Para 1 - Cengage



CHAPTER 5

Deciding Where Loyalties Lie, 1763-1776

Learning Objectives

After you read and analyze this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Explain how and why George Grenville expected the American colonists to help England in paying for the costs of the British Empire and how the colonists reacted.

2. Describe Charles Townshend’s provisions for raising revenues in the colonies, why he thought that his plan would succeed where Grenville’s had failed, and how the colonists responded.

3. Analyze how British choices added to Americans’ suspicions of England and how they responded to increased efforts to crush resistance in the colonies.

4. Argue whether the Revolutionary War could have been avoided or whether it was an inevitable conflict once the colonists met in the First and Second Continental Congresses.

Chapter Outline

I. Victory’s New Problems

A. Dealing with Indian and French-Canadian Resistance

1. Following its victory over France and its acquisition of Canada, England faced many problems on the American frontier and in Canada.

a) Creeks and Cherokees in the Southeast clashed with American colonists.

b) In the Northwest, American Indians rebelled against British control and settlement by colonists.

2. To reduce conflict on the frontier, the British government decided to keep Indians and American colonists apart.

a) The Proclamation Line of 1763 forbade colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.

3. The government’s western and Canadian policies were the first source of conflict between England and the colonists.

a) The Americans disregarded the prohibition on settlement west of the Appalachians.

b) They objected to permitting the French residents of Canada to maintain their culture and religion.

B. Demanding More from the Colonies

1. After the war with France, the British government became critical of the colonists.

a) The government argued that the war had been fought primarily on behalf of the colonies.

b) The Americans had engaged widely in smuggling to avoid import duties on foreign goods.

2. In 1764, George Grenville introduced new measures to assert greater control over the Americans.

a) Writs of assistance permitted easier searches for smuggled merchandise.

b) The Sugar Act authorized trials of suspected smugglers without juries.

C. The Colonial Response

1. Many objected to greater British control, coming as it did during a postwar economic depression.

2. Others welcomed hard times, arguing that a moral reawakening was necessary.

3. Debate about how to respond to the Sugar Act occasioned the first widespread discussion of rights, liberty, and the powers of government among the Americans.

D. The Stamp Act

1. To help pay for the costs of the British Empire, the Grenville government enacted the Stamp Act of 1765.

a) This was the first time the British government sought to impose a DIRECT tax, as distinct from an EXTERNAL tax (an import duty), on the colonists.

2. Opposition to the Stamp Act cut across all lines in colonial society.

E. The Popular Response

1. In Boston, the Sons of Liberty embarked on a campaign of demonstration and riot that prompted the Stamp Act agent to resign.

a) Similar demonstrations in the other colonies led stamp agents almost everywhere to resign.

F. Political Debate

1. The Stamp Act raised the issue of taxation without representation, but the colonists did not threaten rebellion.

2. At the Stamp Act Congress, they agreed that Parliament had the right to rule the colonies but not to tax them without representation.

G. Repeal of the Stamp Act

1. To protest the Stamp Act, many colonists subscribed to nonimportation agreements in which they pledged to boycott British goods.

2. The economic effects of nonimportation led the British government to repeal the Stamp Act.

a) Along with repeal, the English passed the Declaratory Act, in which they asserted their right to impose taxes on the colonies.

II. Asserting American Rights

A. The Townshend Acts and Colonial Protest

1. The Townshend Acts of 1767 imposed customs duties on English paint, lead, glass, and paper, as well as on tea.

a) Parliament chose this course of action because Benjamin Franklin assured them that the colonists opposed only direct taxes, not customs duties.

b) Townshend’s program also required the colonists to help pay for troops stationed in their cities.

2. The colonists rejected the Townshend duties.

a) They argued that ACTUAL representation—as opposed to VIRTUAL representation—was required for any revenue measures whose purpose was to raise money (instead of to regulate trade).

b) They renewed the boycott of British goods.

B. The British Humiliated

1. Protest against the Townshend Acts mushroomed in Massachusetts.

a) The governor was forced to suspend the assembly because it called for a petition by all the colonial legislatures against the acts.

b) Strong-arm methods in the streets enforced the boycott of British goods.

c) Smuggling was protected by the Sons of Liberty; the attempt to seize the smuggling ship Liberty led to violence against British officials.

