choices among them is known asa.insight.b.problem-solving.c.decision-making.d.bounded rationality.____34.If an alternative is eliminated whenever it fails to satisfy some minimum criterion on an attribute, which decision-making strategy is being used?a.A purely additive strategyb.A weighted additive strategyc.Elimination by aspectsd.The representativeness heuristic____35.Which strategy for decision-making might involve the weighting of individual attributes differently, based on the importance of the attributes?a.Selection by aspects strategyb.Elimination by aspects strategyc.Multiplication strategyd.Additive strategy____36.You flip a coin at the fair 10 times. Each time it comes up heads, you get 10 cents. Each time it comes up tails, you lose 5 cents. What is your expected value for each flip of the coin?a.+10 centsb.+5 centsc.-5 centsd.-10 cents____37.Basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which instances come to mind is called thea.law of small numbers.b.representativeness heuristic.c.conjunction fallacy.d.availability heuristic.____38.The representativeness heuristic refers to our tendency toa.ignore subjective probabilities when making decisions.b.estimate the probability of an event by judging the ease with which relevant instances come to mind.c.estimate the probability of an event based on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event.d.ignore common stereotypes when estimating probabilities.____39.Many people mistakenly believe their chances of dying in an airplane crash are greater than their chances of dying in an automobile crash. This belief reflects the operation ofa.confirmation bias.b.the belief in the law of small numbers.c.the availability heuristic.d.the conjunction fallacy.____40.The fact that children appear to learn rules, rather than specific word combinations, when acquiring language skills argues most strongly AGAINST which theory of language development?a.Cognitiveb.Behavioristc.Nativistd.Social communicationA BCACAAADCADCCCDABBDBDABB** remember we argued A was the actual answerDCCBABDCCDBDCCB ................
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