Time Line of Discoveries and Inventions



Time Line of Discoveries and Inventions

    This timeline includes important events, discoveries and inventions that

have contributed to our present day chemistry class. Many of the entries have

not yet been completed. The projects are researched by individual students in my CHM 1030 class.[Landmarks that are not directly related to chemistry are colored coded and are included to help understand the development of a time period or an event that changed the world.] Click here to check any date in history. [Time lines]

 

 8000  BC  Fermentation[pic]

 7000  BC  Jericho [oldest city finally excavated in 1951]

 6000  BC   Linen fabric made

 5000  BC  Cu mines in Egypt [pic]

Beginning of Bronze Age

4000  BC Metals used:

•    Bronze [alloy of Cu & Sn],  more on copper

•    Ag

•    Au [pic]Gold

           Papyrus used in Egypt[pic]

3500 BC  Wheel cart used  & potter's wheel Mesopotamia

2800 BC Glass invention  &  Calendar

              [ collapse of bronze age]

Beginning of Iron Age

2500 BC  Fe discovered[pic]

2000 BC  Hg used in Egypt & code of Hammurabi

                History of Time

1500 BC  Sundial used in Egypt

1000 BC  Chaldeans use H2O clocks

800 BC  Iron utentsils

600 BC  olive tree brought to Italy by Greeks

450 BC  carrier pigeons used in Greece for communication

400 BC  NaCl used in food and in commerce

           Sugar used

350 BC  Fe used in China [time line of Chinese developments]

215 BC  Great wall of China built to keep foreigners out [1400 miles long]

40 BC   Atomic theory

31 BC   Start of Roman Empire

Age of Alchemy [more history of alchemy] [pic]

4 BC ..................................................1661

0      BC and AD are replaced by BCE [before common era] and CE [common era]

          time line 

4-6 AD  Christ born [BC & AD based on birth of this person]

50  First use of soap by Romans [learned from Gauls]

100  World's population 0.25 billion

271  First form of compass used in Japan

306-337 Emperor Constantine crowned

330  Constantinople capital of East

410  Rome sacked & modern beginning of Alchemy

476  Roman Empire ends in West[pic]

480-543 Rule of Benedict

600  Book printing in China

        Porcelain manufactured

        Chinese use explosives

700  Water wheels used in Europe

720 Arabs invent acids

751 Chinese paper makers captured by Arabs

760 Arabic numerals

782 Chemistry studied apart from Alchemy

800 Coronation of Charlemagne

850 Gunpowder used in China

900  Manufacture of sulfuric acid

1000  Widespread fear of the end of world

• Improvement of harness for horses

• Better food production  [due to 3 field system of crop rotation]

• Windmills invented as new source of power

1054  Schism of East & West

1066  Halley's comet observed

1090  Water driven mechanical clock in Peking

1095  First Crusades

1100  Rise of towns

1119  First University [Bologna in Italy]

1151  China use explosives for warfare

1158  Munich center of NaCl trade

1180   First glass windows

1190   Compass comes to Europe from China

1211   Genghis Khan invades China

1215   Magna Carta signed

1271  Marco Polo journeys to China

1278  Glass mirror invented

1290  Glasses invented [1518 spectacles for short sighted manufactured]

1300's  Universities started   & Start of witch hunts

1300  World's population 0.5 billion

1332  Plague starts in India

1374   Black Death Europe [1/3 of population dies]

1450    Greatest fear of witches and greatest number of death; lasts 200 yrs

1453   Printed Word[pic]Gutenberg Bible

            & Constantinople falls to Turks

1489  First use of +, - in mathematics

1492  America discoveredColumbus

1499  Sb discovered in Hungary

1500

• Start of Italian Renaissance

• First Pb pencils

1512  Copernicus Heliocentric Universe

1513  Florida discovered[pic]

1517  Luther's 95 Theses on Wittenberg door

1519  Magellan circumnavigates the globe

1531  Halley's comet causes wave of superstition

1534  Henry VIII breaks from Roman Church

1582  Gregorian calandar [Jan 1 is new year's day not March 25]

1589  Forks introduced into France

1590  Microscope invented

1592  Galileo invents thermometer

1602  BaS discovered by Cascarido

1608  Telescope invented by Lippershey

1610

• 1st Chemistry book

• Galileo proves earth revolves around sun

• Galileo improves telescope

1612  1st manual for making glass

1615 Galileo faces Inquisition first time & 1616 prohibited from further scientific study

1622  January first adopted as 1st day of new year [used to be March 25]

1625  Glauber discovers Glauber's salt

1631  X used in math in England

1641  Arsenic used as a medicine

1643  Torricelli invents barometer

1650  ~ 500 million people in the world

1657  Fountain pens used in Paris

            & Huygens designs pendulum for clock[pic]