2. Tensions also escalated because of the British troops stationed in Boston.

a) The tension reached its peak in the Boston Massacre, when British soldiers fired on a crowd of colonists, killing five.

3. The British government sought to quell the conflict with the colonies by repealing the Townshend Acts.

a) It retained the tax on tea alone.

C. Success Weakens Colonial Unity

1. Repeal of the Townshend Acts brought tensions between groups in the colonies into the open.

a) Artisans and laborers hoped to continue the boycott of British goods, but merchants would not agree.

b) The wide discussion of rights, liberties, and representation prompted artisans and laborers to demand greater political participation for people like themselves.

III. The Crisis Renewed

A. Disturbing the Peace of the Early 1770s

1. Britain continued to try to eliminate smuggling of foreign goods by the Americans.

a) In Rhode Island, colonists destroyed the Gaspée and would not help the British identify the perpetrators.

b) Fearing British intentions after the Gaspée incident, five colonies organized Committees of Correspondence.

B. The Tea Act and the Tea Party

1. To save the East India Company from bankruptcy, the British government passed the Tea Act, authorizing the Company to sell tea directly to the colonies.

a) The colonists viewed the Tea Act as a trick to get them to buy tea—and thereby pay the Townshend tax on tea.

2. Colonists in many cities prevented the tea from being landed.

a) In Boston, a band of men disguised as Indians dumped the tea into the harbor.

C. The Intolerable Acts

1. Because of the Boston Tea Party, the British government enacted four pieces of legislation to punish Boston.

a) The Quebec Act, enacted coincidentally at the same time, added fuel to the flames.

2. Colonists everywhere responded with anger toward Britain and with sympathy and aid for Boston.

D. Creating a National Forum: The First Continental Congress

1. Delegates from all colonies (except Georgia) met in Philadelphia in September 1774 to determine what to do about the Intolerable Acts.

a) The delegates included some of the country’s most important future leaders.

2. The Continental Congress considered several plans of action.

a) It approved the Continental Association, another boycott of British goods.

b) It defeated Joseph Galloway’s Plan of Union, but approved John Adams’s Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which set forth the colonial position on customs duties and taxation.

c) It adopted the Suffolk Resolves, which called on the colonists of Massachusetts to arm themselves.

IV. The Decision for Independence

A. Taking Charge and Enforcing Policies

1. Throughout the colonies, those in opposition to the British government began to seize control.

a) They enforced the Continental Association.

B. The Shot Heard Round the World

1. In April 1775, General Gage moved to seize colonial weapons in Lexington and Concord.

a) Armed conflict broke out between patriot forces and the British army columns.

C. The Second Continental Congress

1. The Continental Congress reconvened in May 1775 and took steps to prepare for war.

a) It approved the creation of an army, with George Washington as commander in chief.

2. Not yet ready for independence, it approved the Olive Branch Petition.

3. England, however, rejected reconciliation and instead adopted the American Prohibitory Act.

D. The Impact of Common Sense

1. Tom Paine’s pamphlet convinced many that the time had come for America to become independent.

E. Declaring Independence

1. In June 1776, the Continental Congress considered a resolution declaring independence.

a) It did not approve it until July, following completion of a declaration of independence written by Thomas Jefferson.

F. Declaring Loyalties

1. Many colonists chose to remain loyal to Britain.

a) They came from all ranks and classes of white colonial society.

2. African Americans pointed out the inconsistencies of the radical position even before the Declaration of Independence.

a) Some white Americans agreed that slavery was inconsistent with liberty.

b) Others worried that slaves would seek their freedom by supporting the British.

3. Indian response to the news of the war was far from uniform.

a) Alignments were often determined by intertribal rivalries and Indian concerns about the safety of their own villages.

4. Fewer than 50 percent of the colonists supported the American side.

Identifications

Identify the following items and explain the significance of each. While you should include any relevant historical terms, using your own words to write these definitions will help you better remember these items for your next exam.

