UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY



UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

Chapter 1

What is biology?

• The study of _______________

• It is linked through major themes to chemistry, physics, and geology

The major themes:

Energy – is required to _______________

Evolution – changes in _______________through time

This is a major theme in biology

Change – ________, trends, random events, cycles

E.g. _______________

Scale and structure – the _______________of organisms at different levels of _______________ E.g. _______________

Interactions – _______________, communities, _______________

Stability – _______________in living systems

E.g. human body temperature, _______________–

slow change

Unity and Diversity – _____________________between all life form

E.g. DNA, cells, _______________, appearance

The characteristics of living things:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Hierarchy of Organization in Living Things:

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Processes of all living things:

Nutrition – taking material from the _______________and changing them into _______________

Transport – _______________enter and _______________cells

E.g. _______________system, vessel system in plants

Respiration – The process of _______________chemical energy. This involves a series of _______________

Synthesis/assimilation – _______________simpler substances into more _______________ones = synthesis. Substances are incorporated into the body _______________for growth = assimilation

Growth – Organisms _______________in size, cells increase in number and size, and _______________

Excretion – The _______________of wastes. The waste of one is the _______________

Regulation – Maintaining _______________of internal ___________

E.g. Body temp., perspiration, _______________

Reproduction – Production of life – two types:

________: ____ parents, offspring _____________ parents

________: ____ parent, offspring _______________parents

Metabolism – The _______________of all the chemical reactions within cells of an organism. Involves the _______________

The nature of science:

Scientific Method

Problem – involves a _______________about observations or a phenomenon. This is usually followed by _______________.

E.g. why do fish that live in the _______________of the oceans have _______________?

Hypothesis – a _______________requiring study one or more falsifiable (_________________________) observations This is a _______________step

Experimentation – (_______________) – this is the test of the hypothesis by _______________and _______________the results

➢ _______________experiment – a situation is set up in duplicate (two experiments)

➢ _______________is changed in one setup – called the _______________. The variable may be light, moisture, etc.

Observations:

Qualitative – _______________, _______________. These

are more subjective

Quantitative – _______________, _______________. These

are more objective

Conclusion – was the _______________supported or not? The hypothesis is then _______________causing a repeat of the preceding steps

Reporting/publishing – sharing your _______________and progress with the public/scientific community after it has been _______________by several scientists

Law – a _______________describing part of a _______________that is _______________true

Theories – a _______________that has been _______________tested with _______________. They ________ many pieces of information, acting as _______________

A theory in _______________use is an untested idea. Scientists call this a _______________

Pasteur’s spontaneous generation

➢ Can life __________from anything but life, or can it arise spontaneously?

➢ _______________, _______________, _______________, _______________– control and variable

➢ From hypothesis to theory – _______________and _______________

The scientific method at work: Pasteur tests spontaneous generation

_______________– a sterile flasks with sterile broth develops growth of material in the broth

_______________– What is the ____________of the living material?

_______________– _______________generation

_______________closed, _______________flask left to sit

_______________– hypothesis is _______________, no growth developed. _______________the experiment changing one variable.

_______________– life originated from airborne _______________

_______________– enable air to _______________freely while trapping all _______________in the bend of a neck

_______________– Life _______________from airborne _______________ [pic]

Chapter 2 Microscopes

➢ Anton Van Leeuwenhoek was the father of _______________ and developed his _______________after working as an apprentice in a goods store using _______________to count threads in cloth

➢ He was able to produce magnifications of _______________– the best at the time

➢ In 1665, _______________ (an English physicist) looked at _______ through a microscope and noticed __________________ in it.

➢ He used the term cell because he thought the resembled the tiny “cells” _______________.

➢ Hooke believed the cells were containers for “_______________” when the cork cells were part of the cork tree. He and his colleagues thought these were only in _______________.

