Bibliography



Appendix : Annotated Bibliography

Agnoletti, M. et al. (ed.)

Methods and Approaches in Forest History

Agnoletti, M. and Anderson, S. 2000. Methods and Approaches in Forest History. IUFRO Research Series, No. 3. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.

A companion to Forest History: International Studies on Socioeconomic and Forest Ecosystem Change which includes over 20 papers from the same conference held in Florence in 1998. This volume focuses on the different approaches and methods adopted in the study of forest history. The interdisciplinary nature of these studies is emphasized, bringing in the different perspectives of anthropologists, botanists, ecologists, foresters, historians, geneticists and geographers. This volume demonstrates the rich diversity of approaches and methods to forest history.

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Alanen, A.R. et al.

Preserving Cultural Landscapes in America

Alanen, A.R. and Melnick, R. 2000. Preserving Cultural Landscapes in America. Center Books on Contemporary Landscape Design Serie. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Retrieved August 17, 2000 from Books In Print (R) With Book Reviews (P-Z) (2000) database on the WWW:

Historic preservation efforts began with an emphasis on buildings, especially those associated with significant individuals, places, or events. Subsequent efforts were expanded to include vernacular architecture, but only in recent decades have preservationists begun shifting focus to the land itself. Cultural landscapes--such as farms, gardens, and urban parks--are now seen as projects worthy of the preservationist's attention. To date, however, no book has addressed the critical issues involved in cultural landscape preservation.

In Preserving Cultural Landscapes in America, Arnold R. Alanen and Robert Z. Melnick bring together a distinguished group of contributors to address the complex academic and practical questions that arise when people set out to designate and preserve a cultural landscape. Beginning with a discussion of why cultural landscape preservation is important, the authors explore such topics as the role of nature and culture, the selling of heritage landscapes, urban parks and cemeteries, Puerto Rican neighbourhoods in New York City, vernacular landscapes in small towns and rural areas, ethnographic landscapes, Asian American imprints on the western landscape, and integrity as a value in cultural landscape preservation.

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American Society of Landscape Architects

Visual Values for the Highway User

American Society of Landscape Architects. forthcoming. Visual Values for the Highway User. American-Society-of-Landscape-Architects, Washington, R.R. Bowker, Reed Elsevier Inc. Retrieved August 17, 2000 from Books In Print (R) With Book Reviews (P-Z) (2000) database on the World Wide Web:

DESCRIPTORS: TRAFFIC-ENGINEERING

Homepage of the American Society of Landscape Architects :

Antrop, M.

Background concepts for integrated landscape analysis

Antrop, M. 2000. Background concepts for integrated landscape analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 77 (1-2): 17-28.

Keywords: Landscape; Planning; Landscape ecology; Regional geography; Urbanisation

Background concepts of the landscape research performed at the Department of Geography of the University of Ghent are described, discussed and illustrated with some examples. The integrated approach is based upon holism, perception and evolution. Holism allows the link between landscape ecology and perception. It explains the interaction between structure and functioning and the importance of the scale. Perception is linked to structure, pattern recognition and learning and, thus, also to behaviour and the practical results of planning processes. Landscape evolution is based on the dynamic interaction between structure and functioning and also on history, which makes each landscape unique. The rate and magnitude of the changes in the landscape are the most important factors relating to the evolution of our landscapes. Pressures upon the landscape and values of our landscapes can be defined according to their traditional characteristics.

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Atkins, P. et al.

People, Land and Time: An Historical Introduction to the Relations Between Landscape, Culture and Environment

Atkins, P.; Roberts, B.; Simmons, I. 1998. People, Land and Time: An Historical Introduction to the Relations Between Landscape, Culture and Environment. Arnold Publications. Oxford University Press, New York. Retrieved 17 August, 2000 from Books In Print (R) With Book Reviews (P-Z) (2000) database on the WWW:

DESCRIPTORS: HISTORY

A historical introduction to the evolution of the relationship between people and their environment from the last ice age to the present.

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Bell, S.S. et al.

Linking restoration and landscape ecology

Bell, S.S.; Fonseca, M.S., Motten, L.B.1997. Linking restoration and landscape ecology. RESTORATION-ECOLOGY 5 (4) : 318-323. Retrieved August 17, 2000 from CURRENT CONTENTS Search(R) 5 Sci. Ed. (January 1998 through March 1998) database on the WWW:

KEYWORDS: HABITAT-FRAGMENTATION; COMMUNITY-DEVELOPMENT; PATTERN-; MITIGATION-; MARSHES-; PERSPECTIVES-; DISTURBANCE-; MANAGEMENT-; SEAGRASSES-; WETLANDS-

Landscape ecology focuses on questions typically addressed over broad spatial scales. A landscape approach embraces spatial heterogeneity, consisting of a number of ecosystems and/or landscape structures of different types, as a central theme. Such studies may aid restoration efforts in a variety of ways, including (1) provision of better guidance for selecting reference sites and establishing project goals and (2) suggestions for appropriate spatial configurations of restored elements to facilitate recruitment of flora/fauna. Likewise, restoration efforts may assist landscape-level studies, given that restored habitats, possessing various patch arrangements or being established among landscapes of varying diversity and conditions of human alteration, can provide extraordinary opportunities for experimentation over a large spatial scale. Restoration studies can facilitate the rate of information gathering for expected changes in natural landscapes for which introduction of landscape elements may be relatively slow. Moreover, data collected from restoration studies can assist in validation of dynamic models of current interest in landscape ecology. We suggest that restoration and landscape ecology have an unexplored mutualistic relationship that could enhance research and application of both disciplines.

Bender, B. (ed.)

Landscape: Politics and Perspectives

Bender, B. (Ed) 1993. Landscape: Politics and Perspectives. Explorations in Anthropology. Berg-Publishers, Oxford. Retrieved 17 August 2000 from Books In Print (R) With Book Reviews (E-O) (2000) on the WWW:

DESCRIPTORS: LANDSCAPE-PROTECTION; HUMAN-ECOLOGY; GEOGRAPHICAL-PERCEPTION

Including the following article :

Cosgrove, D. Landscapes and Myths, Gods & Humans. In Landscape: Politics and Perspectives (Explorations in Anthropology). Barbara Bender (Editor). Berg: Providence, 1993, p. 281-305.

Gosgrove makes the distinction that while geographers have been interested in landscapes, and anthropologists intent on studying myths, it is only through a convergence of these two disciplines that we can understand the social relations of individuals and groups with the physical world that is produced and represented. He examines the myth of Gaia to understand the way early myths have attempted to understand creation and being, and it's place within the physical landscape. His metaphorical allusions attempt to unite past myths with our current geography to recall the series of discourses, which he believes, continues to influence our current relations with the places where we live. He believes that these discourses: the spatial, social, gendered, physiological and artistic, are deeply rooted in the cultural unconsciousness of Europeans and Americans. His argument is an interesting one for if the landscape has the potential to become a cultural image, then methods of representing and symbolizing one's environment become crucial to the understanding and interpretation of that landscape depending on which 'discourse' a reader subscribes to. Though this book is laden with philosophy and mythology, it is well articulated and convincing in its beliefs and should be a good introduction to interdisciplinary work.

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Bennett, A.

Linkages in the Landscape

Bennett, A. F. 1998. Linkages in the landscape : the role of corridors and connectivity in wildlife conservation. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge.

The loss and fragmentation of natural habitats is one of the major issues in wildlife management and conservation. Habitat "corridors" are sometimes proposed as an important element within a conservation strategy. Examples are given of corridors both as pathways and as habitats in their own right. Includes detailed reviews of principles relevant to the design and management of corridors, their place in regional approaches to conservation planning, and recommendations for research and management.

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Bertollo, P.

Assessing ecosystem health in governed landscapes: A framework for developing core indicators

Bertollo, P. 1998. Assessing ecosystem health in governed landscapes: A framework for developing core indicators. ECOSYSTEM-HEALTH. 4 (1) : 33-51. Retrieved August 17, 2000 from CURRENT CONTENTS Search(R) 5 Sci. Ed. (July 1998 through September 1998) database on the WWW:

KEYWORDS PLUS: SEA-LEVEL-RISE; BIOLOGICAL-INTEGRITY; BIODIVERSITY-; MANAGEMENT-; STRESS-; AREAS-

This article describes the development of a framework for selecting a core set of indicators suitable for an integrated ecosystem health assessment of a governed landscape. Integrated assessments are those that consider a combination of biophysical, socioeconomic, and human health considerations. Highly governed landscapes are cultural landscapes that are strictly controlled by humans to the extent that they would revert to an entirely different form were it not for continued human intervention. One example of such a landscape, which serves as the setting for this investigation, is the former wetlands of the northeastern Italian coastal zone, which have been subject to widespread land reclamation and coastal development over the past century. The science of ecosystem health has been chosen as the frame of reference because ''health'' is not judged by the degree of ''naturalness'' but instead on the ability of the ecosystem to maintain and renew itself. The framework consists of first reviewing literature and methods related to ecological and environmental monitoring, stale-oi-the-environment reporting, landscape ecology, and sustainability. This is followed by the definition of indicator guidelines that are designed to assist in the evaluation and selection of potential indicators. A core set of indicators are then presented based on a conceptual framework devised for this purpose. indicators are classed as abiotic, biotic, and cultural, and selected according to the ecological districts comprising the study area. The ultimate goal is their application to an ecological monitoring and assessment program within a governed landscape such as the northeastern Italian coastal zone. Given such a commitment, the normal process of core indicator refinement can then proceed, based on such actions as further consultations with interested stakeholders and evaluation of methodological and practical constraints to their actual application.

