Notes on the Industrial Revolution



NOTES ON THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• PRECONDITIONS : in most of Europe, ca. 95 % of the population lived on the countryside, were engaged in the production of food. Mercantilist policies and measures implemented by absolutist kings, such as the dissolution of communal property, the introduction of new crops (potato), the improvement of the infrastructure (canals, roads) helped set in motion a change.

• In the latter half of the 18th century, a number of POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES were established. The invention/construction of machinery was approached more systematically than before.

• England was an exception. Traditionally a wool exporter, in the 17th and 18th century pasture for sheep was extended at the expense of farms. For sheep herding less manpower is required; workforce was set free. England, and neighboring Wales, had vast supplies of COAL.

• DEFINITION : The Industrial Revolution is a period characterized by a number of influential inventions which altered the fabric of production and distribution, as well as society, considerably. It began in Britain (England, Scotland, Wales) and is dated at 1769-1830.

• CHARACTERISTIC INVENTIONS

• 1765 JAMES WATT improves Robert Newcomen's STEAM ENGINE of 1712. The steam engine becomes a new energy supply source, in addition to windmills and watermills. It requires coal and water.

• The SPINNING JENNY and other textile machines make it possible to produce YARN industrial style, in larger amounts, better quality and much cheaper than hitherto by hand.

• The STEAMSHIP makes shipping independent from the wind.

• The LOCOMOTIVE facilitated the transport of heavy goods (coal etc.) over land faster, cheaper and more reliable than before. The construction of overland railway lines began in 1829 (George Stevenson's Rocket).

• The TELEGRAPH enabled quick information transport.

• CHARACTERISTIC INDUSTRIES

• TEXTILE INDUSTRY

• COAL MINING

• STEEL INDUSTRY

• MACHINERY PRODUCTION

• While with only limited improvement in technology, the following industries were also characteristic for the period :

• BRICK PRODUCTION (for factory halls, for buildings to house the workers in boomtowns)

• In agriculture, the POTATO becomes a staple crop, as it supplies cheap, nutritious food. Poorly paid workers depend on potatoes; for them bread becomes a luxury (CORN LAWS, similar laws on continent, keep grain prices high, until ~1846).

• WHALING was big business; whale oil was burnt in lanterns to provide STREET LIGHTING, or as basic substance for perfumes.

• CONSEQUENCES

• Increased mobility (railways, steamships)

• Cheaper products (cloth, coal etc.)

• A boom in coal mining and steel production

• Unemployment among certain craftsmen (weavers etc.)

• The emergence of a working class. See SOCIAL PROBLEMS.

• The emergence of new industrial and mining cities (Boomtowns); rapid growth of many old cities

• Working conditions altered. On the farm it was daylight which determined the length of the workday; now it was the machines. With artificial light, working hours were extended.

• Intensified agglomeration of poor people leads to spread of infectious diseases (Typhus, Cholera, Diphtheria); cities are rebuilt to improve hygiene; medical research intensified.

• strengthened belief, among the bourgeoisie, in science and progress

• most CITY WALLS were torn down to enable access to the railway and to improve traffic.

• PARALLEL, ENFORCING DEVELOPMENT

• ABOLITION OF SERFDOM = LIBERATION OF THE PEASANTS. According to Adam Smith, every individual is responsible for his own fortune. This translated into the landowner being freed of the obligation to feed the peasants during the months when there was little work; more desperate workers for mines and factories.

• Agitation for the ABOLITION OF SLAVERY - as a supply of workforce slavery had become replaceable.

• THE SPREAD OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• first countries to follow the British in the Industrial Revolution : USA, Belgium, Germany. Main characteristic : coal deposits. ..... France almost without coal, develops hydroelectricity.

• Netherlands, Italy latecomers (no coal; Netherlands, with excellent system of waterways, begins late with railroad construction)

• SUCCESSIVE PHASES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• 1830-1900 completion of European Railroad network

• Industrial standardization

• Economic unions : ZOLLVEREIN in Germany

• SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1870-1900 (hydroelectricity, ELECTRIC and CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES); Germany and USA leading

• The search for RAW Materials began, thus a renewed interests in the non-European continents (HIGH IMPERIALISM)

1. People lived in small farming villages.

2. Worked the land, used simple handmade tools, lived in simple cottages, lit by firelight and candles, made their own clothes, grew their own food, exchanged goods at a weekly outdoor market.

