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AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

McKay, et. al. 11e, Chapter 18 – Study Guide

Life in the Era of Expansion (ce 1650-1800)

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“Among the many short cuts to science, we badly need someone to teach us the art of learning with difficulty.

― Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emile: Or On Education

CHAPTER SUMMARY

Until recently scholars have not been very interested in how men and women lived in preindustrial society. The aspects of everyday life, such as family relations, sex, marriage, health, and religion, took a secondary place in history. As a result, much of our understanding of these subjects is often based on myth rather than on solid historical research and interpretations. This chapter corrects some of the long-standing myths and provides a close look at the life of the people.

Contrary to early belief, for example, it appears that in Western Europe the nuclear rather than the extended family was very common among preindustrial people. Furthermore, preindustrial people did not marry in their early teens, and illegitimacy was not as common as usually thought, and certainly less so than today. The concept of childhood as we know it hardly existed. The author also shows that when the poor got enough to eat their diet was probably almost as nutritionally sound as that of rich people. As for medical science, it probably did more harm than good in the eighteenth century. Also explained in this chapter are the reasons for a kind of “sexual revolution,” particularly for women, beginning in the mid-eighteenth century, when young people began engaging in sex at an earlier age and illegitimacy began to rise. These changes accompanied new patterns of marriage and work—much of which were connected to the growth of new economic opportunities for men and women.

Education and literacy improved significantly, particularly in countries such as Prussia and Scotland. In the area of religion the eighteenth century witnessed a tug of war between the Enlightenment’s attempt to demystify Christianity and place it on a more rational basis and a popular movement to retain traditional ritual, superstition, and religious mysteries. In Protestant and Catholic countries alike, rulers and religious leaders sought to purify religion by eliminating many ritualistic practices. The response to this reform by the common people in Catholic countries was a resurgence of religious ritual and mysticism, while in Protestant Germany and England there occurred a popular religious revival based on piety and emotional conversion. Meanwhile, most of Europe- Catholic and Protestant- saw the state increase its control over the church.

MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY (18.1)

Before you read:

1. A nuclear family is a family group consisting of parents and their children with no other relatives living in the same household. True or False

2. Degrading public rituals were one way that villages instituted social and moral controls on society.

True or False

While you read:

1. At what age did most people marry in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Europe? To what do historians attribute this phenomenon?

     

2. What kind of work did young men and young women find during this history? What types of challenges did they encounter during this time?

     

3. What type of community controls were implemented in village society at this time to police behavior and maintain moral standards?

     

4. Why do parts of Europe experience an illegitimacy explosion in the second half of the eighteenth century?

     

After you read:

1. In the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries people usually married

Surprisingly late

Surprisingly early

Almost never

Close relatives and divorced frequently

2. In the second half of the eighteenth century, the earlier pattern of marriage and family life began to break down. Which of the following was not a result of this change?

A greater number of illegitimate births

Earlier marriages

Marriages exclusively for economic reasons

Marriages for love

None of the above

CHILDREN AND EDUCATION (18.2)

Before you read:

This image is from a Foundling Hospital in Florence, Italy. The building was designed by Brunelleschi. Make an educated guess as to the purpose of Foundling homes and hospitals throughout Europe during this time:

     

While you read:

1. Compare the mortality rates of children who were breast-fed by their mothers to those children who were breast-fed by a wet nurse. How do historians account for this difference and what can we learn from this history about raising children?

     

2. Describe at least three different attitudes toward children which are articulated in the text:

     

3. Explain Rousseau’s arguments about educating children:

     

After you read:

1. Most of the popular education in Europe of the eighteenth century was sponsored by

The church

The state

Local communities

Private individuals

Parents, in the home

2. The country that led the way in the development of universal education was

Britain

Prussia

France

Spain

Austria

POPULAR CULTURE AND CONSUMERISM (18.3a)

Before you read:

Blood sports such as bullbaiting, cockfighting, and bearbaiting (shown left), were popular leisure activities for the masses and serve as a precursor for the commercialization of sports which exists in our society today. Explain how these blood sports are similar and different to popular sports of today’s society:

     

While you read:

1. Why did literacy rates grow dramatically between 1600 and 1800 in Europe and what types of literature were people reading and why?

