Coon-Mitterer Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind ...



Coon-Mitterer Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior11e

Chapter Outlines

Chapter 1

Chapter Outline

Psychology—Spotlight on Behavior

Defining Psychology

Empiricism

Psychological Research

Science and Critical Thinking

Thinking About Behavior

Research Specialties

Animals and Psychology

Psychology’s Goals

Description

Understanding

Prediction

Control

A Brief History of Psychology—Psychology’s Family Album

Into the Lab

Structuralism

Functionalism

Behaviorism

Radical Behaviorism

Cognitive Behaviorism

Gestalt Psychology

Psychoanalytic Psychology

Humanistic Psychology

Psychology Today—Five Views of Behavior

Positive Psychology

Summary

The Impact of Culture

Cultural Relativity

A Broader View of Diversity

Psychologists—Guaranteed Not to Shrink

Psychologists

Other Mental Health Professionals

The Profession of Psychology

Ethics

Specialties in Psychology

Scientific Research—How to Think Like a Psychologist

The Scientific Method

Hypothesis Testing

Operational Definitions

Clever Hans

Theories

Publication

Summary

Research Methods

Naturalistic Observation—Psychology Steps Out!

Limitations

The Anthropomorphic Error

Recording Observations

Correlational Studies—In Search of the Perfect Relationship

Correlation Coefficients

Correlation and Causation

Relationships in Psychology

Graphical Data

The Psychology Experiment—Where Cause Meets Effect

Variables and Groups

Experimental Control

Cause and Effect

Evaluating Results

Meta-analysis

Placebo Effects—Sugar Pills and Saltwater

Controlling Placebo Effects

The Experimenter Effect

The Clinical Method—Data by the Case

Survey Method—Here, Have a Sample

Sampling

Internet Surveys

Social Desirability

Summary

Critical Thinking Revisited—Evaluating Claims and Evidence

A Case Study of Critical Thinking

Anecdotal Evidence

Casual Observation

Authority

Formal Evidence

Pseudo-Psychologies—Palms, Planets, and Personality

Problems in the Stars

Uncritical Acceptance

Positive Instances

The Barnum Effect

Summary—Science and Critical Thinking

Psychology in Action: Psychology in the News—Separating Fact from Fiction

Suggestion 1: Be Skeptical

Suggestion 2: Consider the Source of Information

Suggestion 3: Ask Yourself if There Was a Control Group

Suggestion 4: Look for Errors in Distinguishing Between Correlation and Causation

Suggestion 5: Be Sure to Distinguish Between Observation and Inference

Suggestion 6: Beware of Oversimplifications, Especially Those Motivated by Monetary Gain

Suggestion 7: Remember, “For Example” Is Not Proof

Summary

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