Birnbaum, C.A. et al. (ed.)

Pioneers of American Landscape Design

Birnbaum, C.A. and Karson, R.S. 2000. Pioneers of American Landscape Design. McGraw-Hill, New York.

An important look at 140 prominent landscape architects and their work, full of new and archival photographs--the first reference book of its kind. An absolute must for landscape architects, students, and anyone interested in the design and evolution of the American landscape. Each entry includes biographical information, a discussion of the architects' approach and methodology, and representative plans and photographs of major projects. Emphasizes vital issues in landscape preservation and ecologically sound design.

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Birnbaum, C.A. (ed.)

Cultural Landscapes: Expanding the Realm of Historic Preservation

Birnbaum, C.A. forthcoming. Cultural Landscapes: Expanding the Realm of Historic Preservation. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Retrieved August 17, 2000 from Books In Print (R) With Book Reviews (A-D) (2000) database on the WWW:

DESCRIPTORS: CULTURE-

Bissonette, J.A.

Wildlife and Landscape Ecology: Effects of Pattern and Scale

Bissonette, J.A. 1997. Wildlife and Landscape Ecology: Effects of Pattern and Scale. Springer Verlag New York, New York. Retrieved August 17, 2000 from Books In Print (R) With Book Reviews (P-Z) (2000) on the WWW:

DESCRIPTORS: WILDLIFE-MANAGEMENT

While the research and management of wildlife has traditionally emphasised studies at smaller scales, it is now acknowledged that larger, landscape-level patterns strongly influence demographic processes in wild animal species. This book is the first to provide the conceptual basis for learning how larger scale patterns and processes can influence the biology and management of wildlife species. It is divided into three sections: Underlying Concepts, Landscape Metrics and Applications and Large Scale Management.

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Bourassa, S.C.

The Aesthetics of Landscape

Bourassa, S.C. 1991. The Aesthetics of Landscape. Belhaven Press. London

Keywords : landscape aesthetics, landscape evaluation, aesthetics.

Sets out to provide a comprehensive theoretical framework for research in landscape aesthetics. Critical review of the history of ideas about landscape and aesthetic experience. Sets out conceptual framework combining 'biological, cultural and personal aspects' of aesthetic experience, reviews current theory and illustrates the application of theory to problems of landscape evaluation.

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Boyce, S.G.

Landscape Forestry

Boyce, S.G. 1995. Landscape forestry. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

A compilation of concepts, biological relationships and procedures used to organize forested landscapes for combinations of goods, services and effects. Includes such management processes as investments for biological diversity, timber production, wilderness effects, recreational opportunities, esthetic values and habitats for endangered animals and plants.

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Bradley, G.A.

Urban Forest Landscapes: Integrating Multidisciplinary Perspectives

Bradley, G.A. 1995. Urban Forest Landscapes: Integrating Multidisciplinary Perspectives. University of Washington Press.

Description: The goal of urban forestry is to understand the ecological, institutional, and human issues at work in the urban landscape. Urban forestry is a comparatively new field within the academic discipline of forestry, and is closely allied to several scientific disciplines as well as the social sciences. Professionals in the field are called upon to provide scientific information and guidance, and to justify in economic, social, and environmental terms the value of the urban landscape in relation to other uses of the land and other needs of the city. The multidisciplinary approach of this book recognizes the dilemma that in the attempt to solve problems by developing landscapes that address specific goals such as fire safety, energy and water conservation, and wildlife preservation, other problems are sometimes created because scientific knowledge is lacking or because not all aspects of the situation have been considered. Urban Forest Landscapes takes a critical look at the current state of knowledge and research in the field, and at how available information is applied in the urban setting. The book includes contributions by twenty specialists. Several articles outline the development of urban forestry in the United States and the use of trees in urban environments in the European and North American cultural tradition. Others consider the environmental setting: the level of scientific knowledge, public policy and perceptions of land management needs, human needs, land use laws and regulations, political and administrative issues, and economic approaches. Another group of articles discuss scenic value, management of greenbelts and forest remnants, wildlife habitat design, energy-efficientlandscapes, water conservation, and fire-safe landscape. A final section focuses on sustainability of urban forest landscapes, both from a conceptual perspective and by presenting two practical case studies of managed forests in an urban environment.

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Brown, J.H.

Macroecology

Brown, J. H. 1995. Macroecology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

In Macroecology, James H. Brown proposes a radical new research agenda designed to broaden the scope of ecology to encompass vast geographical areas and very long time spans. While much ecological research is narrowly focused and experimental, providing detailed information that cannot be used to generalize from one ecological community or time period to another, macroecology draws on data from many disciplines to create a less detailed but much broader picture with greater potential for generalization. Integrating data from ecology, systematics, evolutionary biology, paleobiology, and biogeography to investigate problems that could only be addressed on a much smaller scale by traditional approaches, macroecology provides a richer, more complete understanding of how patterns of life have moved across the earth over time. Brown also demonstrates the advantages of macroecology for conservation, showing how it allows scientists to look beyond endangered species and ecological communities to consider the long history and large geographic scale of human impacts. An important reassessment of the direction of ecology by one of the most influential thinkers in the field, this work will shape future research in ecology and other disciplines.

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Brown, M.J.

Benign neglect and active management in Tasmania's forests: A dynamic balance or ecological collapse?

Brown, M.J. 1996. Benign neglect and active management in Tasmania's forests: A dynamic balance or ecological collapse? Forest ecology and management 85 (1-3): 279-289.

Keywords: conservation reserves, forest management, wood production and conservation, landscape forestry; RESERVATION, RAINFOREST

This paper reviews some aspects of the current ecological management of Tasmania's forests in conservation reserves and on public and private land available for logging. I am interested in the question of how best to learn from past mistakes and to develop forest management techniques that allow for continuing utilisation but also for the continuing potential for biodiversity to be expressed both in the ecological and the evolutionary sense.

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CIW.cgi?390817_A036A330&Func=Abstract&doc=62/1

Bruns, D. et al.

Landscape dynamics in Germany

Bruns, D., Ipsen, D., Bohnet, I. 2000. Landscape dynamics in Germany. Landscape and urban planning 47 (3-4): 143-158.

Keywords: landscape change, prognosis, planning process, agricultural policy, regional sociology

Modern lifestyles, new demographic trends, and the expansion of the European Community are changing the European countryside. At stake are cultural landscapes, their richness in wildlife, historical interest, scenic beauty, and the recreational opportunities they provide. Visible phenomena of change are symptoms of a growing socio-economic and ecological disparity between different regions. Agreements on AGENDA 2000 European policy provide a new platform for regional and agricultural development. The paper explores which landscape dynamics are in store. Employing examples from rural Germany, the paper presents corridors of possible futures for unique, and at the same time, dynamic places. Modem strategies of landscape and urban planning are discussed which aim at closer co-operation between a multitude of stakeholders, policy makers, planners, and other agents of change. Methods and tools are needed to build consensus among ever increasing numbers of participants representing potentially wide ranges of values.

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CIW.cgi?390817_A036A330&Func=Abstract&doc=0/2

Buhyoff, G.J. et al.

Context reliability and internal validity of an expert system to assess landscape visual values

Buhyoff, G.J. and Miller, P.A. 1998. Context reliability and internal validity of an expert system to assess landscape visual values. AI-APPLICATIONS. 12 (1-3) : 76-82. Retrieved August 17, 2000 from CURRENT CONTENTS Search(R) 5 Sci. Ed. (October 1998 through December 1998) database on the WWW:

KEYWORDS PLUS: SCENIC-BEAUTY

An expert system, designed to assess the visual quality of natural landscape scenes, was subjected to set of validation and context reliability tests. This system was evaluated for its context reliability by testing its performance when it was used on-site to evaluate natural landscapes versus its performance off-site using photographs of the same sites. System internal validity was evaluated by comparing the results of the on- and off-site evaluations against the professional judgement of an expert landscape architect of the visual quality of these landscapes. The data indicate that the Explanation of Visual Assessment (EVA) expert system provides a means of evaluating landscape quality with high context reliability and internal validity.

Burel, F. et al.

Écologie du paysage: Concepts, méthodes et applications

BUREL, F. and BAUDRY J. 1999. Écologie du paysage: Concepts, méthodes et applications. TECHNIQUE & DOCUMENTATION, Paris.

