THE LIST OF QUESTIONS FOR EXAM ON PHARMACOGNOSY



THE LIST OF QUESTIONS FOR EXAM ON PHARMACOGNOSY

for the 3rd year students of the Pharmaceutical department

Specialization “Pharmacy”

2012-2013

1. Definition of Pharmacognosy as a science. The role of Pharmacognosy in practical work of a pharmacist.

2. Standardization of medicinal plant raw material (MPRM), structure of the Pharmacopoeia article for MPRM.

3. The harvesting of medicinal plant raw materials (MPRM); the rules for storage of raw material according to the different morphological groups and chemical composition.

4. Main ways of scientific researches in an area of medicinal plants (MP) studying. The methods of detection of new MP, the role of scientific and educational institution.

5. Sources base of medicinal plants in Ukraine, their rational employment.

6. Commercial analysis: acceptance of raw material, sampling for the investigation, determination of identity and high quality of raw material. What is the batch of raw material?

7. Natural sources of sugars. Carbohydrates. Bees honey.

8. Substances of primary metabolism.

9. Definition of the conception “polysaccharides”. Their classification, physical and chemical properties, localization.

10. Definition of the conception “lipids”. Their classification. Physical and chemical properties of lipids. Storage.

11. Determination of the types of fatty oils. Physical and chemical indices of fatty oils. Their analytical significance.

12. Lipoids: bees wax, spermaceti, lanolin, phospholipids. Sources of raw material obtaining. Structure. Employment.

13. Definition of the conception “proteins”. Raw material of animal origin: snake venom, medicinal leech. The bee products.

14. Medicinal plants and medicinal plant raw materials which contain organic acids.

15. Definition of the conception “vitamins”. Their distribution in plant world. Influence of vegetation phases and growing conditions on the vitamin accumulation in plants. Classification of vitamins. Determination of ascorbic acid content. The ways of employment of raw material which contain vitamins.

16. Definition of the conception “glycosides”. Types of classification. Glycosinolates (thioglycosides) and cyanogenic glycosides.

17. Definition of the conceptions “isoprenoids and terpenoids”. Classification. Biosynthesis. The Rushzichka rule. Distribution of biologically active substances of isoprenoid structure in the plant world.

18. Definition of the conception “iridoids”. Chemical structure. Classification. MP and MPRM which contain iridoids.

19. Definition of the conception “volatile oils”. Chemical composition of volatile oils.

20. Physical and chemical properties of volatile oils. The methods of content determination of volatile oil in medicinal plant raw material.

21. The methods of obtaining of volatile oils.

22. The rules for storage of medicinal plant raw materials which contain volatile oils.

23. Determination of physical and chemical quality indices of volatile oils. Their analytical significance.

24. MP and MPRM which contain monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, sesquiterpene lactones and substances of aromatic type. Preparations, their employment.

25. Definition of the conception “steroids”. Classification of steroids. Physical, chemical and biological properties of steroids. Qualitative reactions.

26. Definition of the conception “saponins”. Physical, chemical and biological properties of saponins. Classification according to the structure of sapogenin. Qualitative reactions.

27. MP and MPRM which contain treterpene and steroidal saponins. Preparations. The ways of employment.

28. Definition of the conception “cardiosteroids and cardioglycosides”. Chemical structure. Classification. Physical and chemical properties. Biological standardization of medicinal plant raw materials. Qualitative reactions, chromatographic analysis.

29. MP and MPRM which contain cardioglycosides. Relation between pharmacological properties and chemical structure.

30. Definition of the conception “alkaloids”. Modern types of classifications of alkaloids according to the biosynthesis pathways. Chemical structure of alkaloids. Physico-chemical properties of alkaloids. Qualitative reactions, chromatographic analysis, methods of content determination.

31. MP and MPRM which contain protoalkaloids, pseudoalkaloids, typical alkaloids - tropane, pyrolizidine, pyridine and piperidine, quinolizidine, isoquinoline, indole, purine. Preparations, their employment.

32. Phenolic compounds. Their classification. Distribution in plant world and biosynthesis. MP and MPRM which contain simple phenols and their derivatives. Preparations, their employment.

33. Definition of the conceptions “lignans and xanthones”. Classification. MP and MPRM which contain lignans and xanthones. Preparations, their employment.

34. Definition of the conception “flavonoids”. Chemical structure, Classification. Physical and chemical properties. Qualitative reactions, chromatographic analysis, qualitative determination of flavonoids. Distribution in plants. Biosynthesis. Medico-biological significance of flavonoids.

35. Medicinal plants and medicinal plant raw materials which contain flavonoids: catechines, anthocyanes, flavanols, flavons, aunones, isoflavones. Preparations, their employment.

36. Quinones. Anthracene derivatives. Classification. Groups of anthraquinones. Physical and chemical properties. Qualitative reactions, chromatographic analysis, qualitative determination of anthraquinones. Relations between chemical structure and biological action. MP and MPRM which contain anthracene derivatives. Preparations, their employment.

37. Definition of the conception “tannins”. Chemical structure. Types of classifications. Physical and chemical properties. Qualitative reactions, qualitative determination of tannins. Distribution in plants. Biological role in plant living. PM and MPRM which contain tannins. Preparations, their employment.

38. Definition of the conceptions “coumarins and chromones”. Classification. MP and MPRM which contain coumarins and chromones. Preparations, their employment.

39. Plants which show hallucinogenic, teratogenic, allergogenic and toxic activities. Their employment.

40. Natural sources of antibiotics.

41. MP and MPRM which contain different groups of BAS.

42. Medicinal plants cell culture as source of BAS.

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