➢ Hooke wrote _______________, the first book to describe observations made through a _______________

➢ Simple microscope = _______________

➢ These are still used for quick _______________of specimens

➢ The _______________microscope – uses _______________:

one lens produces an _______________

second lens further _______________

➢ A compound microscope has an _______________system, _______________system, and a _______________system

➢ It has been instrumental in the _______________in nearly all fields of science

[pic]

Light Microscopes

_______________is calculated by multiplying the objective lens by the ocular lens

______________________________the magnifications

|Objective lens |Eyepiece (ocular) |Magnification |

|4X scanning |10X |=_______________ |

|10X |10X |=_______________ |

|40X |10X |=_______________ |

*these images will be _______________because of the lenses*

_______________is the ability to show two points that are _______________as separate _______________

This is another term for the _______________of an image

➢ Magnification without _______________is useless....small blurred spots when magnified become _______________spots without resolution

The resolving power depends upon the _______________and quality of the lenses

Because light microscopes are limited to the use of light, these microscopes cannot _______________between points less than _______________

____________________do not depend on light and therefore are not limited to _______________

Preparation and Using the Compound Light Microscope

To _______________a specimen, it must be _______________so light can pass through

Those that are not thin enough _______________into thin sections

These sections are attached to a _______________and _______________– without staining, _______________can be observed

Using the microscope:

1. Correctly _______________slide to view, clean ocular as necessary

2. Using the _______________and the _________________f the object

3. Adjust the light using the _______________

4. _______________the object

5. Carefully rotate the _______________to a _______________watching for stage _______________

6. DO NOT FOCUS USING THE COARSE ADJUSTMENT

7. Focus object using _______________-centre the object before switching to a higher power or you may lose it when field of view _______________

When switching from low to high power, the area in the field of view gets smaller and darker (you are seeing a smaller area of the slide under high power). This is why centering what you want to see prior to switching to high power is so important.

Other Light Microscopes

_______________microscope – a compound microscope that can see details in living specimens _______________

__________________– is used to study _______________of specimens with an _______________for each eye allowing for a _____________

❖ These are useful for _______________ requiring magnification

The _______________ Microscope

❖ The _______________and resolution are far superior to light microscopes

Transmission Electron Microscope (_______________)

• Uses an _______________and electromagnetic lenses instead of glass

• Can magnification images over _______________

• _______________an electron beam that hits the ___________ and electrons pass through, are absorbed, or scatter

• For the _______________to pass through the specimen must be extremely thin. This requires considerable _______________equipment, _________, and time

• The transmitted electrons are _______________to form an image on a viewing screen _______________

[pic]

Scanning Electron Microscope (_______________)

• The electron beam focuses to a _______________as it is passed _______________the surface of the specimen

• This produces _______________but the magnification is not as good as the TEM

• It produces a _______________Magnification of ~ 15X to

200 000X

[pic][pic][pic]

Centrifugation

This is the ability to _______________substances of different densities. These are _______________in a liquid in a tube.

A centrifuge _______________around and the denser materials settle at the bottom

Microdisection

Dissecting _______________with the use of tiny instruments

Tissue Cultures

The maintaining of living _______________outside the body in a culture _______________

The medium consists of ___________ the cells or tissues need to live

Computers in Biology

Computers continue to be increasing important in biology

They are used to collect, store, simulate processes, and analyze data

Computers can _______________from microscopes

Very important in medicine – ___________________________ (MRI) and ____________________________ (CAT) – generate body tissue images

Microscope Techniques Continued

Biologists need to know the _______________ of small objects as seen under the microscope

To do this we need to know the _______________ of the microscope and the diameter of the _______________.

Total Magnification

Multiply the magnification of the eyepiece by the objective

E.g. 10X (ocular) and 4X (objective) = _______________

Diameter of the Field of View

The distance _______________ the _______________ of light as seen while _______________ through the microscope

This diameter can be _______________ under low power easily _____________

As seen through the microscope

[pic]

• The diameter of the field is _______________ under _______________ and _______________ as you move from low to medium to ___________

• ________ of the ruler will be visible under medium power and not visible under _______________

[pic]

Calculating Diameter of Field

As magnification _______________ – the diameter _______________

This is called an ______________________________

Diameter Magnification

Formula for Medium Power Diameter

__________________________ = _______________________

___ = _____________

N

Cross multiply:

=

=

=

=

=

Round off =

High Power Diameter

______________________ = Low power diameter

Low power magnification

=

Cross multiply: =

=

=

=

=

Estimating the Size of Cells Under the Microscope

Procedures:

1. __________the object under the microscope

2. Record the ______________________ E.g. 4200µm under low power

3. __________the _______________ which could fit ____________across the field of view

[pic]

About _______________ can fit across this field of view

4. _______________ to obtain the _______________ size of one cell

5.

