RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES Dr. Prabhat Pandey Dr. Meenu Mishra Pandey
? Bridge Center, 2015 BRIDGE CENTER Buzau, Al. Marghiloman 245 bis, 120082 Tel. 0728394546 e-mail: editor@ Romania, European Union
Printed in Romania First published, 2015
ISBN 978-606-93502-7-0
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The publishers have applied for copyright permission for those pieces that need copyright clearance and due acknowledgement will be made at the first opportunity. The views and contents of this book are solely of the author. The author of the book has taken all reasonable care to ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any existing copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the event the author has been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, please notify the publisher in writing for corrective action.
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Dr. Prabhat Pandey Dr. Meenu Mishra Pandey
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
Bridge Center 2015 3
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CONTENTS
Preface................................................................................................................6 Chapter 1 ? Research...............................................................................7 Chapter 2 - Research Process........................................................................13 Chapter 3 - Research Design.........................................................................18 Chapter 4 - Research Problem......................................................................23 Chapter 5 - Variables and Their Types.........................................................29 Chapter 6 - Formulation of Hypothesis.......................................................32 Chapter 7 ? Sampling.....................................................................................40 Chapter 8 - Tools of Data Collection............................................................57 Chapter 9 - Data Analysis.............................................................................70 Chapter 10 - Interpretation of Data.............................................................75 Chapter 11 - Research Methods...................................................................78 Chapter 12 - Descriptive or Survey Method...............................................84 Chapter 13 - Experimental Method.............................................................89 Chapter 14 - Research Proposal.................................................................101 Chapter 15 - Research Report.....................................................................110 Bibliography..................................................................................................116
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PREFACE
The authors felt during their several years of teaching experience that students fail to understand the books written on Research Methodology because generally they are written in technical language. Since this course is not taught before the Master's degree, the students are not familiar with its vocabulary, methodology and course contents.
The authors have made an attempt to write it in very nontechnical language. It has been attempted that students who try to understand the research methodology through self-learning may also find it easy. The chapters are written with that approach. Even those students who intend to attain high level of knowledge of the research methodology in social sciences will find this book very helpful in understanding the basic concepts before they read any book on research methodology.
This book is useful those students who offer the Research Methodology at Post Graduation and M.Phil. Level. This book is also very useful for Ph.D. Course Work examinations.
Dr. Prabhat Pandey Dr. Meenu Mishra Pandey
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