     

2. Explain the variety of activities that Europeans engaged in for leisure and recreation. Also, during religiously inspired events such as carnival, explain how social classes intermingled.

     

3. What does it mean when peasants argued and expected a just price in the moral economy?

     

4. Compare the diets of the rich and poor; what are the similarities and differences? Which social group tended to eat the most nutritious food and why?

     

After you read:

1. Which of the following was not a common food for the European poor?

Vegetables

Wild greens

Beer

Dark bread

Milk

TOWARD A CONSUMER SOCIETY (18.3b)

Before you read:

1. Take a look at any printed catalog or advertisement for popular department and/or clothing stores today such as Macy’s, JC Penny, Kohl’s, or J Crew. Compare the number of pages or ads which display women’s clothing/fashion to the number of ads/pages for men’s clothing. Why do women have more choices than men?

     

While you read:

1. Some historians refer to the eighteenth century as a consumer revolution. What evidence is presented in the text to support this assertion?

     

2. How does the spread of fashion challenge the traditional social order of Europe? What evidence is presented to support this assertion?

     

3. How do public hygiene habits change during this period?

     

After you read:

|1. |The consumer revolution of the eighteenth century led to |

| |a vast increase in personal indebtedness, as individuals borrowed money in order to purchase consumer items. |

| |a new type of society in which people derived their self-identity as much from their consuming practices as from their |

| |work lives. |

| |a transition away from manufacturing basic goods such as iron and coal to light consumer goods. |

| |the development of increasingly stark class distinctions based on consumption. |

| |notions of community values and expected norms, since people could now purchase the same consumer items. |

|2. |The growth in eighteenth-century consumerism in clothing was encouraged by what two factors? |

| |The growth of fashion merchants who dictated changing styles and the declining production costs based on female labor |

| |The royal courts establishing fashion standards and improved market distribution networks |

| |The creation of the mechanical loom and the role of the servant class in spreading fashion |

| |The use of new dyes and materials from colonial products and the enforcement of new class restrictions on clothing usage |

| |The role of the nobility as the arbiters of fashion and the entrepreneurs who encouraged the idea of fashion |

RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY AND BELIEFS (18.4)

Before you read:

William Hogarth is known for his satirical art work during this history. This image (also on page 598 of your text) depicts a satirical scene of a Methodist meeting in London. In what ways does Hogarth satirize the Methodist practice?

     

While you read:

1. What aspects of church life remained central to European communities during this history? How do Catholic monarchs take greater control over their kingdoms and thus reduce the authority of the Pope?

     

2. In what ways does Europe experience a Protestant revival during this time? Who are the significant people associated with this revival?

     

3. How do some Catholics experience their own version of the Pietist revival during this time? What is Jansenism and how is it spread throughout the Catholic communities?

     

4. Describe some of the marginal beliefs and practices of faith which come about during this history.

     

After you read:

|1. |John Wesley's Methodism was particularly appealing because |

| |he favored overthrowing abusive governments. |

| |he advocated tender loving care for children. |

| |he refuted the doctrine of predestination, insisting that anyone who earnestly sought salvation could gain it. |

| |he decorated his churches with baroque art. |

| |he allowed alcohol consumption, which other sects did not. |

MEDICAL PRACTICE (18.5)

Before you read:

1. Faith healers and their patients believed that evil spirits caused illness. True or False

2. Surgeons were comparable to butchers and barbers of the time. True or False

While you read:

1. What methods did faith healers use to help ill patients? How effective were these methods?

     

2. Explain how physicians were trained and describe how surgeons worked and gained knowledge in their profession during this time.

     

3. Describe the practices of Madame du Coudray and how she contributed to medical science during this time.

     

4. How do practitioners such as Edward Jenner, work to help people fight off the deadly disease of smallpox?

     

After you read:

|1. |The greatest achievement of eighteenth-century medical science was the |

| |control of venereal disease. |

| |elimination of the bubonic plague. |

| |rise of the animistic school of medicine. |

| |conquest of smallpox. |

| |invention of anesthesia for surgery. |

Short Answer:

The eighteenth century was an era of improving health and increased life expectancy. Why? What impact did improving health and longevity have on European society?

     

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Chapter Timeline

--1650

--1675

--1700

--1725

--1750

--1775

--1800

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