_______________

=

=

5. Round off

6. _______________ (1/2 page in size) and _______________

7. Record the _______________ under the drawing

8. Record your calculations

Chapter 5 - The Cell and the Cell Theory

➢ All __________________ are made up of _________, most too small to be seen with the naked eye

➢ Some __________________are made of ______ cell where as others are made up of __________________of cells

➢ All life __________________of these organisms are carried out by the cells

Cell Theory

■ All __________________are made of __________________and the __________________of those cells. An organism may be _______________-cellular or __________-cellular with the cells organized and functioning together.

■ All cells carry on __________________. The life activities of a multi-cellular organism are the __________________of the activities of its individual ___________

■ New cells arise __________ from other living cells by the process of __________________

Prokaryotes

“__________________”

➢ __________________cells

➢ Lack internal membrane-bound __________________

➢ Make up the ___________ single-cellular organisms ( ______

➢ The internal structures are not separated from one another

➢ Sizes range between 1 and 10 µm

Eukaryotes

“__________________”

➢ Are ____________ in all living things except ______________

➢ Have many membrane bound _____________E.g. the nucleus

➢ Are compartmentalized

➢ Sizes are about 10 times larger than prokaryotes with diameters between 10 and 100 µm

Similarities between both types of cells

❖ Both cells have a __________________

❖ Both cells carry on the __________________

❖ Similar nucleic acids (_________,_________)

❖ NOTE: Only the ____________ are prokaryotic. All other organisms are _____________. Many one-celled organisms are made from _____________, _____________ cells.

Cell Size

➢ Cells need to take in nutrients from its _________________ and get rid of wastes

➢ As a cell becomes larger, __________________interaction becomes more _____________

➢ The rate of exchange of materials is ____________ to the surface area to volume _________ as it decreases as the cell ____________

➢ Therefore, if a cell becomes __________________ its surface area will not be in ____________ with enough of the environment to support its ______________. (pg. 80 Fig. 5-4)

[pic]

Cell Structure

➢ __________________ cells have __________________ the work load into specialized structures called __________________

➢ These act like ‘__________________’ and are protected by a thin plasma that is __________________ (allowing only ______ materials to cross)

➢ The cell is filled with a a watery solution (__________________) which allows it to maintain its __________________

➢ The __________________ stores many dissolved substances involved in cellular __________________

➢ Most plant and animal cells are __________________ for specific functions but they will not appear exactly as most illustrations given

Cell Wall

➢ All plant cells and most bacteria contain a __________________

➢ It covers the cell membrane and is made of __________________

➢ Cell walls are ________ present in animal cells

➢ Cell walls may have __________________ to allow materials to pass to the __________________

Cell Membrane

➢ This __________________ the cell from the _____________ environment

➢ It controls __________________ into and out of the cell

➢ It maintains an stable internal environment and __________________

➢ It is __________________ – lipids, cholesterol, and proteins are linked as a mosaic tiles with carbohydrates branching from the external _________ but still linked to the proteins or lipids

➢ The __________________ serve a number of functions from transporters to __________________

➢ The membrane is able to recognize enzymes, hormones, and antigens on the __________________

__________________ – the concept that the proteins are embedded in, but still can move along the lipid layer (which is in a fluid state)

➢ Similar to _______________

Nucleus

➢ Is the __________________ where the DNA and RNA are stored and is the largest __________________

➢ Without the nucleus, the cell will __________________

➢ It is surrounded by the __________________ (a selectively permeable __________________)

➢ This envelope has __________________allowing contents into the __________________ (where the chromosomes are contained) without changing its __________________

➢ One or more __________________are inside the nucleus which are made of up of DNA and RNA