1658  Hooke invents balance spring for watch [history of time pieces] [pic]

1661  Boyle writes definition of chemical elements

1665  Hooke invents microscope

1666  Newton's law of gravity

1668  Leeuwenhoek describes rbc with microscope

1669  P prepared by Brand an alchemist from Hamburg

1674  First microbe observed

1695  Epsom salts discovered [MgSO4] England by Grew

1698  Tax on beards in Russia 

1700

• Tax on unmarried women in Berlin

• NH4Cl discoved in France by Tournefort

1702   First steam engine Newcomen used to pump water from mines

1705  Halley predicts return of comet in 1758

1714  Fahrenheit Hg thermometer

1730  Zn smelting in England

1732  Boerhaave writes Elements of Chemistry

1733  Great Bell of Moscow cast [193 tons]

1742  Celsius invents centigrade thermometer

1743  First settlement in South Dakota

1750  Industrial Revolution  [some date start as 1769]

1752  Liberty bell cast  [England finally accepts Gregorian calendar]

1754  Black discovers  "carbolic acid gas" [CO2]

1756  Chocolate Factory in Germany

1766  Cavendish discovers hydrogen less dense than air

1769  First lightning rods used on tall buildings

1771  O2 discovered Lavoisier

1772  Priestly and Rutherford independently discover N2

1774

• Gahn isolates Mn

• Scheele discovers Cl and Ba

1775-1783 American Revolution[pic]

1775

• Priestly discovers HCl & H2SO4

• Lavoisier proves that air contains oxygen and nitrogen gases

• Watts perfects steam engine

1776  US Declaration of Independence

1777  Lavoisier proves that air consists mainly of O2 and N2

1780  Matches invented[pic]

1781 W discovered by Scheele

1785  Chemical bleaching by Berthollet

1790

• Lavoisier has table of 31 chemical elements

• Serfdom abolished in Europe    [people free personally in law, to marry, to migrate & choose occupations]

1793  Cotton gin invented Whitney

1795  Metric System in France adopted

1797  Cr discovered Vauguelin [pic]

1799 Rosetta stone found [allowed deciphering of hieroglyphics]

1800  Volta produces electricity from battery of Zn & Cu

1802  Dalton introduces atomic theory [pic]

1803  Berzelius discovers Cerium

1804  Wollaston finds Pd in Pt

1806

• Davy discovers electrolytic method for making pure K & Na

• End of the Holy Roman Empire

1807

• Gay-Lussac's combinatin of gases

• Fulton Steam ship

1809  Braille system for blind

1810  Appert develops techniques for canning food

1817  Berzelius discovers Se & Li

1818

• Berzelius publishes molecular weight of 2000 compounds

• Stromeyer & Hermann discover Cd

1823  Faraday liquefy Cl

1827

• Wohler obtains Al from clay

• Walker invents sulfur friction matches[pic]

1829

• Stephenson's steam locomotive [16 mph called "rocket"]

• Daguerre & Niepce form partnership for photographic inventions

1830  Beginning of sewing machine by Thimonnier

1831  Sauria develops method to make matches ignite without blowing up

1836  Phillips patents white P matches in US

           [1848 Bottger's matches called safety matches]

1834  McCormic patents reaping machine

1835  Halley's comet reappears

1839

• Goodyear discovers vulcanization (rubber + sulfur + heat) [commerical use of rubber]

• Macmillian first bicycle

1840  Beginning of railroad construction

1841  First university degree granted to women in US

1844  Morse's telegraph message between Baltimore and Washington

1846  Howe improves  sewing machine[1850  Singer perfects sewing machine]

1847  Sobrero prepares nitroglycerine

1848  Beginning of women's suffrage

1849 Fizeau measures speed of light

1855

• Audemars patents production of rayon [made from wood pulp]

• E.coli discovered [most highly studied of bacteria]

1856 Bessemer refines steel [burns off C in molten Fe ore with oxygen]

          First plastic manufactured

Beginning of Steel Age

1857  Pasteur proves fermentation caused by living organisms

1859  Darwin's Origin of Species

1860  Bunsen & Kirchoff discover Cs & Rubidium

1861-1865 American Civil War

1864  Pasteur [pic]invents pasteurization of wine

1865  Emancipation Proclamation in US

1866  Nobel invents dynamite[pic]

1869

• Mendeleyev formulates Periodic law for classificatin of Elements

• Suez Canal open (shortens route from to Europe to India by 6000 miles)