1. Charles Inglis

2. Thomas Paine

3. Common Sense

4. King George III

5. George Grenville

6. Covenant Chain

7. Pontiac

8. Proclamation Line of 1763

9. mercantile theory

10. import duties

11. Currency Act

12. customs service

13. Sugar Act

14. civil court

15. vice-admiralty court

16. depression

17. materialism

18. consumer revolution

19. boycott

20. Stamp Act

21. direct tax

22. external taxation

23. broadside

24. Sons of Liberty

25. Samuel Adams

26. Ebenezer McIntosh

27. fraternal

28. Thomas Hutchinson

29. Patrick Henry

30. Stamp Act

31. Stamp Act Congress

32. Declaratory Act

33. William Pitt

34. Townshend Acts

35. Samuel Adams

36. John Dickinson

37. Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

38. crown officers

39. Mercy Otis Warren

40. John Hancock

41. Boston

42. Lord North

43. Quarter Act

44. smuggling

45. Gaspée

46. Tea Act

47. Boston Massacre

48. Boston Tea Party

49. East India Tea Company

50. Intolerable Acts

51. First Continental Congress

52. militiamen

53. Joseph Galloway

54. Declaration of Rights and Grievances

55. Thomas Gage

56. loyalists

57. Minutemen

58. Battles of Lexington and Concord

59. Olive Branch Petition

60. American Prohibitory Act

61. sanctity

62. Declaration of Independence

63. Second Continental Congress

Multiple-Choice Questions

SELECT THE CORRECT ANSWER.

1. The outcomes of the war with France included

a. a great war debt for England to shoulder.

b. close relations between England and all of the Canadian Indian tribes.

c. peace with the Cherokee Indians.

d. disinterest among the American colonists in the new frontier regions.

2. The Proclamation Line of 1763 was obnoxious to many colonists because it appeared to

a. favor western Indian tribes and discourage western settlement.

b. undermine the principle of free speech.

c. strengthen royal governors in their rivalry with local assemblies.

d. threaten maritime commerce in New England.

3. To exert greater British control over the American colonies, the government of George Grenville

a. fired all sitting royal governors and appointed new ones.

b. passed the Sugar Act, which required the colonists to use only sugar grown in English colonies.

c. banned protest against the Proclamation Line of 1763.

d. sought to clamp down on the American practice of smuggling foreign goods.

4. The Stamp Act of 1765 encountered unusually high levels of colonial protest because it

a. made the burden of taxes unbearable.

b. threatened the colonial understanding of the relationship between Parliament and the colonial assemblies.

c. stripped the colonies of representation in Parliament.

d. raised the cost of mailing letters and packages.

5. The most effective means of protest against the British government devised by the colonists was

a. polite petitions such as the ones adopted by the Stamp Act Congress.

b. sending Benjamin Franklin to London to represent them.

c. terrorism directed against British soldiers.

d. boycotts of British merchandise.

6. When Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, it also enacted the Declaratory Act which

a. apologized to the colonies for its insensitivity.

b. announced parliamentary intentions to raise the tax on sugar.

c. asserted Parliament’s right to tax the colonies.

d. declared the colonies treacherous and treasonous.

7. The British government mistakenly believed that the colonists would willingly comply with the Townshend Acts because

a. the revenues to be collected did not amount to too much money.

b. colonial opposition had subsided after the repeal of the Stamp Act.

c. Benjamin Franklin had not correctly informed them of the colonial position on customs duties.

d. few people would be affected by duties on paint and lead.

8. The English argued that the colonists enjoyed representation in Parliament because

a. they could send agents like Benjamin Franklin to London to explain American views.

b. the members of the House of Commons represented everyone in the British Empire—not just those who happened to elect them.

c. members of Parliament took the petitions the colonists sent them seriously.

d. the royal governors in America regularly informed Parliament of American views.

9. The Boston Massacre convinced Americans that

a. the British would go so far as to shoot down innocent townspeople.

b. the time had come for them to declare their independence,

c. terrorism against British soldiers was entirely justified.

d. Boston had been singled out by the British government for special punishment.

10. The Gaspée incident continued to inflame American opinion after it was over because

a. the British army closed down all of Rhode Island’s ports.

b. Parliament levied high taxes to pay for the destroyed customs vessel.

c. Sam Adams and John Hancock were arrested and charged with stirring up more trouble.

d. the colonists believed that the British now intended to deprive them of the right to trial by jury.

