Term - twinsburg.k12.oh.us



|Term |Explanation |Application/Example/Extension |

| |William James described consciousness as a “stream”- although always changing, |A stream is always flowing; sometimes the stream splits because of a log, or other obstacle appears in |

|Introductio|consciousness is perceived as unified and unbroken |the middle, but it is always flowing- like consciousness. Information is always reaching the brain. |

|n | | |

| |Altered state of consciousness- a condition in which changes in mental processes |If you were to take LSD, a hallucinengic drug, your consciousness would be altered, as perceptions and |

| |are significant enough that the person notices changes in psychological and |thoughts would be distorted. |

| |behavioral functioning | |

| |Circadian rhythms are biological rhythms that occur in the body every 24 hours |Body temperature fluctuates throughout a day shown, which is shown through circadian rhythms. At |

|Biological | |certain times of the day body temperature is slightly lower or higher. A person may feel awake at |

|Rhythms | |certain times and tired at other times also shown through circadian rhythms. |

| | |Jet lag- some people experience jet lag when they fly, which is |For example, a person who normally gets tired at 9:00 pm on the East coast (internal set circadian |

| | |characterized by fatigue, irritability, inattention, and impaired |rhythm) may have trouble sleeping on the West coast when it is only 6:00 pm because it is hard to go to|

| | |sleeping, especially when traveling across time zones. This |bed when it is still light out (external environmental cue) |

| | |occurs because internal circadian rhythms do not match external | |

| | |environmental cues | |

| |Brain waves |Brain waves are measured through a electroencephalograph (EEG), which shows different patterns of brain activity |

| | |Beta waves- associated with alert and full wakefulness |You “beta-er” be awake when taking an exam. |

| | |Alpha waves- relaxed, awake but drowsy |A teacher may yell, “Ahh (A-for alpha)” to awake a student who starts to nod off and |

| | | |fall asleep in class. |

| | |Theta waves- slower waves than alpha |

| | |Delta waves- deep sleep- slowest waves |Think of DE-lta for DE-ep sleep |

| |Sleep is an example of a circadian rhythm, which is monitored by the hypothalamus. |Throughout the day you feel tired at certain times when compared to other times of the day. |

|The Study | | |

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| | |The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a sensor located in the hypothalamus, which |When it becomes dark out, the suprachiasmatic|In the morning when you turn on the lights, the |

| | |receives information from the retina concerning changes in light. The |nucleus detects this reduction in light, |suprachiasmatic nucleus detects this change in |

| | |suprachiasmatic nucleus then provides information to the hypothalamus that |which then alerts the hypothalamus that |light stimulation, which then alerts the |

| | |either prepares the body for sleep or wakefulness through releasing |notifies the pituitary gland to cause the |hypothalamus that notifies the pituitary gland to |

| | |melatonin, a hormone manufactured by the pineal gland, which when increased|pineal gland to increase melatonin, when then|cause the pineal gland to decrease melatonin |

| | |causes tiredness and when reduced causes a person to awake. |released causes tiredness. (remember |making you feel more awake. This may be why your |

| | | |melatonin means mellow) |mom or dad will often turn on the lights to wake |

| | | | |you up |

| |Sleep Cycle |Sleep cycle- at the start of sleep, people experience hypnagogic |The sleep cycle takes about 90 minutes- called an ultradian |*After reaching stage 4 NREM- |

| | |hallucinations, vivid sensory phenomena- almost like they are |rhythm, which is a rhythm that repeats more than once a day- |the cycle then goes back to |

| | |falling, and a myoclonic jerk, a muscle spasm, or twitch of an arm |you go through several sleep cycles in a night- starting with |stage 3 NREM, then to stage 2 |

| | |or leg, which often awakes the person. |NREM Stage 1, then going to NREM Stage 2, then NREM Stage 3, |NREM, and then into REM sleep |

| | | |then NREM Stage 4 then back NREM Stage 3, NREM Stage 2, and |(not stage 1 NREM)* |

| | | |then into REM sleep | |

| |NREM sleep- non-rapid eye movement, period of sleep identified through 4 stages, characterized by no eye movement or vivid dreams |

| | |Stage 1 NREM- first 5 minutes, easy to awake, going from alpha waves to theta waves |

| | |Stage 2 NREM- lasts about 20 minutes, slower brain waves, and also experience sleep spindles- sudden bursts of brain activity- spend half of sleep cycle in this stage |

| | |Stage 3 NREM- occurs after about 30 minutes of sleep, slow wave sleep- about 20% delta waves |

| | |Stage 4 NREM- 100% delta waves, can take about 15 minutes to awake, still capable of movement in this stage, which is why sleep walking can occur, but usually no memory because|

| | |the brain is asleep |

| |REM sleep- called paradoxical sleep because the brain is awake, but the body is asleep. |If a person was to get 8 hours of sleep, the last 4 hours are mainly spent in REM and Stage 2|

| |Vivid dreams occur in REM sleep. |NREM sleep |

| |Need for Sleep |Restorative theory of sleep suggest that sleep restores the brain and body from the activities of the day |

| | |NREM restores the body |A coach may tell a player to get a good night sleep to allow enough time to get NREM sleep to make the body fresh |

| | |REM sleep restores the brain |You need to get at least 8 hours of sleep to ensure you get enough REM sleep before a big test so your brain is well |

| | | |rested. |

| |Dreams |Sigmund Freud in his book, Interpretation of Dreams, believed dreams were key to understanding conflicts within the unconscious. |

| | | |Manifest content- according to Freud, the remembered story line|A person remembers in their dream that he or she could not yell out to their friend (manifest|

| | | |of a dream |content) |

| | | |Latent content- the underlying meaning of a dream, the |In the above example, this person may be losing touch with someone important in his or her |

