Linguistics 21, Sections 1 and 2



Linguistics 21, Sections 1, 2, 6

Spring 2013

Problem Set 4: Diagramming

Diagram the following argument using the method presented in Chapter 7. You may work with a partner. This problem set is due on Wednesday, April 24, so take your time and do a good job!!! ( .3 points each; 4.5 points total).

1. ( Emily deserves to be promoted to project manager, because ( she's the most qualified candidate and ( the CEO promised her the job.

2. ( If we're in Milwaukee, then we're in Wisconsin. Hence, ( since we're not in Wisconsin, ( we're not in Milwaukee.

3. ( Either this is a Celica or it's an Accord. ( It's a Celica only if it's a Toyota. But ( it's not a Toyota. Hence, ( it's not a Celica. Hence, ( it's an Accord.

4. ( Practices that inflict suffering on sentient beings without good reason are morally wrong. ( For humans to kill and eat sentient animals inflicts suffering on them without good reason. Therefore, ( it is wrong for humans to kill and eat sentient animals. Moreover, ( a vegetarian diet is healthier than a meat-based diet. For these reasons, ( people should become vegetarians.

5. ( Parker is either at the library or he's at Mel’s Bar. But ( Parker never reads anything but comic books. Therefore, ( he's probably not at the library. Moreover ( today is Saturday, and ( Parker goes to Mel’s Bar almost every Saturday. Therefore, ( Parker is probably at Mel’s Bar.

6. ( This car looks exactly like my car, but is it? ( If this is my car, there should be a pair of fuzzy dice hanging from the rearview mirror, and ( there aren't any. Moreover, ( if this is my car, my key should fit it in the lock, and ( it doesn't. So, ( this isn't my car.

7. ( If the weather is nice, the reception will be outdoors. ( If it rains, the reception will be in the ballroom. ( If the reception is outdoors, I'll need to bring the paper plates. ( If the reception is in the ballroom, I'll need to bring the china. But ( it looks like the weather will be nice. ( The National Weather Service says it will be warm and sunny. So, ( the reception will most likely be outdoors. Therefore, ( I will need to bring the paper plates.

8. ( Quality family planning and reproductive health services, mother and child health, women's rights, and women's education—this four-point program is the best way to achieve a rapid slowdown in population growth. ( It can improve the quality of life directly, through health and education benefits, and ( it improves the status of women. ( It creates a healthy and educated work force. ( It gives people the knowledge with which they can fight for their own rights. ( It might also help to raise incomes, and ( it will certainly help to slow environmental damage.

9. ( The worst time to drink water—or any other fluid for that matter—is with your meals. ( Water taken with food cuts down on saliva production. ( It also washes down the food prematurely, before it has been adequately chewed, and ( adequate chewing is critical to complete and efficient digestion. ( Water with food also dilutes the digestive enzymes in the mouth and stomach, interfering with starch and protein digestion and causing fermentation and gas in the digestive tract.

10. ( Recycling makes good sense. ( It conserves scarce landfill space, ( it reduces environmental damage from activities such as strip mining and clear-cutting, ( it conserves energy, ( reduces pollution, and ( minimizes solid waste in manufacturing new products.

13. ( Never date or flirt with current students. Period. . . .( No matter how old, wise, or experienced a student is, he or she is still less powerful than you are. ( Merely suggesting a flirtation is enough to make some students uncomfortable. Further, ( no matter how much you and your "special friend" try to separate your personal relationship from your student-teacher one, other students will believe that you are being soft on the object of your affection. ( If you compensate by being "extra tough," you are depriving your special friend of fair treatment. Further, ( the mere fact that you are dating a student will probably increase student cynicism and distrust. Lastly, ( asking a student out or flirting is a prima facie case of sexual harassment.

14. ( It is no accident that the nation's most toxic sites are surrounded by black and Latino communities. ( Most minority communities in the United States are poor, and

( low income people can't vote with their feet and move wherever they choose. Nor ( do the poor have the political clout to challenge the local zoning boards that protect wealthy communities.

15. ( Many (if not most) of the fundamental concepts in marketing are based on the practitioner's ability to know people. After all, ( if we don't understand why people behave as they do, how can we identify their needs? ( If we can't identify their needs, how can we satisfy their needs? ( If we can't satisfy people's needs, we don't have a marketing concept, so we might as well fold our tents and go home!

16. ( Doing all of your runs on a track isn’t ideal. ( The boredom of going in circles can make it hard to stay motivated, and ( the flat surface won’t develop leg strength as well as running on hills. ( Running exclusively on a track also increases your risk of injury because ( the constant turning puts extra stress on the inside knee and hip. (Jeff Galloway, “The Starting Line,” 2005)

Exercise 7.4, Page 188-89 – Summarize the following arguments using the method presented in this chapter and in class: Numbers 2 and 3 ( .6 points each; 1.2 points total).

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