11. The British government passed the Tea Act in order to

a. save the East India Company from bankruptcy.

b. trick the colonists into accepting the idea that Parliament had lost all interest in taxing them.

c. control inflation.

d. diversify the British economy.

12. The Intolerable Acts of 1774 were widely interpreted by colonial radicals as

a. certain evidence that England intended to undermine colonial rights.

b. a signal that they had pushed royal authorities too far.

c. an indication that British intransigence was on the verge of collapse.

d. a sign that Lord North had finally capitulated to colonial demands.

13. During the decade of controversy between England and the colonies that preceded the American Revolution, the social and economic differences that Americans faced among themselves

a. frequently surfaced.

b. were forgotten in the name of unity.

c. were played on by the royal governors, who hoped thereby to split the colonists.

d. were divisive forces that George Washington warned against.

14. Following the clashes at Lexington and Concord, the delegates at the Second Continental Congress

a. gave up all hope of a peaceful settlement with England.

b. lost precious time by not preparing for the possibility of war with England.

c. were not the least bit impressed by Tom Paine’s pamphlet, Common Sense.

d. tried for reconciliation with England in the Olive Branch Petition.

15. Which one of the following statements is NOT true regarding those who supported the British?

a. Slaves saw opportunities for emancipation by supporting the British army against their patriot masters.

b. Artisans and laborers prospered under British economic regulations.

c. Colonial elites feared a revolution would arouse the backcountry farmers against them.

d. Indians feared independent Americans more than they feared the British imperial system.

Essay Questions

1. ACCORDING TO THE PATRIOTS, THE INCESSANT VIOLATION OF AMERICAN RIGHTS BY THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT LED TO REVOLUTION, WAR, AND THE DISRUPTION OF THE EMPIRE. WHAT EVIDENCE IS THERE THAT THE BRITISH WERE TO BLAME FOR PROVOKING THE AMERICANS?

DEVELOPING YOUR ANSWER: The British government repeatedly attempted to impose taxes on the colonists although they did not enjoy actual representation in Parliament. You should explore each of the British tax programs and explain what the colonists meant by ACTUAL representation.

The colonists also feared that the British intended to alter the right to trial by jury. In this context, include discussion of the Sugar Act, the Gaspée incident, and the Justice Act (one of the Intolerable Acts).

Finally, you might discuss the Proclamation Line of 1763 as infringing on the right to move about freely.

2. How might the British have defended themselves against the charge that they continually provoked the Americans by violating their rights?

DEVELOPING YOUR ANSWER: The British justified taxing the colonists by arguing that the latter were indeed represented in Parliament through VIRTUAL representation, a concept that you should explain.

The British could also argue that, by taking steps against smuggling and by sending troops to American cities to curtail riots and the intimidation of British officials, the government sought merely to maintain law and order in the face of repeated criminal behavior by the Americans.

Finally, the British could point to the fact that the Americans fully exercised the right to petition their government in formal documents and in public demonstrations.

3. Instead of waiting until after the Boston Tea Party to punish Boston, the British ought to have shown greater resolve in dealing with the Americans at an earlier date. Can it be argued that the British were reluctant to take a firm stand—until it was probably too late?

DEVELOPING YOUR ANSWER: For years, the British failed to clamp down on American smuggling. Then, when the colonists protested against tax measures, sometimes violently, the government backed down, repealing the Stamp Act and the Townshend duties on paint, lead, glass, and paper. Worse, the government showed weakness when it sent soldiers to American cities but did not back them up when they were harassed by townspeople. Most strikingly, the government didn’t impose martial law even though British officials were intimidated, colonists used force to enforce their boycotts of British goods, and British property (the tea) was destroyed.

4. When they faced the prospect of war with the colonists, the British could count on serious divisions within the American population. Explain.

DEVELOPING YOUR ANSWER: During the decade before the outbreak of war with the Mother Country, the Americans repeatedly demonstrated that, because of their own social and economic differences, they were far from a united force. Supply concrete examples of how merchants on the one hand and artisans and laborers on the other sometimes split over how to proceed with protests against British policy. Tell how members of the colonial merchant elite feared a rising tide from below.