| | | |disguised wish fulfillment- Freud was interested in the Latent |life (latent content) |

| | | |content | |

| | |Activation-synthesis theory- (Hobson and McCarley) suggest that dreams are nothing more that neural bursts (activation) and our brain trying to make sense by piecing |

| | |these bursts together, which often forms a type of story, or dream (synthesis) |

| | |Physiological Function theory- neural activity during REM sleep restores the |Babies tend to sleep for a longer period of time because their brain and body are |

| | |brain. During delta sleep the pituitary gland secretes a growth hormone. |growing rapidly. |

| | |Lucid dreaming is the belief that one can control the content and actions of their dreams. |

| |Sleep Disorders |REM sleep disorder- a person’s body does not stay relaxed during REM sleep, |A person who has REM sleep disorder may fall out of bed from acting out his or her |

| | |allowing the person to act out dreams while sleeping |dreams. This is similar to a dog when he or she sleeps that acts out their dream |

| | |Nightmares- occur during REM sleep and are often remembered |During REM sleep, the brain is awake, which is why a person may remember his or her |

| | | |nightmare. |

| | |Night terrors- occur during stage 4 NREM sleep, are not remembered and very |Since night terrors occur in Stage 4 NREM, the person can’t remember the content, |

| | |terrifying. |which makes it even more frightening. |

| | |REM rebound- occurs when a person does not get enough sleep and enters right |A student, who is very tired, may enter right into REM sleep and start dreaming in |

| | |into REM sleep, skipping the proper sequence of sleep. |class |

| |Blood-brain barrier are comprised of blood vessels supplying nutrients to the brain, which allow |Some drugs are designed to pass through the blood-brain barrier, which is their |

|Drugs |only certain chemical and drugs to pass through that will affect the brain. |intent. |

| |Dependence- a state of physiological and psychological need take a drug |

| | |Physical dependency- physiological need to take a drug that is the result of the body |Withdrawal symptoms- discomfort and distress that is produced when the body does not |

| | |now needing the drug to function. This then results in withdrawal symptoms when the |get the required amount of a drug- could include headaches, nausea, shaking, for |

| | |amount of the drug is not being met in the body |example, Delirium tremors (DTs) associated with alcohol |

| | |Psychological dependency is the result of an obsession within the brain concerning |Psychological dependency is what causes people to do “anything and everything” to get|

| | |consumption of a drug |the drug, whether that is steeling or committing other felonious crimes. |

| |Tolerance- is the result of continued consumption of a drug resulting in more consumption of the drug in order to achieve the desired affects |

| |Classification |Examples |

| |Depressants- drugs that reduce neural activity, slow down body function, |Alcohol, barbiturates|People who drink and drive are prone to accidents because their neural activity within |

| |inhibit the central nervous system, and increase the neurotransmitter GABA,| |their brain and body slows down, which does not allow a person to react quickly enough |

| |which inhibits brain activity. | |to adjust to oncoming traffic or pedestrians. |

| |Stimulants- drugs that excite neural activity and increase the |Caffeine, nicotine, |A person who abuses cocaine could lead to induced psychosis, characterized by |

| |neurotransmitter, dopamine, which is linked to pleasure, and also reduce |cocaine, meth, |hallucinations similar to schizophrenia, a psychotic condition resulting from too much |

| |GABA- neurotransmitter that inhibits, or slows down brain activity. |ecstasy |dopamine. Cocaine causes overactivity of dopamine. |

| |Opiates- depress neural activity, and temporary lessen pain and anxiety |Morphine, heroin, |People who abuse opiates affect the overall production of their body’s natural pain |

| |through acting as an agonist of endorphins, mimicking this |codeine |killers- endorphins. When the brain inventories the supply of endorphins within the |

| |neurotransmitter, which is the body’s pain medication | |body; morphine, heroin, codeine can confuse the brain’s count by making the brain |

| | | |believe there are more than enough endorphins (because morphine, heroin, codeine mimic |

| | | |endorphins) causing the brain to decrease the amount of natural endorphin painkillers |

| | | |it produces. |

| |Hallucinogens- psychedelic drugs that distort perception and evoke sensory |LSD, marijuana, PCP |Hallucinations are a symptom of schizophrenia- similar to what LSD or marijuana cause. |

| |images without proper sensory input by affecting dopamine receptors | |This is due to the excessive release of dopamine. |

| |Hypnosis- is a social interaction in which a hypnotist makes suggestions that alter perceptions, |Posthypnotic suggestions are suggestions that are carried out after the client awakens-|

|Hypnosis |feelings, thoughts, and behaviors of another person |these suggestion may center around addiction and weight control |

| |Social influence theory, also called Role theory, states that peer pressure from the hypnotist |If a person truly believes that they can be hypnotized, or want to be hypnotized, then |

| |and the client’s own expectations responsible for the actual hypnotic perceptions are experienced|they have an increased chance of being hypnotized |

| |during hypnosis | |

| | |State theory is the opposite of the Role theory and suggests that hypnosis is |Hypermnesia- is increased memory awareness during hypnosis. Hypnosis is sometimes used|

| | |an example of an altered state of consciousness |to help subjects remember details about crimes, lost items |

| |Divided consciousness theory- also called the dissociation theory, was proposed by Ernst Hilgard, who believed that during hypnosis a person’s consciousness splits with each type of |

| |consciousness unaware of the other consciousness. |

| | |Hidden observer- Hilgard believed that during hypnosis, a hypnotist is able to|When a person awakes from a hypnotic session he or she is unaware of the “hidden |

| | |produce a “hidden observer”- which is described as altered state of |observer” which during the hypnotic session is the “person” communicating with the |

| | |consciousness that the person is not aware of. |hypnotist. Some refer to this hidden observer as the unconscious component. |

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