Chapter 1 Introduction to Hazardous Materials

[Pages:24]Student Notes

Introduction to Hazardous Materials

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Chapter 1 Introduction to Hazardous Materials

Lesson Goal

After completing this lesson, the student shall be able to differentiate between a hazardous materials incident and other emergencies, describe the roles and responsibilities of the first responder, and describe the many different types of hazardous materials hazards. In addition, the student shall be able to describe the regulations and definitions determined by their AHJ.

Objectives

Upon successful completion of this lesson, the student shall be able to: 1. Distinguish between hazardous materials incidents and other emergencies. [NFPA? 472,

4.2.1(4)] 2. Discuss the roles of Awareness-Level personnel and Operations-Level responders. [NFPA?

472, 4.4.1(2), 5.4.3(1)] 3. Describe the various types of hazardous materials hazards. [NFPA? 472, 4.4.1(3)(c),

5.2.2(3)(a), 5.2.2(8), 5.2.3(1)(a)(iii), 5.2.3(1)(a)(x), 5.2.3(1)(b)(ii-vi), 5.2.3(7), 5.2.3(8)(a-j)] 4. Explain each of the routes of entry. [NFPA? 472, 4.4.1(3)(d)] 5. Describe the U.S., Canadian, and Mexican hazardous materials regulations and definitions.

[NFPA? 472, 4.2.1(1)] 6. Discuss hazardous materials incident statistics.

Time

Section/Activity

Outline Pages

Section I: Introduction to Chapter 1

Section II: First Responder Roles

1-6 ? 1-10

Section III: Hazardous Materials Hazards

1-11 ? 1-27

Section IV: Routes of Entry

1-28 ? 1-30

Section V: Hazardous Materials Regulations and 1-31 ? 1-46 Definitions

Section VI: Hazardous Materials Incident Statistics

1-47 ? 1-48

Section VII: Summary and Review

Chapter 1 Quiz / Test

Section I: Introduction to Chapter 1

Text Pages

11-15 15-32 32-33 34-50

51-58

I.

INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTER 1

A. Lesson Goal

Student Notes

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1. Chapter 1 lesson goal -- After completing this lesson, the student shall be able to differentiate between a hazardous materials incident and other emergencies, describe the roles and responsibilities of the first responder, and describe the many different types of hazardous materials hazards. In addition, the student shall be able to describe the regulations and definitions determined by their AHJ.

B. Objectives

1. Distinguish between hazardous materials incidents and other emergencies.

2. Discuss the roles of Awareness-Level personnel and Operations-Level responders.

3. Describe the various types of hazardous materials hazards.

4. Explain each of the routes of entry.

5. Describe the U.S., Canadian, and Mexican hazardous materials regulations and definitions.

6. Discuss hazardous materials incident statistics.

pp. 9-10 Objective 1 -- Distinguish between hazardous materials incidents and other emergencies.

A. Hazardous Materials Incident

1. An emergency involving a substance that poses an unreasonable risk to people, the environment, and/or property

2. May involve substance that has been or may be released from a container or a substance that is on fire

3. May be result of accident or deliberate

4. Different from other emergencies

a. Hazardous materials can be dangerous in many different ways

b. May be extremely difficult to contain and/or control

c. May require specialized equipment, procedures, and personal protective equipment (PPE)

d. May be difficult to detect

Review Question: How are hazardous materials incidents different from other types of emergencies? See pages 9-10 of the manual for answers.

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Section II: First Responder Roles

II. FIRST RESPONDER ROLES pp. 11-15 Objective 2 -- Discuss the roles of Awareness-Level personnel and Operations-

Level responders.

A. Training Requirements 1. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) -- Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 1910.120, Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER)

2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) -- Title 40 (Protection of Environment) CFR 311, Worker Protection

3. National Fire Protection Association? (NFPA?) a. NFPA? 472, Standard for Professional Competence of Responders to Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents b. NFPA? 473, Standard for Competencies for EMS Personnel Responding to Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents

4. Canada a. Regulated by Ministry of Labour or Workers Compensation Board (WCB) b. Train to NFPA? 472

5. Mexico -- No current national laws B. Levels of Training

1. NFPA? regulations a. Awareness b. Operations -- Core competencies or beyond, incorporating mission-specific competencies

i. Personal protective equipment ii. Mass decontamination iii. Technical decontamination iv. Evidence preservation and sampling

v. Product control

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vi. Air monitoring and sampling vii. Victim rescue and recovery viii. Response to illicit laboratory incidents c. Hazardous Materials Technician d. Hazardous Materials Branch Officer e. Hazardous Materials Branch Safety Officer f. Hazardous Materials Incident Commander g. Private Sector Specialist Employee 2. OSHA regulations a. Awareness b. Operations -- Core competencies or beyond incorporating mission-specific competencies c. Hazardous Materials Technician d. Hazardous Materials Specialist e. On Scene Incident Commander C. Duties 1. Awareness and Operations Core -- Perform only defensive tasks 2. Operations Missions-Specific -- Defensive and limited offensive actions D. Awareness-Level Personnel Responsibilities 1. Recognize the presence or potential presence of a hazardous materials 2. Recognize the type of container at a site and identify the material in it if possible 3. Transmit information to an appropriate authority and call for appropriate assistance 4. Identify actions to protect themselves and others from hazards 5. Establish scene control by isolating the hazardous area and denying entry E. Operations-Level Responders Responsibilities 1. Include all Awareness-Level responsibilities