Cet ouvrage réunit les bases et les développements récents de l'écologie du paysage. Il développe les principaux concepts de cette spécialité, les méthodes d'analyses spatiales partant d'un point de vue écologique, ainsi que les facteurs des dynamiques paysagères ayant des incidences écologiques. Les bases théoriques et empiriques des relations entre les structures spatiales des paysages et des processus tels que les dynamiques de population, les assemblages d'espèces, les flux biogéochimiques y sont explicités. Des exemples d'application des concepts de l'écologie du paysage dans divers pays sont présentés. Unique référence francophone sur le sujet, ce livre propose une approche originale en articulant étroitement les activités humaines et les fonctionnements écologiques. Rigoureux et pragmatiques, les auteurs ont procédé à une critique de la pertinence de certains concepts pour en montrer les limites et donner des précautions d'emploi.

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Burger, J.

Landscapes, tourism, and conservation

Burger, J. 2000. Landscapes, tourism, and conservation. The Science of The Total Environment 249 (1-3): 39-49.

Keywords: Global change; Ecotourism; Recreation; Sustainability; Biodiversity; Shorebirds; Riparian; Contaminated lands

One key aspect of global change is a decrease in ecological integrity as more and more landscapes are developed, leaving a mosaic of intact refuges and degraded patches that may not be sufficient for conserving biodiversity. While increases in human population and shifts in the distribution of people affect land use, the temporary movement of people can have major implications for conservation and biodiversity. Three examples are presented where recreation/tourism can enhance the conservation of land on a landscape scale, leading to habitat protection and biodiversity preservation. […] In all three cases the judicious development of recreational/tourist interests can encourage both the conservation of habitats and the wise management of habitats on a landscape scale. While some species or habitats are too fragile for sustained tourism, many can be managed so that species, ecosystems and ecotourists flourish. By contributing to the economic base of regions, ecotourists/recreationists can influence the protection of land and biodiversity on a landscape scale, contributing to ecosystem management. The human dimensions of land preservation and biodiversity protection are key to long-term sustainability, and ecotourists/recreationists can be one management option.

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Burmila, S. et al.

Human values and perceptions of water in arid landscapes

Burmila, S., Danielb, T.C., Hetheringtonc, J.D. 1999. Human values and perceptions of water in arid landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning 44 (2-3): 99-109.

Keywords: Environmental values; Arid landscapes; Water values

Human perceptions and values regarding water in arid landscapes are multi-faceted. Water is valued for life sustaining and practical aspects such as drinking, bathing, and cooking. Water is also one of the most important and most attractive visual elements of the landscape. Water has important effects on landforms through sedimentation and erosion, and on the types, quantities and distributions of vegetation, aquatic organisms, and wildlife. In arid landscapes especially, there are a wide range of cultural, spiritual, and religious values related to water. Changes in water regimes and the associated changes in landforms, vegetation and wildlife can have significant effects on many different types of human perceptions and values. Current policies for water management emphasize technical standards and legal regulations that address only a few of the relevant human values, primarily those involving consumptive uses. More comprehensive water policies addressing the broader array of human perceptions, meanings and values related to water are needed, especially in arid areas.

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Carlson, A.

Whose Vision? Whose Meanings? Whose Values? Pluralism and Objectivity in Landscape Analysis

Carlson, A. 1990. "Whose Vision? Whose Meanings? Whose Values? Pluralism and Objectivity in Landscape Analysis" in P. Groth, ed. Vision Culture and Landscape: working papers from the Berkeley symposium on cultural landscape interpretation. Dept Landscape Architecture, Univ. of California, Berkeley.

Keywords : environmental aesthetics; environmental aesthetics/criticism; environmental preference studies.

Carlson states that landscapes are valued differently, have different meanings attributed to them, and are even perceived in different ways by different individuals. He considers the roles that the concepts of 'vision', 'meaning', and 'values', play in the descriptive, interpretative and evaluative judgements used in environmental research, analysis and design. This study uses philosophical argument to examine the issues of pluralism and objectivity concerning vision, meanings, and values. Carlson (p168) criticises the use of preference studies and recommends the need for landscape professionals to make the "descriptive, interpretative, and evaluative judgements about landscape".

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Carter, J. (ed.)

Recent Approaches to Participatory Forest Resource Assessment

Carter, J. (ed.) 1996. Recent Approaches to Participatory Forest Resource Assessment. Overseas Development Institute, London.

Analyses recent experience in participatory approaches to forest resource assessment, from mapping to complex inventories of many species, for use in the study of rural development forestry up to Masters Degree level. Chapters in the book provide detailed case studies from Nigeria, Ecuador, Mexico, Ghana, Nepal, Indonesia, and Uganda and are supplemented by discussion chapters. The introduction sets the need for participatory forest resource assessment in the context of general developments in forestry, while the concluding chapters draw lessons from the case study material and from other documented field experience.

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Chaudhuri, U.

Theater and Landscape: Scenes of the Twentieth Century

Chaudhuri, U. (Ed) Fuchs, E. Forthcoming. Theater and Landscape: Scenes of the Twentieth Century. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. Retrieved August 17, 2000 from Books In Print (R) With Book Reviews (P-Z) (2000) database on the WWW:

Clay, G.R.

Scenic landscape assessment: the effects of land management jurisdiction on public perception of scenic beauty

Clay, G.R., Daniel, T.C. 2000. Scenic landscape assessment: the effects of land management jurisdiction on public perception of scenic beauty. Landscape and urban planning 49 (1-2): 1-13.

Keywords: visual quality, landscape assessment, scenic beauty, visual resource management

The research presented here evaluated viewer preferences for a road corridor in southern Utah that is managed in part by the USDA Forest Service, and in part by the National Park Service. Because philosophical differences per agency can lead to visible differences in landscape characteristics, a traveler can be presented with a mixed and potentially confusing experience en-route. This potential for ambiguity could impact a visitor's experience, which in turn might influence a region's tourist potential. A preliminary field study was first conducted to document the motivations and concerns of visitors to the study area. A systematic photographic inventory was then generated along the 12-mile corridor that links Cedar Breaks National Monument with segments of the Dixie National Forest. The acquired photographs were employed in a perceptual assessment effort that studied observers perceptions of landscape scenic beauty as the road traversed from one jurisdiction to the other. The goal was to investigate the effects of jurisdictional differences on public perceptions of the scenic quality of the corridor Preference scores were later related to expert-based assessments of the visible characteristics of the same test scenes, using the landscape/scene variables indicated by the preliminary field study; depth of view, proportion of road in view, and proportion of open meadow in view. Results indicated highest preferences for park managed scenes with a central open meadow framed by forest. Similar scenes in the forest-administered sections of the corridor were less preferred, apparently due to the effects of seasonal livestock grazing on visual features within the meadows.

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CIW.cgi?375469_4763403B&Func=Abstract&doc=76/1

Colfer, C.P.J. et al.

Who counts most? Assessing human well-being in sustainable forest management.

Colfer, C.P.J., Prabhu, R., Günter, M., McDougall, C., Porro, N.M. and Porro, R. 1999. Who Counts Most? Assessing Human Well-Being in Sustainable Forest. Toolbox Series No. 8. CIFOR, EU, GTZ and USAID.

Who Counts Most? Assessing Human Well-Being in Sustainable Forest Management presents a tool, ‘the Who Counts Matrix’, for differentiating ‘forest actors’, or people whose well-being and forest management are intimately intertwined, from other stakeholders. The authors argue for focusing formal attention on forest actors in efforts to develop sustainable forest management. They suggest seven dimensions by which forest actors can be differentiated from other stakeholders, and a simple scoring technique for use by formal managers in determining whose well-being must form an integral part of sustainable forest management in a given locale. Building on the work carried out by the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) on criteria and indicators, they present three illustrative sets of stakeholders, from Indonesia, Côte d’Ivoire and the United States, and Who Counts Matrices from seven trials, in an appendix.

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Cook, E.A. et al. (ed.)

Landscape Planning and Ecological Networks

Cook, E.A. & van Lier, H.N. 1994. Landscape Planning and Ecological Networks. Developments in Landscape Management and Urban Planning, 6F. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

The ecological networks concept has been taken as a challenge in this sixth ISOMUL book. Both the description of the background and of the contents of ecological networks are given, as well as many examples of the use of the concept on the local and regional scale. Finally, a specific use of the concept of ecological networks for the national level (The Netherlands) and the International level (E.C.) is presented. The volume will be invaluable to all those involved in the actual planning to safeguard and/or restore natural and ecological values in the countryside and in specific green parts of urbanized areas.

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Cox, C.B. et al.

Biogeography. An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach

Cox, C.B., Moore, P.D. 2000. Biogeography. An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach. Blackwell Science, Oxford.

