Penn State York
Chapter 8 Lecture Outline (2nd half)
Intelligence
Historical background of intelligence testing
(1) Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
- mental age vs. chronological age
- purpose of their test
(2) Lewis Terman
- Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test
- use of the intelligence quotient (IQ)
- problems with the old notion of IQ
(3) David Wechsler
- correlation with the Stanford Binet
- deviation IQ
- normal distribution (i.e., bell-shaped curve)
- standard deviation
Important Testing Concepts: reliability vs. validity
What do Intelligence tests predict well?
- school success? - vocational success? - creativity?
What is (intelligence?( Theoretical models of intelligence
Heredity and environmental influences on intelligence
A. Role of Heredity
1. Twin studies
- MZ twins together (.86) vs. DZ twins together (.60)
- MZ twins apart (.72) vs. DZ twins together (.60)
2. Adoption studies
- adoptive child & biological parent living apart (.24)
B. Role of Environment
1. Adoption studies
- adoptive siblings raised together (.31)
- adoptive parent and adoptive child (.24)
- siblings raised together (.46) vs. siblings raised apart (.24)
2. Twin studies
- MZ twins together (.86) vs. MZ twins apart (.72)
3. Cumulative Deprivation Hypothesis (discussed in book)
4. The Flynn Effect
- the biggest gains have come on tests of fluid intelligence (i.e., the Ravens test)
- obviously, this has to reflect the effects of the environment
Cultural Differences in Intelligence
- Socioeconomic disadvantage
- Claude Steele’s Stereotype Threat view
Culture Fair tests?
- Raven Progressive Matrices Test
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