3. NATURAL MONOPOLY (MAYBERRY) People traveled only as far as their feet or horse-drawn cart could take them.

4. PRODUCTION shifted from hand tools to complex machines. The Industrial Revolution refers to the shift in production from simple hand tools to complex machines, AND from human and animal power to steam power.

5. POPULATION EXPLOSION:

• Declining Death rates,

• Agricultural Revolution reduced the risk of famine,

• Better eating made women healthier and their babies stronger,

• Some deadly diseases faded away (bubonic plague),

• Better hygiene and sanitation

• Improved medical care slowed deaths from disease.

6. ENERGY REVOLUTION:

• Largely muscle power (human/animal)

• water/wind mills

• Giant Water Wheels to turn factory machines

• Steam Engine

7. CAUSES: Agricultural Revolution: New farming techniques: dykes to reclaim land from the ocean, larger fields, fertilizer, crop rotation, soil combinations, seed drill, Enclosure.

8. Increased production, and less need for labor pushed people into cities in search of work.

9. Jobs shift from outdoors to indoors behind a counter, desk, or factory machine.

10. IR can be summed up in one word: ECONOMICS

11. Review the four means of production: LAND, LABOR, CAPITAL, ENTREPRENEUR

12. Inventions cause a tremendous demand for labor in the factories in the cities. (handout)

13. Natural resources like COAL and IRON are exploited to create steam.

14. Steam engine is used as CAPITAL in factories, foundries, etc.

15. PRODUCTION increases by leaps and bounds, driving down prices.

16. If supply increases, price decreases: food prices go down, but so does wages

17. EFFECTS: Mass migration from the farmland (RURAL) areas into the cities (URBAN) areas. Urbanization of Population

18. Demand for jobs is high, wages are extremely low: SKILLED TO UNSKILLED LABOR

Describe how Rural to Urban Migration works:

➢ RURAL

➢ URBAN

➢ URBAN SPRAWL

➢ EXPANSION INTO SUBURBS: castle wall, beneath the wall.

➢ BEDROOM COMMUNITIES: CARMICHAEL, V. SAN FRANCISCO TO SAC.

➢ MASS TRANSIT SYSTEMS enable people to commute.

➢ NEED FOR INCREASED INFRASTRUCTURE

➢ US BUILT OUT, FRANCE AND JAPAN BUILT UP

➢ INCORPORATION

The Industrial Revolution

1700-1900

The First Industrial Revolution: Textiles and Steam: 1712-1830

* 1712: The Newcomen steam engine.

* 1733: John Kay invents the flying shuttle.

* 1764: James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny.

* 1769: Richard Arkwright patents the water frame.

* James Watt patents a series of improvements on the Newcomen engine making it more efficient.

* 1779: Samuel Crompton perfects the spinning mule.

* 1785: Edmund Cartwright patents a power loom.

* 1793: Eli Whitney patenets the cotton gin.

* 1807: Robert Fulton begins steamboat service on the Hudson River.

* 1830: George Stephenson begins rail service between Liverpool and London.

The Spread of the Industrial Revolution: 1830-1875

* 1840: Samuel Cunard begins transatlantic steamship service.

* 1856: Henry Bessemer develops the Bessemer converter.

* 1859: The first commercial oil well is drilled in Pennsylvania.

* 1866: The Siemens brothers improve steelmaking by developing the open hearth furnace.

The Second Industrial Revolution: Electricity and Chemicals: 1875-1905

* 1836: Samuel F. B. Morse invents the telegraph.

* 1866: Cyrus Field lays the first successful transatlantic cable.

* 1876: Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone.

* 1879: Thomas Edison invents the indandescent light bulb.

* 1892: Rudolf Diesel patents the diesel engine.

* 1899: Guglielmo Marconi invents the wireless.

* 1903: The Wright Brothers make the first successful airplane flight.

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