1873  Remington (gunsmith) produces typewriters

1876  Bell invents telephone [in 100 yrs 750 million people have telephones]

1880  Edison & Swan first practical electric lights

1883  Krakato erupted loudest sound heard[pic]

          Four time zones in USA

1886

• Moissan produces F

• Coca-cola [pic]invented by Pemberton [more than 600 million sold daily in 1997]

1888  Eastman perfects Kodak box camera

1891  Zippers invented[pic]

         [practical use in 1919]

1892  Rayon manufactered in England

1895  First motion pictures

1896  X-rays

1897  Thomson discovers electron

1898  Curie discovers Ra

1898  Effiel Tower built in Paris [tallest building in world]

Neon discovered

1900  World population 1.6 million

1901  Marconi tansmits telegraphic wireless  message [radio, TV & cellular phones from this]

1903  Wright brothers power airplane[pic]

1904   Kipping discovers Si

1905  Ne lights

1907   first plastic material "Bakelite" [substitute for ivory]

Beginning of Age of  Plastics

1908  Ford produces first car

1912

• Cellophane manufactered

• Titanic sinks 1513 drowned [pic]

1913  "isotope" coined as word by Soddy

1914-1918 WWI

1915

• Einstein general theory of relativity [pic] his time line

• Ford produces 10 million cars

• Viruses discovered

1918-1919  22 million people die from influenza pandemic

1920

• Women win right to vote in US

• Polyester invented

• First household refrigerators [ice machine invented 1865 by Lowe]

1921

• Calmette & Guerin develop BCG vaccine for TB

• Robots invented

1922  Harwood invents self winding wrist watches

1923  Bronsted theory of acids & bases

1924  Baird inventor of 1st TV

         [color TV in 1928]

1925  World's population 2 billion

1929

• Al chairs

• Great Depression

• Start of Empire State Bldg [900 ft tall, 102 stories, surpases Eiffel Tower]

1930

• Reppe develops artifical fabric

• Photoflash bulbs

• Landsteiner ABO blood group system

1932  Electron microscope

1933-1945 Holocaust in Europe [more about history of  Holocaust]

1933  60,000 artists & scientists emigrate from Germany

1935  Nylon invented

1937  Carothers patents nylon for Dupont

        [1939 1st nylon stockings]

1939-1945 WWII

1939

• Polyethylene invented

• Muller synthesizes DDT

1940  Manhattan project

Atomic Age

1942  Fermi splits atom

1945

• Atomic Bomb detonated in New Mexico

• Atomic Bomb used in warfare

• Hiroshima & Nagasaki bombed

• United Nations founded

1946  Xerography process invented Carlson

1947  Transitor invented [used in TV, CD player, faxes and radio]

1950

• World Population 2.5 billion

• 1.5 million TV sets in US

1950-1953 Korean War

1951  color TV sets & electric power from atomic energy

1952  Jericho excavated

1953  DNA 3D structure

1954  Hydrogen bomb tested

1957  Russians launch first space satellite Sputnik I [pic]

1958

• First moon rocket launched

•  Satellite launched

1959  Synthetic diamonds DeBeers

1960

• Lasers invented

• World's population 3 billion]

• 44% of worlds population illiterate

1961  Berlin Wall

1961-1973  Vietnam War

1968 steps to ban use of DDT

1969

• Internet starts [see time line for developments]

• Armstrong walks on surface of moon [pic]

1972

• All volunteer military in US

• First e-mail sent by Queen Elizabeth

1973  Pocket calculator

1975

• Computer

• World's population 4 billion

1977  US confirms testing of neutron bomb

1978

• 1st test tube baby born in England

• US  finally returns crown jewels to Hungary after WWII

1980   World's population 5 billion

1984  Toxic gas spill in India[pic]

1985   First cases of AIDS

1986

•  Chernobyl Accidentin Soviet Union

•  Challengershuttle explodes

1989  Exxon Valdez oil spill 19 million gallons crude oil Alaska

1990-1991 Persian Gulf War

 

1990 Hubble telescope [more pictures] (about Hubble)

1991

• Kuwait oil spill 460 million gallons in Persian Gulf [deliberate]

• Kuwait oil field fires [pic]

1993 WWW  as we know it today

1997  Scottish scientists clone sheep "dolly" [pic]

1998  Chemistry Class @ sfcc on web

1999   Chemistry laboratory designed for remote locations.  "Kitchen Laboratory" includes,

            chemicals, equipement, and CD-ROM for virtual components [pic]

 

2000  millennium changes 21 century

2001  September 11 terrorists attack World Trade Center [pic]  and Pentegon

2002 Virtual Chemistry CD rom[pic]

2003

2004

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