The science of biogeography asks, and seeks to answer, many varied questions. Why are there so many different kinds of animals and plants? Why are some common and some rare? Why are some widely dispersed and others confined to very limited areas? Why are some habitats and parts of the world so much richer in species than others? How have these patterns of distribution and species richness evolved? The answers to these questions, in as far as they are known, are as diverse and varied as the questions themselves. To approach them it is necessary to understand global patterns of climate, as well as the physical barriers to dispersal presented by oceans, mountain chains and deserts. We need to know how species respond to the presence of competitors, predators and parasites, and how they react when their physical environment alters as climate changes and as continents break up and are set adrift. Most important of all, we need to appreciate the impact of our own species upon all others, placing new demands upon the adaptability of the living world. The questions asked by biogeography themselves evolve over time, and this new edition of a long-established text raises new questions concerned with such topics as global biodiversity, the roles of species in ecosystems, and the degree to which traditional biogeographical concepts can be applied to the extensive, but neglected, realms of the world's oceans. Marine biogeography is becoming an increasingly important and well-understood discipline, and is included here for the first time. The book is intended as the principal text for students taking courses in biogeography, as well as wider degree programmes in which the study of biogeography is important, such as geography, ecology, palaeobiology and evolution

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Dabbert, S. et al. (ed.)

The Economics of Landscape and Wildlife Conservation

Dabbert, S. (ed.) Dubgaard, A.; Slangen, L.; Whitby, M. 1998. The Economics of Landscape and Wildlife Conservation. CAB International New York. Retrieved August 17, 2000 from Books In Print (R) With Book Reviews (P-Z) (2000) database on the WWW:

DESCRIPTORS: LANDSCAPE-ECOLOGY; WILDLIFE-CONSERVATION

Daniels, R.J.R. et al.

Ecosystem flips in cultural landscapes: The case of Kolli Hills

Daniels, R.J.R. and Vencatesan, J. 1998. Ecosystem flips in cultural landscapes: The case of Kolli Hills. CURRENT-SCIENCE 75 (4) : 353-355. Retrieved August 17, 2000 from CURRENT CONTENTS Search(R) 5 Sci. Ed. (October 1998 through December 1998) database on the WWW:

DeGraaf, R.M. (ed.)

Conservation of Faunal Diversity in Forested Landscapes

R.M. DeGraaf, R.M. and Miller, R.I. 1996. Conservation of Faunal Diversity in Forested Landscapes. Chapman & Hall, London.

Forest wildlife conservation is critically required in many parts of the world today. This book presents a merger between the elements of wildlife conservation and habitat conservation, and explains how these disciplines can be used to promote the conservation of vertebrates in forests around the world.

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De Oliveira, N.B.

Community participation in developing and applying criteria and indicators of sustainable and equitable forest management.

De Oliveira, N.B. 1999. Community participation in developing and applying criteria and indicators of sustainable and equitable forest management. CIFOR, Bogor.

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Diane Publishing Company

Landscaping for Wildlife

DIANE-Publishing-Company, 1994 Landscaping for Wildlife. DIANE-Publishing-Company, Upland. Retrieved August 17, 2000 from Books In Print (R) With Book Reviews (A-D) (2000) on the WWW:

Doing, H.

The landscape as an ecosystem

Doing, H. 1997. The landscape as an ecosystem. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 63 (2-3) : 221-225.

Keywords: Regional autonomy; Agro-landscape; Landscape-ecosystem; Ecological agriculture; Species' distribution patterns

Landscape, in this paper, is defined as "a complex of geographically, functionally and historically interrelated ecosystems" (also: "organised land"). For its planning and management, mapping of geomorphological, hydrological, and climatic conditions is crucial to understand the ecological patterns. To warrant the landscape's sustainability, its ecosystems' multiple and interdependent functions should be carefully identified on macro-, meso- and micro-level. It is argued that, whereas a natural ecosystem is homogenous, the landscape ecosystem is heterogeneous, for example in a mosaic or zoned way.

Like evolution in organisms, succession in ecosystems tends to develop toward increasing independency from environmental fluctuations (increasing autonomy of the systems). On the contrary, landscape ecosystems have increasingly lost their regional autonomy over the last decades, as external input technologies became favoured. However, theories and practices of ecological (organic) agriculture, low external input oriented as they are, tend to re-enforce the local ecosystems' autonomy together with the regional identity. In the Netherlands intensive and widespread land reclamation (polders and floodplains) made hydro-ecology a major landscape-ecology determinant. Distribution patterns of floristic species are found to reflect the hydro-dynamic conditions in natural and semi-natural ecosystems. Provided that suitable knowledge on local conditions is available, they can be used as indicators of potential sites for nature regeneration and indicate landscape degradation as well. Even though potentially favouring agro-ecosystems diversity and regional autonomy, ecological types of agriculture, as currently defined by law, do only promote nature on the farm when the farmer dedicates special attention it as an additional objective of his (organic) farming.

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Doolittle, W.E.

Cultivated Landscapes of Native North America

Doolittle, W.E. 2000. Cultivated Landscapes of Native North America. Oxford Geographical and Environmental Studies. Oxford University Press, New York. Retrieved August 17, 2000 from Books In Print (R) With Book Reviews (A-D) (2000) on the WWW:

Cultivated Landscapes of Native North America examines native North American agriculture from a geographical position. Focusing on fields, and grounded in the tradition of landscape studies, the book emphasises environmental modifications. Documentary, ethnographic, and archaeological data are synthesised, resulting in some established ideas being challenged and some innovative ideas being proffered.

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Dramstad, W.E. et al.

Landscape Ecology Principles in Landscape Architecture and Land-Use Planning

Dramstad, W.E.; Olson, J.D., Forman, R.T.T. 1996. Landscape Ecology Principles in Landscape Architecture and Land-Use Planning. Island-Press, Washington. Retrieved 17 August, 2000 from in Books In Print (R) With Book Reviews (E-O) (2000) database on the WWW:

Landscape ecology has emerged in the past decade as an important and useful tool for land-use planners and landscape architects. While professionals and scholars have begun to incorporate aspects of this new field into their work, there remains a need for a summary of key principles and how they might be applied in design and planning. This volume fills that need. It is a concise handbook that lists and illustrates key principles in the field, presenting specific examples of how the principles can be applied in a range of scales and diverse types of landscapes around the world.

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Drechsler, M. et al.

Trade-offs between local and regional scale management of metapopulations

Drechsler, M. and Wissela, C. 1998. Trade-offs between local and regional scale management of metapopulations. Biological Conservation 83 (1) : 31-41.

Keywords: metapopulation dynamics; population viability analysis; conservation management; fragmentation; stochasticity

A model analysis of the extinction of metapopulations is presented, based on a general model which explicitly considers essential population dynamical factors, such as environmental fluctuations and dispersal of individuals. The model is used to evaluate the influences of three plausible management options on the viability of a metapopulation. These are the increase of the capacity and the number of patches and the improvement of their connectivity. We find that the effects of these management options depend on the specific environmental conditions, such as environmental variability and the patch capacities. We generate a set of scenarios which cover a wide range of different environmental situations. For each scenario the influences of the management options are evaluated. The results are used to compare local management of subpopulations with the establishment of a habitat network.

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Edwards, P.J. et al. (eds.)

Large Scale Ecology and Conservation Biology

Edwards, P.J., May, R.M. and Webb, N.R. 1994. Large Scale Ecology and Conservation Biology. Blackwell, Oxford.

What will be the ecological consequences of rapid climatic change? What rate of exploitation of deep sea fish stocks is sustainable? Can we predict the dynamics of epidemic diseases such as AIDS? Where should we direct our conservation efforts in the face of the accelerating rate of loss of biodiversity? A fundamental issue in our attempts to answer these and other questions, is whether we can make ecological predictions at a scale appropriate to the pressing environmental problems that need to be addressed. Most ecological theory has developed from studies conducted at a small scale within a single habitat. This book attempts to tackle the distinctive character of large scale ecological processes by considering three main topics: firstly to examine the nature of large scale ecological processes and the adequacy of ecological concepts and models, and secondly to address the practical problems of working at large scales and the tools, such as remote sensing and GIS, that are available, and finally to consider the social, economic and political issues associated with the application of ecological ideas in decision making and policy

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Fairhead, J. et al.

Misreading the African landscape: society and ecology in a forest-savanna mosaic

Fairhead, J.; Leach, M. 1996. Misreading the African landscape: society and ecology in a forest-savanna mosaic. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.

Keywords : ecology; ecological research; forest management; vegetation; Guinea

Islands of dense forest in the savanna of ‘forest’ Guinea have long been regarded both by scientists and policy-makers as the last relics of a once more extensive forest cover, degraded and degrading fast due to its inhabitants’ land use. James Fairhead and Melissa Leach question these entrenched assumptions. They show, on the contrary, how people have created forest islands around their villages, and how they have turned fallow vegetation more woody, so that population growth has implied more forest, not less. They also consider the origins, persistence, and consequences of a century of erroneous policy. Interweaving historical, social anthropological and ecological data, this unique study advances a novel theoretical framework for ecological anthropology, forcing a radical reexamination of some central tenets in each of these disciplines.

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Farina, A.

Principles and Methods in Landscape Ecology

Farina, A. 1998. Principles and methods in landscape ecology. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.

Landscape ecology is an integrative and multidisciplinary science and Principles and Methods in Landscape Ecology reconciles the geological, botanical, zoological and human perspectives.

New ideas such as percolation, metapopulations and hierarchies are covered as is the management, conservation, restoration and sustainable development of landscapes.

