BATTLE OF MONMOUTH FACT SHEET
BATTLE OF MONMOUTH FACT SHEET
WHAT Battle of Monmouth
WHEN Sunday, June 28, 1778
WHERE In and around Freehold, NJ (then called Monmouth Court House)
WHO American (Continental) army led by General George Washington (age 46)
British army led by Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton (age 48)
ARMIES American army numbered about 14,500, including about 1000 militia.
British army numbered about 21,000 including 4100 Hessians (German mercenaries) and 2100 Loyalists (Americans loyal to the British crown). Only about half of the British army actually
fought in the battle; the rest were with their wagon train north-east
of Monmouth Court House.
SIGNIFICANT Major General Charles Lee (age 47) led the American advance PARTICIAPANTS wing (no relation to Confederate General Robert E. Lee).
Brigadier General “Mad Anthony” Wayne (age 43) actively led an
American brigade
Major General Friedrich von Steuben (age 48) was a Prussian volunteer officer who retrained the American troops at Valley Forge
Marquis de Lafayette (age 21) was a French volunteer officer who
led an American division
Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis (age 40) led a British division. He commanded the British army that surrendered at Yorktown in 1781.
“Molly Pitcher” was a woman who, according to legend, brought
water to the American troops and helped fire one of their cannons.
She may have been Mary Hays McCauley (born about 1754), whose husband William Hays fought in a Pennsylvania battery. She died in 1832 and is buried in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
WEATHER The weather was extremely hot and humid, over 90 degrees. A
large number of soldiers on both sides got sick and some of even
died from heat prostration and lack of water.
WHAT HAPPENED The British army had captured the American capital at Philadelphia in the fall of 1777. They stayed there that winter
while the Americans camped nearby in huts at Valley Forge.
In early 1778 the British learned that the French were coming to
help the Americans, so they decided to withdraw from Philadelphia
back to their main base in New York City. They sent some of their
troops by sea but did not have enough boats, so about 20,000 British troops had to march across New Jersey to New York.
The British left Philadelphia on June 18 and marched through
Mount Holly and Bordentown. They reached Monmouth Court
House on June 27 and stopped for a day to rest. The Americans left
Valley Forge on June 19 and marched to Doylestown, Pa and then
on to Hopewell, NJ. They camped near Englishtown on June 27.
The British began to leave Monmouth Courthouse on the morning
of June 28. When their rear guard was attacked by the American
advance force east of Monmouth Court House, Clinton sent Cornwallis’ division back to face them. The American troops, led
by Lee, were forced to retreat to the west of Freehold, where they
met Washington’s main force near Tennent. The fresh American
troops stopped the British advance around noon. After a long
midday cannonade the two sides sparred with each other in the
late afternoon but neither side could gain an advantage. The British
pulled their lines back late in the day. Late at night they resumed
their march to Sandy Hook and then New York.
WHO WON The battle was technically a draw. Neither side was able to outfight
the other. The British claimed a victory because they defeated Lee’s advance force and stopped the Americans from attacking their long column of wagons and supplies. The Americans claimed victory because they occupied the battlefield after the British left. This greatly increased American morale and strengthened Washington’s position as commander of the army.
SIGNIFICANCE Monmouth was the biggest and longest one day battle of the war.
The two sides did not engage in any large battles in the north after
Monmouth. The Americans were encouraged that the new drill and
discipline they learned from General von Steuben enabled them to
hold their own against veteran British troops in open battle.
CASUALTIES American. General Washington reported 69 men died, 161 wounded and 132 missing. Total loss 362.
British. Numbers are uncertain but were approximately 67 killed in
Action, 59 died of fatigue, 170 wounded and 65 missing. Total 361.
BOOKS: : David Martin. A Molly Pitcher Sourcebook. Longstreet House, 2003.
Joseph Plum Martin. Private Yankee Doodle. New York, 1962.
Diary of a soldier who fought in the battle.
Brendan Morrissey, Monmouth Court House 1778. Osprey Books, 2004.
Samuel S, Smith, The Battle of Monmouth. Frenau Press, 1964.
William Stryker, The Battle of Monmouth. Princeton University
Press, 1927. Reprinted by the Friends of Monmouth Battlefield.
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