➢ Nucleoli produce __________________

➢ The nuclear pores in the envelope will allow messenger RNA to pass through

Cytoplasm

■ The ________________ inside the cell containing the organelles and the region where many chemical reactions of cell ______________ take place

■ Its functions are vitally ________________ to the cell

Its organelles are the following:

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

■ System of ________________ enclosed by membranes similar to the cell membrane

■ The “folded” network provides a large surface area for ______________ reactions to occur (metabolism, enzyme reactions) and _______________ within the cell

■ Think of the ER as a ________________

■ It separates the cell so as to allow different reactions to occur at the same time

■ May be joined to the outer membrane of the ________________

■ Rough ER – outer surface lined with ________________

■ ________________ – does not have ribosomes

[pic]

Ribosomes

■ The site of ________________ (makes proteins) made from amino acids in the body

■ These proteins may be ________________

■ If the proteins are to be released by the cell, they are “dropped” into the ER canals and ________________ out through the membrane

■ Proteins to be used by the cell are ________________________ in the cytoplasm

■ Think of ribosomes as the ________________

Golgi Bodies

■ These flattened membranes “pancakes” are the sites for ______________ proteins and other products so the cell can ______________ it. The packages will then be released from the cell

■ Animals – usually only have 1 Golgi body found near the _____________

■ Plants – may have more than one and are involved in ________________ material for the cell wall

■ Think of the Golgi bodies as a ________________

■ Do not confuse with lysosomes

[pic]

Lysosomes

■ Are thought to be produced by the ________________ and found in some plant cells and most animal cells

■ A small, ________________ contain strong digestive enzymes inside their single membrane

■ One-celled organisms – they ________________ ‘food’

■ Multi-cellular organisms – lysosomes _____________ worn out organelles and bacteria. They may also have other functions like fighting disease….

■ Also involved in processes such as when a tadpole develops into a frog and loses its tail – the ________________ digests and absorbs the tail to form the hind legs

■ Think of lysosomes as ________________

Mitochondria

■ The “________________” of the cell because this is where most of the energy is released

■ A double membraned, ________________ organelle and the site for cellular respiration – energy from food is released and converted to a useable form (ATP)

■ The inner membrane is folded many times, this is called _____________, to allow for large amounts of surface area = many reactions occuring

■ NOTE: cells that require a lot of energy have many mitochondria packed inside. E.g. ________________________________

Microtubules

■ Long, hollow, ________________ that serve as “skeleton” for the cell

■ Found in centrioles, flagella, and cilia and aid in movement

■ They are made of the protein called ________________

Microfilaments

■ Long, solid, threadlike composed of the ________________ and are also involved in movement

■ Some are involved with cyclosis (________________ streaming)

■ The have the ability to contract E.g. ________________ contracting

Centrioles

[pic]

■ Only found in ________________ and in pairs at right angles to each other near the nucleus

■ These are involved in ________________ (in animal cells) as they attach to chromosomes to separate genetic information during ______________

Cilia and Flagella

■ Cilia – _____________ and may cover entire surface to move substances over larger cells.

■ Smaller cells may use cilia for movement via a ________________

■ Flagella (um) – identical to but longer than cilia – looks like a whip-like appendage for ________________

■ May occur in pairs but usually only a ________________

■ Both cilia and flagella arise from basal bodies (similar to a centriole)

[pic]

Vacuoles

■ Are found in both ________________ cells but more prominent in plants.

■ Are fluid filled organelles that can take up ~90% of the cell

■ Food is ________________ in food vacuoles

■ Contractile vacuoles accumulate ________________

■ Other vacuoles serve as a storage site for some cell products

Plastids

■ Found only in __________ for photosynthesis and NOT in animals or fungi

■ Like the nucleus and mitochondria, they have ________________

■ 2 types of plastids: Leucoplasts and Chromoplasts

■ Leucoplasts – colorless and store starch

■ Chromoplasts – contain pigments of fruits, flowers, and leaves….the most important is ________________

■ Contains the green pigment ________________ and the site of photosynthetic membranes – ________________

[pic]

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