Methods for studying landscape ecology are covered including spatial geometry models and remote sensing. Coverage is given to methods that can be used by students who do not have access to powerful computers an remote sensing systems.

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Farina, A.

Landscape Ecology in Action

Farina, A. 2000. Landscape ecology in action. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.

This book presents the state of the art of the fundamentals of landscape ecology. It integrates different ecological approaches, in which the spatial arrangement of living organisms and their aggregations are considered as an important component of environmental complexity. A reconciliation between the ecosystem approach and the landscape approach is discussed. Geobotanical, animal and human perspectives are considered and compared with regional (broad-scale) process-oriented landscape ecology. It presents methods and applications for land evaluation and management of the real world, with particular emphasis on the scalar property of ecological processes and their patterns.

This book represents a development of the author's previous book (Principles and Methods in Landscape Ecology) with greater emphasis on applications. The first part is devoted to the fundamentals of landscape ecology, critically revisited. The second part focuses on landscape evaluation (resilient properties, fragility characteristics, connectivity aspects, and healthy conditions). The last part concentrates on management approaches.

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Fiedler, P.L. et al. (eds.)

Conservation Biology For the Coming Decade

Fiedler, P.L. and. Kareiva, P.M. 1997. Conservation Biology For the Coming Decade. Chapman and Hall, New York.

Refecting what a new generation of conservation biologists is doing and thinking, this vital and far ranging second edition explores where conservation biology is heading. It challenges many conventions of conservation biology by exposing certain weaknesses of widely accepted principles. Combining contributions from both the school and the new breed of conservation biologists, this insightful text focuses primarily on topics the are integral to the daily activities of conservation biologists. Several chapters address ecosystem restoration and biotic invasions as well as the the mechanics of population viability analyses, which are now a routine facet of conservation efforts. A case history approach is implemented throughout the book, with the use of practical real-world examples. Furthermore, an in-depth look at quantitative analyses is presented, allowing for models and mathematical analyses to pinpoint limitations in existing data and guide research toward those aspects of biology that are most likely to be critical to the dynamics of a species or an ecosystem.

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Forman, R.T.T.

Landscape Ecology

Forman, R.T.T. & Godron, M. 1986. Landscape ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

This important new work--the first of its kind--focuses on the distribution patterns of landscape elements or ecosystems; the flows of animals, plants, energy, mineral nutrients and water; and the ecological changes in the landscape over time. Includes over 1,200 references from current ecology, geography, forestry, and wildlife biology literature.

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Forman, R.T.T.

Land mosaics. The ecology of landscapes and regions

Forman, R.T.T. 1995. Land mosaics. The ecology of landscapes and regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Animals, plants, water, wind, materials and people flow at different rates, according to spatial patterns common to almost all landscapes and regions. This up-to-date synthesis explores the ecology of heterogeneous land areas, where natural processes and human activities spatially interact, to produce an ever changing mosaic. The subject has great relevance to today’s society, and this book reflects the breadth of its importance; there are many ideas and applications for planning, conservation, design, management, sustainability and policy. Spatial solutions are provided for society’s land-use objectives. An appealing book, with a highly-readable text on this major emerging field. Students and professionals alike will be drawn by the attractive and informative illustrations, the conceptual synthesis, the wide international perspective and the range of topics and research covered.

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Forman, R.T.T.

Estimate of the area affected ecologically by the road system in the United States

Forman, R.T.T. 2000. Estimate of the area affected ecologically by the road system in the United States. Conservation Biology 14 (1): 31-35.

In view of an extensive road system, abundant and rapidly growing vehicular traffic, and a scattered literature indicating that some ecological effects of roads extend outward for >100 m, it seems likely that the cumulative ecological effect of the road system in the United States is considerable. Two recent studies in The Netherlands and Massachusetts (U.S.A.) evaluated several ecological effects of roads, including traffic noise effects, and provide quantitative evidence for a definable 'road-effect zone'. Based on the approximate width of this asymmetric convoluted zone, I estimate that about one-fifth of the U.S. land area is directly affected ecologically by the system of public roads. I identify a series of assumptions and variables suggesting that over time this preliminary estimate is more likely to rise than drop. Several transportation planning and policy recommendations, ranging from perforating the road barrier for wildlife crossings to closing certain roads, offer promise for reducing this enormous ecological effect.

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Freimund, W.A. et al.

Developing a recreation and aesthetic inventory framework for forest planning and management

Freimund, W.A., Anderson, D.H., Pitt, D.G. 1996. Developing a recreation and aesthetic inventory framework for forest planning and management. Natural areas journal 16 (2) : 108-117. Retrieved August 26, 2000 from Books In Print (R) With Book Reviews (P-Z) (2000) database on the WWW :

Keywords : Predicting scenic beauty, southern pine stands, landscape perception.

Shifts in policy toward landscape-scale land management require that managers understand the role of natural areas within those areas' social contexts. Recreational use and aesthetic benefits are part of this social context. Natural areas managers, thus, are challenged to understand existing recreation management strategies in relation to the social niche of their natural areas. Many challenges to landscape management derive from insufficient information for decision making. This paper introduces a conceptual framework that identifies three types of information needed to better understand the role of a natural area in its regional context: information on recreational opportunities, visual attractiveness, and recreational use intensity. Sources of this information are identified and an application of the framework is presented.

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CIW.cgi?390817_A036A330&Func=Abstract&doc=0/22

Frohn, R.C.

Remote Sensing for Landscape Ecology: New Metric Indicators for Monitoring, Modeling, and Assessment of Ecosystems

Frohn, R.C. 1997. Remote Sensing for Landscape Ecology: New Metric Indicators for Monitoring, Modeling, and Assessment of Ecosystems. Lewis-Publishers

DESCRIPTORS : LANDSCAPE-ECOLOGY; GEOGRAPHIC-INFORMATION-SYSTEMS

Landscape ecology is a rapidly growing science of quantifying the ways in which ecosystems interact - of establishing a link between activities in one region and repercussions in another region. Remote sensing is a fast, inexpensive tool for conducting the landscape inventories that are essential to this branch of science. However, anyone who has conducted studies in the field has already found that traditional landscape ecology metrics are not always reliable with remote images. Landscape Ecology: New Metric Indicators for Monitoring, Modeling, and Assessment of Ecosystems with Remote Sensing presents a new set of metrics that allows remotely sensed data to be used effectively in landscape ecology.

This groundbreaking new work is the first to present new metrics for remote sensing of landscapes and demonstrate how they can be used to yield more accurate analyses for GIS studies. The new metrics expand the capabilities of GIS, reduce interference and incorrect readings, help ecologists better understand ecosystem relationships, and reduce study costs. This set of metrics should be adopted by the EPA and will be the standard measure for future landscape analysis.

This authoritative guide assesses the current state of the field and how remote sensing and landscape metrics have been used to date. It also explains how some of the traditional metrics were developed and how they can fail in landscape studies. Once this background has been established, the new metrics are introduced and their benefits and uses explained. The information in this book has previously been available only in scattered journal articles; this is the first single source for complete background information and instructions on using the new metrics.

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Gergel, S.E. et al. (eds.)

Learning landscape ecology: a practical guide to concepts and techniques.

Gergel, S. E. and M. G. Turner, editors. Forthcoming. Learning landscape ecology: a practical guide to concepts and techniques. Springer-Verlag, New York.

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Haney, A. et al. (eds.)

ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT. Applications for Sustainable Forest and Wildlife Resources

Haney, A. and Boyce, S. 1997. ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT. Applications for Sustainable Forest and Wildlife Ressources. Yale University Press, New Haven.

Until recently, natural resource management of such commodities as timber and wildlife was driven largely by the desire to exploit these resources. During the past three decades, however, ecologists have warned that this approach to natural resource management could have unforeseen consequences because it ignored how ecosystems function within the landscape. Federal agencies that oversee forest and wildlife resources have begun to implement different schemes of ecosystem management, schemes that vary enormously among agencies. Contributors to this volume--leading experts who are agency personnel as well as researchers--now clarify the key elements of sound ecosystem management and offer prescriptions for implementing them.

The authors discuss definitions of ecosystem management, sustainability of ecological systems, landscape ecology, resource management at different scales and in an ecosystem context, new advances in computer technology that facilitate classification schemes for ecosystems, ecosystem restoration, biological diversity, and public concerns. Throughout, the experts agree that management practices must be sustainable: that production of commodities, such amenities as recreation and aesthetics, and biodiversity must not be allowed to decline over time.

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Hannah, L. et al.