Once hostilities began, the British could rely on the large segment of the population that remained loyal to the Crown. Discuss who the loyalists were, as well as why they remained faithful to Britain.

Finally, the British had reasonable expectations of counting on support from Native Americans and from enslaved African Americans. Be sure to explain why.

Map Exercises

1. Examine the Proclamation Line of 1763 in Map 5.1. In your opinion, were the colonists justified in objecting to the limitations imposed by the line?

2. Test your familiarity with America on the eve of the Revolution by adding the following information to the Chapter 5 opening map:

a. The colony in which such leaders as George Washington and Thomas Jefferson resided

b. The city targeted in the Intolerable Acts

c. The colony where the Gaspée incident occurred

Individual Choices

Charles Inglis

To answer the following questions, consult the Individual Choices section at the beginning of the chapter.

1. Identify important experiences in Charles Inglis’s early life. How did they contribute to his later beliefs regarding America’s relationship with England?

2. Why was open hostility to the Church of England increasing?

3. Why was the effort to establish a bishop in the colonies considered by colonists to be a blow to religious freedom? Do you agree? Why or why not?

4. Identify the significance of “Papian.”

5. Evaluate Inglis’s repudiation of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense.

6. Why do you think Inglis refused to speak bitterly of his American enemies? What does this tell us about his dedication to his personal beliefs?

Individual Voices

Examining a Primary Source: Charles Inglis Calls for Reconciliation

To answer the following questions, consult the Individual Voices section at the end of the chapter.

1. Identify the significance of “The True Interest of America Impartially Stated.”

2. List some of the predictions Inglis made that later came true in the battles between the Americans and the British.

3. Although revolutionaries suffered the loss of crops, homes, and livestock, it was the loyalists who, in the end, saw their estates seized by the state governments and sold to patriotic neighbors. Do you think confiscating their lands and possessions was justified?

4. Modern nations have also established colonies and fought wars to keep them. What economic advantages do colonies provide? Can you think of noneconomic reasons why colonies might be valuable?

5. If you were writing a response to Inglis’s dire scenario, how would you refute his predictions of American defeat? What American advantages would you cite? What British disadvantages? What do you think were the most important factors in the American victory?

RUBRIC: Using the following rubric, list several important predictions Inglis made and analyze whether or not each prediction came true and, if so, to what degree. As you complete this rubric, think about how Thomas Paine and other colonists might have disagreed with the eventual outcome of the conflicts between the Americans and the British.

|INGLIS’S ASSERTIONS |Did it come true? When? |To what degree? (This is the “how”|Impact on conflict between British and |

| | |part of the question.) |Americans |

|  |  |  |  |

|  |  |  |  |

|  |  |  |  |

Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions

1. A. SEE PAGE 120.

b. Some of the Indian tribes in Canada refused to affirm allegiance to the Crown. See pages 119-123.

c. The Cherokees went to war; the British forced them into submission. See pages 119-123.

d. American colonists began to move into the new lands, precipitating Indian resistance like that by Pontiac. See pages 119-123.

2. a. The Proclamation Line of 1763 barred white settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. See pages 122-123.

b. It had nothing to do with freedom of expression. See pages 122-123.

c. It did not address the relationship between the royal governor and the colonial assembly. See pages 122-123.

d. It affected the frontier region. See pages 122-123.

3. d. It tried to do so by moving trials for smuggling foreign sugar and molasses out of the civil courts and into juryless vice-admiralty courts. See pages 120-124.

a. The Grenville government’s American policy included the Currency Act, writs of assistance, reform of the customs service, and the Sugar Act; it did not change royal governors. See pages 120-124.

b. It sought to make the levy on foreign-grown sugar preferable to bribery and smuggling. See pages 120-124.

c. It dealt with the duty on foreign sugar. See pages 120-124.

4. b. Heretofore, Parliament had regulated only colonial trade. It was now imposing a direct (or internal) tax, which the colonists thought only they could impose. See pages 125-126.

a. This is not why the colonists objected to it. See pages 125-126.

c. They did not have representation. See page 127.

d. It was not a postage stamp tax. It required stamped paper on legal documents, newspapers, and playing cards. See pages 125-126.