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2. Identify the hazardous material(s) involved in an incident if possible

3. Analyze an incident to determine the nature and extent of the problem

4. Protect themselves, nearby persons, the environment, and property from the effects of a release

5. Develop a defensive plan of action to address the problems presented by the incident (plan a response)

6. Implement the planned response to control a release from a safe distance and keep it from spreading

7. Evaluate the progress of the actions taken to ensure that response objectives are safely met

Review Question: What are Awareness-Level personnel's responsibilities at a hazardous materials incident? What are Operations-Level responders' responsibilities at a hazardous materials incident? See pages 13-15 of the manual for answer.

Section III: Hazardous Materials Hazards

III. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS HAZARDS

pp. 15-32 Objective 3 -- Describe the various types of hazardous materials hazards.

A. Definitions

1. Acute

2. Acute health effects

3. Chronic

4. Chronic health effects

5. Hazard

B. Thermal Hazards

1. Cold temperatures -- Danger when working with cryogenic and liquefied gases

a. Liquefied gas -- One that the charging pressure is partially liquid at 70?F (21?C)

b. Cryogen -- Gas that turns into a liquid at or below -130?F (-90?C) at 14.7 psi (101 kPa) {1.01 bar}

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Ask Students: What are some examples of cryogenic materials? Briefly discuss answers with students. Answers include liquid oxygen (LOX), nitrogen, helium, hydrogen, argon, and liquefied natural gas (LNG).

c. Have ability to instantly freeze materials

d. May pool and transition from liquid state to vapor state

e. Can boil into a much larger vapor cloud

WARNING! Any clothing saturated with a cryogenic material may be removed immediately. This action is particularly important if the vapors are flammable or oxidizers. A first responder could not escape flames from clothing-trapped vapors if they were to ignite.

2. Elevated temperatures

a. Examples

i. Molten sulfur

ii. Molten aluminum

b. Require extreme caution

c. Can ignite flammable and combustible materials

d. Can increase the heat effects of wearing personal protective equipment

e. U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) definition of elevated-temperature material

i. Liquid phase at a temperature at or above 212?F (100?C)

ii. Liquid phase with a flash point at or above 100?F (38?C) that is intentionally heated and offered for transportation or transported at or above its flash point

iii. Solid phase at a temperature at or above 464?F (240?C)

C. Radiological Hazards

1. Exist at incidents at medical centers, certain industrial operations, nuclear power plants, research facilities, and at terrorist attacks

2. Alpha particles

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a. Energetic, positively charged alpha particles emitted from the nucleus during radioactive decay that rapidly lose energy when passing through matter

b. Commonly emitted in the radioactive decay of the heaviest radioactive elements

c. Lose energy rapidly in matter and do not penetrate very far d. Can cause damage over their short path through human tissue e. Usually completely blocked by outer dead layer of human skin f. Not a hazard outside the body g. Can be harmful if ingested or inhaled h. Can be stopped completely by a sheet of paper 3. Beta a. Fast-moving, positively or negatively charged electrons emitted from the

nucleus during radioactive decay b. From manufactured and natural sources such as tritium, carbon-14, and

strontium-90 c. More penetrating than alpha particles but less damaging over equally

traveled distances d. Capable of penetrating skin and causing radiation damage e. Generally more hazardous when inhaled or ingested f. Travel appreciable distances in air (up to 20 feet [6 m]) g. Can be reduced or stopped by a layer of clothing or by less than .08 an inch

(two or three millimeters) of a substance such as aluminum 4. Gamma

a. High-energy photons b. Often accompany the emission of alpha or beta particles from a nucleus c. Have neither a charge nor a mass d. Very penetrating e. Sources in environment ? Potassium-40 f. Industrial sources ? Cobalt-60, iridium-192, cesium-137

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g. Can easily pass completely through the human body or be absorbed by tissue, thus constituting a radiation hazard for the entire body

h. Requires at least two feet (0.6 m) of concrete, several feet (meters) of earth, or two inches (50 mm) of lead to stop

5. Neutron

a. Ultrahigh energy particles that have a physical mass but have no electrical charge

b. Highly penetrating

c. Produced by fission reactions (along with gamma radiation)

d. Difficult to measure in the field; usually estimated based on gamma measurements

e. Common source ? Soil moisture density gauges used at construction sites

f. May be encountered in research laboratories or operating nuclear power plants

g. Cause the release of secondary radiation when they interact with the human body

Review Question: What are the four types of ionizing radiation? Describe each briefly. See pages 18-21 of the manual for answers.

6. Radiation health hazards

a. Effects of ionizing radiation occur at the cellular level

b. Ionizing radiation can affect the normal operation of cells and organs inside the body

c. Radiation may cause damage to any material by ionizing the atoms in that material ? changing the material's atomic structure

d. Radiation can damage a cell by ionizing the atoms and changing the resulting chemical behavior of the atoms and/or molecules in the cell

e. Acute radiation doses

i. Exposure to radiation received in a short period of time

ii. Some are permissible and have no long term health effects

iii. Some can produce serious health effects

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