Participatory planning, scientific priorities, and landscape conservation in Madagascar

Hannah, L., Rakotosamimanana, B., Ganzhorn, J., Mittermeier, R.A., Olivieri, S., Iyer, L., Rajaobelina, S., Hough, J., Andriamialisoa, F., Bowles, I., Tilkin, G. 1998. Participatory planning, scientific priorities, and landscape conservation in Madagascar. ENVIRONMENTAL-CONSERVATION 25 (1): 30. Retrieved August 17, 2000 from CURRENT CONTENTS Search(R) 5 Sci. Ed. (April 1998 through June 1998) database on the WWW:

KEYWORDS : Madagascar-; biodiversity-; priority-setting; participatory-; stakeholder-; landscape-

Madagascar's biodiversity is of extremely high international significance, yet comprehensive efforts to assess current knowledge and set priorities have been absent until recently. Beginning in April 1995, a major participatory effort to assess the country's scientific and conservation priorities was undertaken in Madagascar. This process laid important groundwork for the revision of Madagascar's National Environmental Action Plan. The first stage of the process was a scientific priority-setting workshop. Over one hundred experts, organized in thematic groups, reached consensus on biodiversity priorities for the island, based on cross-discipline comparisons. A principal finding of the workshop is that many areas of outstanding biodiversity and research importance are located outside protected areas. Participants also agreed that corridors needed to be created between the high-priority protected areas in order to maintain gene flow and exchange of species. The second stage of the process was a stakeholder consultation which integrated scientific findings, national priorities, local stakeholder views, and donor input. The stakeholder consultation concluded that a collaborative, regional approach was needed to augment site-based conservation activities. Participants also emphasized that institutional strengthening in forestry and parks agencies needed much higher priority. The net result of the process was the adoption of a landscape approach to conservation which integrates regional planning, biodiversity monitoring and institutional strengthening.

Hansen, A.J. et al.

Landscape Boundaries: Consequences for Biotic Diversity and Ecological Flows

Hansen, A.J. (ed.) and Di-Castri, F. 1992. Landscape Boundaries: Consequences for Biotic Diversity and Ecological Flows. Ecological Studies 92. Springer Verlag, New York, New York. Retrieved 17 August, 2000 from Books In Print (R) With Book Reviews (E-O) (2000) database on the WWW:

DESCRIPTORS: BIOLOGICAL-DIVERSITY; LANDSCAPE-ECOLOGY

This volume examines the effect of ecotone patterning on community diversity and landscape functioning. Ecotones (transition zones between ecosystems) define ecosystem boundaries and may control the flow of energy, material, and organisms between ecosystems. This book explores the role of ecotones in controlling these flows thereby influencing landscape functioning. It synthesizes existing theory, evaluates central hypotheses relative to empirical and simulation data, and puts forth new hypotheses. This volume will help to stimulate the thinking and research that is necessary to build a satisfactory theory of landscape dynamics. Written for scientists, students, and policy analysts interested in landscape ecology, conservation biology, or sustainable land use practices, this book is among the first to integrate the ecotone concept into modern ecological theory and to examine implications for management.

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Hanski, I.A. et al. (eds.)

Metapopulation Biology; Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution

Hanski, I.A., Gilpin, M.E. 1997. Metapopulation Biology, Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution. Academic Press, Orlando.

"provide(s) an excellent overview of the current state of metapopulation studies....concentrates on theory and basic research." Peter F. Brussard in SCIENCE

"This important compendium belongs in the working library of ecologists and conservation and wildlife biologists and is a necessary acquisition for ecology reference libraries." R.L. SMITH,emeritus, West Virginia University, in CHOICE April '97

Metapopulation Biology presents a comprehensive review of this rapidly expanding area of study in population biology. This unique volume describes key theories of study and applies the best field studies to the conservation of species in fragmented landscapes. This book thoroughly explains and critically assesses the value of the metapopulation concept for field studies and conservation. It will prove to be an essential reference to all who are interested in conservation and population dynamics.

Key Features : Provides the most comprehensive treatment of metapopulation biology to date. Essential for biologists interested in spatial population dynamics. Serves as a valuable reference to conservationists. Covers both the principal theories and field studies. Includes metapopulation ecology, genetics, and evolution

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Hansson, L. et al. (ed.)

Mosaic Landscapes and Ecological Processes

Hansson, L., Fahrig, L., Merriam, G. (ed.) 1994. Mosaic Landscapes and Ecological Processes. Chapman and Hall, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

This book reflects the profound changes that have taken place in the science of ecology, away from the more classical view of ecological processes taking place within homogenous environments to a recognition that organisms in the real world are clumped into patchy populations and that this heterogeneity has significant effects on ecological processes.

The examination of the most recent studies including more than one habitat and interactions between habitats, plus the significance of this approach for generalizations to other ecological mechanisms, is the subject of this important book. Mosaic Landscapes and Ecological Processes will help ecologists and conservation biologists to solve real-life problems. -Ethology, Ecology & Evolution; ...I found Mosaics Landscapes a pleasure to read...the entire enterprise comes together splendidly, offering for the first time an appreciation of the 'organism eye-view' of landscape ecology...Mosaic Landscapes offers a 'state of the art' discussion of the ecological theory... - Trends in Ecology and Evolution

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Hunter, M.L.

Maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems

Hunter, M.L. Jr. (ed.) 1999. Maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Cambridge University Press.

The maintenance of the earth’s biological diversity is widely seen as both necessary for ecosystem integrity and aesthetically desirable. This book focuses on how biodiversity can be maintained in forested ecosystems, particularly in those forests that are subject to timber harvesting. At the core of the book lies the concept that diversity should be conserved in all its forms, from the smallest microbes to the largest trees, and at all levels of organization, from genes, through to whole ecosystems. Introductory chapters on biodiversity and ecological forestry lead on to sections dealing with management at the macro (landscape) and micro (stand) levels. A concluding section considers socio-economic and policy perspectives which inform an overall synthesis and framework for the implementation of successful management practices. Thirty-three experts from ten countries contribute to this thorough and comprehensive account, providing a broad-based perspective which will be of interest internationally.

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Head, L.

The Changing Environment: Understanding Cultural Landscapes

Head, L. 2000. The Changing Environment: Understanding Cultural Landscapes. Key Issues in Environmental Change. Edward-Arnold. Retrieved August 17, 2000 from Books In Print (R) With Book Reviews (P-Z) (2000) database on the WWW :

Hobbs, R.

Future landscapes and the future of landscape ecology

Hobbs, R. 1997. Future landscapes and the future of landscape ecology. Landscape and Urban Planning 37, (1-2)  :1-9.

Keywords: Landscape ecology; Landscape function; Future landscapes; Integration; Application

The future of most landscapes is increasingly being determined by human activities. These activities modify existing landscape patterns and processes either deliberately or inadvertently. It is becoming increasingly apparent that an understanding of these landscape level patterns and processes is essential for rational land use planning and management both for production and biodiversity conservation. The science of landscape ecology aims to provide this understanding. I argue that landscape ecology has so far failed to integrate the various disciplines it brings together and lacks a coherent theoretical structure and principles of relevance in practical terms. While advances have been made in the study of landscape structure and change, landscape function is often still poorly understood. Flows of biota, water, nutrients and materials across landscapes are determined, in large part, by landscape patterns, but an appreciation of the functional links between patterns and processes has been slow to evolve. If landscape ecology is to provide useful input into land use and conservation issues, greater effort needs to be expended in understanding the functional aspects of landscapes. I suggest that the future of landscape ecology depends on whether landscape ecologists make the decision to take an active part in determining the future of our landscapes. This involves active efforts to produce a truly integrated science, the development of sound landscape design principles and increased interaction with policy, planning and management. Failure to meet this challenge will relegate landscape ecology to being a pleasant academic pastime with little relevance to today's pressing environmental and social problems.

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Hoctor, T.S. et al.

Identifying a linked reserve system using a regional landscape approach: The Florida ecological network

Hoctor, T.S., Carr, M.H., Zwick, P.D. 2000. Identifying a linked reserve system using a regional landscape approach: The Florida ecological network. Conservation Biology 14 (4) : 984-1000. Retrieved August 17, 2000 from CURRENT CONTENTS Search(R) 5 Sci. Ed. Week 33 (2000 through 2000) database on the WWW :

KEYWORDS: CONSERVATION-; CORRIDORS-; HABITAT-

We completed an analysis of potential ecological connectivity to identify areas with priority conservation significance and landscape linkages as part of a state of Florida program called Greenways. This is the latest step in the state's design and protection of a reserve system based on an aggressive land acquisition program. We used geographic information systems software (Arc-Info) to develop a decision support model that uses land-use data and information on significant ecological areas-including important habitats for target species, priority ecological communities, wetlands, roadless areas, floodplains, and important aquatic systems-to identify larger areas of ecological priority and potential ecological linkages. The result of this process, the Florida Ecological Network, includes approximately half the state's area, with over half of this network already in conservation lands or public-domain water. This network could provide a linked statewide reserve system containing most of each major ecological community and most known occurrences of rare species. Although the ecological network represents significant progress toward a more integrated approach to biodiversity conservation in Florida, further analysis is needed to (1) ensure that the needs of wide-ranging species, such as the Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi) and Florida black bear (Ursus americanus floridanus), are addressed; (2) identify other biodiversity elements not well represented; and (3) designate a system of cores and buffers that will address management issues. Reserve design is an iterative process, and future plans need to address new information, including the results of the Florida GAP analysis project and ongoing habitat loss.

Hugill, P.

