Earth Science Chapter 19 – Earth, Moon and Sun



Earth Science Chapter 19 – Earth, Moon and Sun

Astronomy – _____.

Rotation – _____

Axis – _____. (similar to axis on a car connecting two wheels)

Revolution – _____

Orbit – _____

The moon rotates and revolves

• The moon revolves around us every _____

• The moon also rotates at the same rate. Because of this the same side of the moon is always facing us.

Phases

• The moon reflects light from the sun back to us. Half of it is always lit, but the phase of the moon depends on _____.

• Full moon – _____

• New moon – _____

• ½ moon is actually a quarter. We see a quarter of the whole moon, half of what is lit up, half of a circle

• waxing – _____

• waning – _____

• gibbous – _____

• crescent – _____

Eclipses – when the moon’s shadow hits earth, or the earth’s shadow hits the moon

• the moon orbits at an angle to our equator, it does not go directly around our center

• Solar - _____

• Lunar - _____. (only occurs when there is a full moon)

• Umbra – _____

• Penumbra – _____

Tides – the moon’s gravitational pull moves the water on the earth because the water is not permanently attached to one spot. This causes high and low tides.

Characteristics of the moon

• Dry and airless

• Small (diameter is less than the distance across the US)

• Large variations of temperature (130 to -180 ºC)

• 1/8th the mass of Earth

• no liquid water but we are searching and are looking for it and have seen good signs

The moon formed when _____.

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Facts:

• Earth completes 1 rotation every _____

• Earth completes 1 revolution around the sun every _____ (0.25 days add up every 4 years to Leap Day in Feb.)

• Earth’s orbit is slightly elliptical

• Earth’s rotation is what causes the sun, moon, and stars to appear to move across the sky

• Earth’s axis is tilted _____degrees

The seasons

• Suns’ rays hit the earth more directly at the _____ than at the _____.

• The poles do not receive as much energy as the equator because _____

• This is why the poles are cold and the equator is hot

• _____ of the earth causes the seasons.

• When N hemisphere is tilted towards the sun (more direct rays) it is _____, when it is tilted away it is _____

• S hemisphere is the _____

• In the summer the sun is higher in the sky and the day is longer.

• Solstice – _____ (actually at 23.5ºN or S latitude) 6/21 and 12/21 each year

• Equinox – _____ (3/21 and 9/22) _____and the sun is _____.

What keeps the Earth and the moon in orbit instead of flying out into space? Gravity. Gravity is _____.

Law of Universal Gravitation – _____ (Sir Isaac Newton).

• Strength of the force depends _____

• Mass – _____

• Weight – _____. Your mass does not change from planet to planet, but your weight does because each planet has a different gravity.

• The smaller the mass, the _____ pull and object has

• If distance increases between objects, the pull _____

Inertia – _____

• This is why the earth does not fall into the sun

• The earth has inertia from motion going away from the sun. This is what generates its orbit.

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Rockets

• device that expels gas in one direction to move in the opposite direction

• first ones made in China in 1100s

• modern rockets first developed in the 1900s

• orbital velocity – _____

• escape velocity - _____

• thrust – _____

• amount of thrust depends on _____

• more thrust = more speed

Multistage Rockets

• smaller rockets are placed on top of each other and break off in stages as fuel is used up

• 1960s Saturn V rocket was used to get to the moon

Race for space

• 1957 Soviets launched _____

• caused concern because we were in the Cold War and did not know what the Soviets could do with the satellite

• 1958 US launched Explorer 1

• 1958 US started NASA

• 1961 Soviets launched _____ into space, orbited earth once

• 1 month later American _____ was into space

• 1962 _____ orbited earth 3 times

Missions to the moon

• _____ program – to get an American to orbit earth

• _____ program – to look for landing sites on the moon and learn how to dock in space

• Surveyor landed on the moon without people and didn’t sink in, proving we could land

• _____ – land on the moon

• 7/20/1969 – Apollo 11 Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin entered the Eagle and landed in the Sea of Tranquility on the moon.

Today

• space shuttles – can carry a crew into space, return to earth, land like an airplane, and be reused, rockets on the sides fall away once in space

• _____– artificial satellite in which people can live and work for long periods, work began in 1980s and it still is being added to today

• space probes – _____.

• Rovers – _____.

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