5. d. Nonimportation led to the repeal of the Stamp Act. See pages 128-129.

a. Economic pressure rather than the arguments made by the Stamp Act Congress led to the repeal of the Stamp Act. See pages 128-129.

b. In fact, Franklin’s statements in England led to the Townshend Acts. See pages 128-129.

c. The colonists used strong-arm methods but not against soldiers. See pages 128-129.

6. c. Parliament accompanied repeal of the Stamp Act with an assertion in the Declaratory Act of its right to tax the colonists. See page 129.

a. For the contents of the Declaratory Act, see page 129.

b. Parliament had no such intention. See page 129.

d. For the contents of the Act, see page 129.

7. c. Benjamin Franklin had told Parliament that the colonists would accept import taxes generated by laws to regulate colonial trade. See pages 129-131.

a. Parliament thought the colonists would comply with the Townshend Acts because of information given to them by Benjamin Franklin. See pages 129-131.

b. In fact, Townshend moved British troops into American cities. See pages 129-131.

d. This was not a factor in Townshend’s thinking. See pages 129-131.

8. b. This comprised the concept of virtual representation. See page 130.

a. They cited the concept of virtual representation to explain why they believed the Americans had a voice in Parliament. See page 130.

c. They emphasized, instead, the concept of virtual representation. See page 130.

d. This was not part of the doctrine of virtual representation. See page 130.

9. a. The British killed five colonists, and wounded another eight. See page 132.

b. The Boston Massacre occurred in 1770. See page 132.

c. The Americans did not employ terrorism against the British military even after the Boston Massacre. See page 132 for its aftermath.

d. This was the reaction to the Intolerable Acts of 1774. See pages 135-136.

10. d. Because of this belief, the Americans became even more convinced of a British plot to undermine American liberty. See pages 133-134.

a. The British did not close down any American port until 1774, when they closed Boston’s under the Intolerable Acts. See pages 133-134.

b. The British reacted merely by appointing a commission to investigate the incident. See pages 133-134.

c. This did not accompany Britain’s appointment of a commission to investigate the incident. In fact, the commission was unable to bring indictments against anyone. See pages 133-134.

11. a. See pages 134-135.

b. It was the colonists who interpreted the act as a device to get them to accept taxation. See pages 134-135.

c. This was not a consideration when the Tea Act was conceived. See pages 134-135.

d. The act would have no such effect. Its purpose was to strengthen an important company in economic difficulty. See pages 134-135.

12. a. Many colonists concluded that the British were systematically trying to oppress them. See pages 136-137.

b. Their resolve against the British stiffened; they urged resistance. See pages 136-137.

c. The British proposed to take stronger action against the colonists, especially those in Massachusetts, than ever before. See page 136.

d. The Intolerable Acts were an effort to deal strongly with the colonists and not to capitulate to them. See page 136.

13. a. Members of the lower classes began to demand greater political power. See page 133.

b. See page 133.

c. The royal officials were usually weak (see Chapter 4) and could be subjected to violence, as during the Stamp Act protests.

d. George Washington never spoke out in this fashion during the years that preceded the American Revolution.

14. d. The king, however, rejected it. Britain passed the American Prohibitory Act, instead, and began to seize American ships. See pages 140-141.

a. Congress adopted the Olive Branch Petition, offering to end American resistance if England would withdraw its army and repeal the Intolerable Acts. See pages 140-141.

b. Congress created the Continental Army and appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief. See pages 140-141.

c. Common Sense made a profound impact on public opinion in general, although Congress was slower to move than many others. See pages 140-141.

15. b. Because this statement is not true, it is the correct choice. Their economic condition made independence seem like a worthwhile risk. See pages 143-145.

a. Because this statement is true, it is not the correct choice. Britain offered freedom to slaves who would serve in their army. See pages 143-145.

c. Because this statement is true, it is not the correct choice. The controversy with the British exposed social tensions within colonial society, with the lower orders questioning not only British measures but also their position in the social order. Tidewater planters (members of the elite) found themselves in opposition to frontier farmers. See pages 143-145.

d. Because this statement is true, it is not the correct choice. Most Indians favored the British because of the desire among many colonists to expand along the frontier. See pages 143-145.

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