Upstate Arcadia: Landscape, Aesthetics, and the Triumph of Social Differentiation in America

Hugill, P.J. 1995. Upstate Arcadia: Landscape, Aesthetics, and the Triumph of Social Differentiation in America. Geographical Perspectives on the Human Past Ser. Rowman-and-Littlefield, Lanham. Retrieved August 17, 2000 from Books In Print (R) With Book Reviews (P-Z) (2000) on the WWW :

DESCRIPTORS : HISTORICAL-GEOGRAPHY; NEW-YORK-STATE-HISTORY,-LOCAL

Material landscape is a complex of purposely constructed artifacts that may reflect the social processes whereby people differentiate themselves into class or ethnic groups. Hugill uses a case study of Cazenovia, New York, to illustrate and extend sociologist George Herbert Mead's theoretical concept of the "gesture" in interpersonal relationships. The Cazenovia landscape functions as a composite of gestures because it is largely constructed through the power of an elite group for the purpose of communicating their values to others over an extended period of time. Because landscape artifacts deteriorate and human interaction with the landscape also changes over time, should an elite wish to extend its control of landscape as gesture, succeeding generations must continually reconstruct the artifact and maintain the appropriate meaning that the gesture was intended to convey. Thus, large mansions built in appropriate style, careful landscaping, underground utilities, and strict control of most forms of blight are some of the landscape gestures that the original old elite (New Englanders of English heritage) built and maintained to reflect their values to other residents. Numerous photographs, tables, and maps. Upper-division undergraduates and above. K. B. Raitz; University of Kentucky|

Hunziker, M. et al.

Potential Impacts of changing agricultural activities on scenic beauty - a prototype of an automated rapid assessment technique.

Hunziker, M. & Kienast, F. 1999: Potential Impacts of changing agricultural activities on scenic beauty - a prototype of an automated rapid assessment technique. Landscape Ecology 14 (2) : 161-176.

Keywords: landscape, agriculture, land abandonment, reforestation, aesthetics, landscape preference, social science, image experiments, pattern analysis, GIS, HABITAT CONNECTIVITY, LANDSCAPE PATTERN, NATIONAL-PARK, MODEL, INDEXES, BIODIVERSITY, PREFERENCE, PERCEPTION, SIMULATION, AESTHETICS

As a result of the liberalisation of the agricultural market, mountain regions in Central Europe are at great risk of experiencing increasing land abandonment and spontaneous reforestation. Prior to taking measures for landscape maintenance, the ecological and landscape-aesthetic consequences of land abandonment should be analysed. This paper addresses the aesthetic component of such analyses: we investigated whether lay people perceive land abandonment and spontaneous reforestation as a loss or a gain and developed a prototypical technique for rapid aesthetic assessment of reforestation scenarios for vast regions. First, we conducted image experiments to assess the respondents' reactions to increasing levels of reforestation. Based on these experiments we concluded that a medium degree of reforestation is most desirable. Second, we analysed the relationship between scenic beauty and landscape patterns and found that landscape preference values correlate significantly with various quantitative measures of the landscape pattern (e,g., diversity and contagion indices of grey-tone and colour images). Third, we applied a GIS-assisted 'moving-window' technique to transform spatially explicit remote-sensing data (in particular orthophotos) of a test region to spatially explicit data of landscape-pattern indices. Thanks to the significant positive correlation between pattern indices and landscape preference values, the resulting maps can preliminarily be interpreted as 'beauty'-maps of the test-region.

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CIW.cgi?422675_4F3EB1EF&Func=Abstract&doc=1/1

Jin-Sung, K.

An Economic-Ecological Model for Sustainable Ecosystem Management of Forest Land.

Jin-Sung, K. 1998. An Economic-Ecological Model for Sustainable Ecosystem Management of Forest Land. Conference on Forest Ecosystem and Land Use in Mountain Areas, Korean Forestry Society, Seoul, p.232-237.

The ecosystem management has been one of the most important theme in forest land management and most countries try to move toward more flexible and cost-effective policy and to develop innovated market-based instruments to promote environmentally sustainable management. However, using market based instruments are not always possible and effective in many cases. At the same time, needs of extensive interdisciplinary quantitative modeling make the development of analyzing tools slow. Even though many researches emphasize the physical and economical dimensions, we must know that it is rather important to consider the human dimension of ecosystem management. Especially, if we use the sustainability as a social goal, the effects of irreversibility and uncertainty in management decision-making must be treated carefully. We also need to have more flexibility and adaptability since there are many kinds of conflicts in planning and carrying out ecosystem management decision. And we have to understand why the ecosystem management decision tends to be a non-market type.

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Kangas, J.

A Participatory Approach to Tactical Forest Planning

Kangas, J. 1996. A participatory approach to tactical forest planning. Acta forestalia fennica 251.

The paper examines the needs, premises and criteria for effective public participation in tactical forest planning. A method for participatory forest planning utilizing the techniques of preference analysis, professional expertise and heuristic optimization is introduced. The techniques do not cover the whole process of participatory planning, but are applied as a tool constituting the numerical core for decision support. The complexity of multi-resource management is addressed by hierarchical decision analysis which assesses the public values, preferences and decision criteria toward the planning situation. An optimal management plan is sought using heuristic optimization. The plan can further be improved through mutual negotiations, if necessary. The use of the approach is demonstrated with an illustrative example, it's merits and challenges for participatory forest planning and decision making are discussed and a model for applying it in general forest planning context is depicted. By using the approach, valuable information can be obtained about public preferences and the effects of taking them into consideration on the choice of the combination of standwise treatment proposals for a forest area. Participatory forest planning calculations, carried out by the approach presented in the paper, can be utilized in conflict management and in developing compromises between competing interests.

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Kehl, J. et al. Don Gilmour

Multiple Use Management Planning in Queensland, Australia: the Koombooloomba Ecotourism Project as a case study

Kehl, J., Waring, B., Smith, R., Nalder, D. 2000. Multiple Use Management Planning in Queensland, Australia: the Koombooloomba Ecotourism Project as a case study. Queensland Department of Natural Resources, Brisbane, Australia

key-words: forest management, multipurpose planning, rainforest, ecotourism, planning system, Australia.

Queensland, Australia's second largest state, has 4 million hectares of publicly owned State forest, managed for multiple use. The government and the community expect State forest management to protect biodiversity, landscapes, cultural heritage values and water quality. Equally, State forests are available for a wide range of commercial and non-commercial functions including timber harvesting, honey production, eco-tourism, grazing, mining, quarrying, education, scientific research, military training and recreation.

A proportion of this estate is located along Queensland's coastal zone, in close proximity to the major population centres. In the coastal mountains in particular, the juxtaposition of high conservation values, commercial timber, recreation and eco-tourism demands, precipitates conflict over forest use and provides a challenge for any multiple use planning system.

Beginning in 1986, State forest planning utilised a system called Management Priority Area Zoning (MPAZ ). This was a manual system which partitioned forestry land into primary priority use zones with a variety of secondary uses permitted. Decisions were made by professional foresters without public input. Although many of the concepts in MPAZ are still valid, such an autocratic approach is now unacceptable.

In 1998, development began on a new forest planning system known as MUMPS (Multiple Use Management Planning System). It is broadly based on MPAZ, but incorporates GIS and decision support technology coupled with the capacity for structured community participation. MUMPS is designed to operate at a 50 000 ha to 100 000 ha landscape scale, with the planning area subdivided into 100 to 150 planning units. At its analytical core, MUMPS is a phased process of steering committee formation; collation of site specific data; assessment and evaluation of the suite of forest uses; procedures for gauging and incorporating community and stakeholder values; a process for examining management and compatibility issues, and the preparation of a draft and subsequent final plan.

To ensure its utility, MUMPS is being developed in an iterative manner with MUMPS modules and concepts being field trialed while the whole system is being integrated and refined.

The Koombooloomba Ecotourism Project is one of these MUMPS trials. The trial area is in a tropical, mountainous region of North Queensland, partly in the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area. It includes an hydro-electric dam within publicly owned native forest and encompasses a suite of key forest values including world heritage rainforest, conservation, hydro-power generation, indigenous culture, timber, eco-tourism and recreation. In this case, MUMPS took over a stalled, unstructured planning process. The MUMPS process re-invigorated the earlier planningproject, broadened the assessed values and produced a management plan.

The case study demonstrates how forest managers, the community (including traditional Aboriginal owners), commercial tourism, recreationists and the hydro-electricity industry can cooperate in the sustainable management of a World Heritage listed mountain forest area. Issues associated with the methodology, community involvement and management implications will be discussed and analysed.

Klopatek, J.M. et al.

Landscape Ecological Analysis: Issues and Applications

Klopatek, J.M. and Gardner, R.H. 1999. Landscape Ecological Analysis: Issues and Applications. Springer Verlag New York , New York. Retrieved 17 August, 2000 from in Books In Print (R) With Book Reviews (E-O) (2000) database on the WWW:

Including an article by Wiens, J.A. 1999. The science and practice of landscape ecology. Retrieved August 18, 2000 from Current Contents Search(R) 5 Sci. Ed. (April 03, 1999 through July 02, 1999) database on the WWW:

DESCRIPTORS: LANDSCAPE-ECOLOGY

Studies in landscape ecology focus on the effect of heterogeneity on ecosystem structure and function. Vigorous growth in the field has included the development of methods and results that can be applied to an impressive range of environmental issues. The purpose of this book is to provide the reader with a current perspective on this rapidly developing science. This book features contributions by internationally renowned experts in the field that address a broad spectrum of political, theoretical and applied aspects of the subject. Chapters describe a number of methods and models that are used at landscape and regional scales within the context of ecosystem management, to assess changes in biodiversity, and to evaluate sustainable landscape planning for cultural as well as natural settings. Also included are instructional models to assist in teaching.

Source:

Krott, M. et al.

Policies for Sustainable Forestry in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine

Krott, M. et al. 2000. Policies for Sustainable Forestry in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. European Forest Institute Research Reports, 9. Brill, Leiden, NL.

Policies for Sustainable Forestry in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine provides a thorough analysis of the key factors in the transition process affecting the forest sector in the eponymous countries. Moreover, it designs new strategies for sustainable development in these areas. The book attempts to strengthen selected trends in the forest sector in each country so that they may gradually achieve sustainability and create a market economy. The key factors are identified by making use of several different sources: scientific papers, interviews with experts from the three countries and the personal experiences of the co-authors living in the countries. The strategies propose new and interesting options for improving forest management by optimizing forestry within closed production units. Further strategies deal with reorientation of forest planning, transition oriented labor management and acquisition of resources for forestry from state and markets. Policies for Sustainable Forestry in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine also gives new insights into the political factors and informal strategies within the forestry sector. It serves as an important addition to existing economic market models and will draw attention to the political process driving the transition. This information is helpful to both experts in economics as well as foresters in the field as it gives them an understanding of the complexity of building up a market economy by transition.

Source:

Krönert, J.

Land-Use Changes and their environmental Impact in rural Areas in Europe.

Krönert, R., Baudry, J., Bowler, I.R. Reenberg, A. (Ed.) 1999. Land-Use Changes and their environmental Impact in rural Areas in Europe. UNESCO Publishing / Parthenon Publishing Group.

Keywords: Agriculture / Environment and natural resources / Europe / Urbanization.

Over the last four decades, the rural landscapes of Europe have been radically modified not only as a result of urban expansion, but primarily due to changes in agriculture, marked by vastly increased intensification of production in some areas and by ""extensification"" - land being taken out of production - in other areas. This volume presents a comparison of rural land-use change and landscape patterns dynamics in different parts of Europe.

Source :

Lidkicher, W.Z. (ed.)

Landscape Approaches in Mammalian Ecology and Conservation

Lidicker, W.Z. (ed). 1995. Landscape Approaches in Mammalian Ecology and Conservation. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.

The latest research applying landscape concepts to ecological theory and practice. This book explores the latest ideas about landscapes as they apply to mammalian ecology and conservation. The contributors examine the contributions of mammalian field studies and experimental model systems to landscape ecology, and then present data on the use of such experimental protocols. With its international perspective and its incisive coverage, this volume will be an essential resource for anyone concerned with mammalian and landscape ecology.

Source :

Linehan, J.R. et al.

Back to the future, back to basics: the social ecology of landscapes and the future of landscape planning

Linehan, J.R. and Gross, M. 1998. Back to the future, back to basics: the social ecology of landscapes and the future of landscape planning. Landscape and Urban Planning 42 (2-4): 207-223.

Keywords: Landscape; Sustainability; Planning research

This paper discusses what we believe are the key needs and assets of landscape planning at the close of the century. While landscape ecology and systems approaches have increased our understanding of ecological sustainability, this still fails to constitute a sufficient basis for prescribing overall regional sustainability. If we are to foster strategies that will effectively lead to sustainable regional development, we must, like our predecessors, investigate and advocate for a more critical social ecology of landscapes. While most of us venerate the works of Mumford, McHarg, and Olmstead, we generally forget two facts. First, their real value was in their ability to formulate and articulate socially and ecologically relevant arguments to the problems associated with an aberrant development paradigm. Second, they spoke not of strategy and technique, but of challenging and altering the dominant social theories and practices that have caused the degradation of our landscapes in the first place. Landscape planning is clearly ecologically relevant. Our challenge therefore lies in our social relevance. To become more socially relevant, landscape planners must become aware of, account for, incorporate, and challenge the problems and opportunities that cultural adoptability, economic viability, social equitability, and political relevancy have on the condition of our landscapes. For although natural processes largely determine the ecological condition of our landscapes, social processes will continue to determine the directionality these processes take. Since the fate of our landscapes lies in the hands of humankind, it is imperative that research move beyond traditional descriptions of space, academic divisions, and rational methods. We must also reassert vision, value, and ethic, account for the relationships among the physical, cultural, economic, and political dimensions of space, and finally, better incorporate the knowledges, perceptions, and practices that exist between the places we study and the peoples and communities who call them home.

Source :

Lothian, A.

Landscape and the philosophy of aesthetics: is landscape quality inherent in the landscape or in the eye of the beholder?

Lothian, A. 1999. Landscape and the philosophy of aesthetics: is landscape quality inherent in the landscape or in the eye of the beholder? Landscape and urban planning 44 (4) : 177-198.

Keywords: philosophy of aesthetics, landscape perception paradigms, Kant, landscape theory

The paper proposes that landscape quality assessment may be approached on the basis of two contrasting paradigms, one which regards quality as inherent in the physical landscape, and the other which regards quality as a product of the mind - eye of the beholder. These are termed, respectively, the objectivist and subjectivist paradigms. These paradigms underlie the surveys of the physical landscape and studies of observer preferences. Examination of these paradigms through the approaches taken by philosophers from Plate to modern times demonstrates the ubiquity of the paradigms in underlying human perception of landscape. Until recent centuries, the objectivist paradigm provided philosophers with the basis for understanding beauty, including landscape beauty. However, the philosophers Locke, Hume, Burke and particularly Immanuel Kant identified beauty as lying in the eyes of the beholder rather than in the object. The parallels between Kant's aesthetic philosophy and contemporary theories of landscape quality based on an evolutionary perspective are examined. Most philosophers over recent centuries have adopted the subjectivist view of aesthetics.

The paper concludes by proposing that only the subjectivist model should be used in research of landscape quality.

Source :

CIW.cgi?375469_4763403B&Func=Abstract&doc=17/1

Lucas, O.W.R.

The Design of Forest Landscapes

Lucas, O.W.R. 1991. The design of forest landscapes. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

This volume combines sound landscape principles with detailed examples and practical advice for the conservation and enhancement of landscape in and around managed forests. The author describes the key aesthetic principles and discusses the broader implications of forestry in the landscape. Numerous examples show how forests can be planned to reflect their surroundings, especially in the planting and felling stages. The need to combine forestry practice with a wider understanding is stressed. The choice of species is discussed, as are the design of small woods, shelterbelts, and forest roadsides.

Source :

Lucas, O.W.R.

Aesthetic considerations in British forestry

Lucas, O.W.R. 1997. Aesthetic considerations in British forestry. Forestry 70 (4) : 343-349.

The paper 'Aesthetic Considerations in British Forestry' (Dallimore, 1927) is reviewed from a current perspective. The subsequent lack of attention to the appearance of afforestation led to widespread criticism and the Forestry Commission responded by the appointment of Sylvia Crowe as landscape consultant. The development of a visual response to the landscape in forest design was adopted by some foresters but others found a functional and silvicultural approach easier and this resulted in continued visual problems of shape and, more frequently, scale. The ecological, hydrological, archaeological and social demands on forest planning and design have followed those of landscape and have become part of an integrated approach. Policy continues to be more clearly prescribed about such matters with the development of guidelines, indicative strategies and forestry standards. The need for other environmental demands to be integrated with landscape considerations and not to its detriment is stressed especially as good landscape design is capable of inspiring strong public support for forestry.

Source :

CIW.cgi?390817_A036A330&Func=Abstract&doc=50/1

Matlack, G.R.

Land use and forest habitat distribution in the hinterland of a large city

Matlack, G.R. 1997. Land use and forest habitat distribution in the hinterland of a large city. Journal of biogeography 24: (3) 297-307.

Keywords: agriculture, conservation, forest edge, forest fragmentation, forest history, land use history, Piedmont, suburb, succession; EASTERN-UNITED-STATES, CENTRAL NEW-ENGLAND, VEGETATION DYNAMICS, USE HISTORY, OLD-FIELD, NEW-YORK, LANDSCAPE, EDGE, DISPERSAL, WOODLANDS

The cumulative effect of many local forest disturbances can be estimated from an analysis of forest distribution at the scale of the entire landscape. To gauge the regional impact of forest clearance and regeneration, a history of forest cover was compiled for the twentieth century in the hinterland of a large city (Wilmington; Delaware, U.S.A.). Forest distribution and character were described by point sampling of historical aerial photographs. Environmental features were measured on visits to sample points in the field. Regional forest coverage has grown from c. 5% in 1890 to 22% in 1990. Most modern stands are ................
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