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Comparison of antipseudomonal beta-lactamsfor febrile neutropenia empiric therapy.<<Supplementary File>>Supplementary Text 1. Search formulas.Pubmed#1 (((Fever[mh:noexp] OR fever*[tiab] OR febrile*[tiab]) AND (granulocytopeni*[tiab] OR leukocytopeni*[tiab] OR neutropeni*[tiab])) OR Febrile Neutropenia[mesh])#2 (beta-Lactams[mh:noexp] OR beta-Lactam*[tiab])#3 Penicillins[mh:noexp] OR penicillin*[tiab] OR piperacillin[mh:noexp] OR piperacillin*[tiab] OR pipracil*[tiab] OR PIPC[tiab] OR piperacillin, tazobactam drug combination [Supplementary Concept] OR zocyn*[tiab] OR zosyn*[tiab] OR tazocin*[tiab]#4 (Cephalosporins[mh:noexp] OR cephalosporin*[tiab] OR Ceftazidime[mh:noexp] OR ceftazidime*[tiab] OR modacin*[tiab] OR fortaz*[tiab] OR tazicef*[tiab] OR CAZ[tiab] OR Cefoperazone[mh:noexp] OR cefoperazone*[tiab] OR sulperazon*[tiab] OR CPZ SBT[tiab] OR SBT CPZ[tiab] OR C/S[tiab] OR cefepime [Supplementary Concept] OR cefepime*[tiab] OR CFPM[tiab] OR maxipime*[tiab] OR voco*[tiab] OR Cefpirome [Supplementary Concept] OR cefpirome*[tiab] OR CPR[tiab] OR cefrom*[tiab] OR keiten*[tiab] OR broact*[tiab] OR cefozopran [Supplementary Concept] OR cefozopran*[tiab] OR CZOP[tiab] OR firstcin*[tiab])#5 ("Carbapenems"[Mesh] OR carbapenem*[tiab] OR Imipenem[mh:noexp] OR cilastatin, imipenem drug combination [Supplementary Concept] OR imipenem*[tiab] OR tienam*[tiab] OR primaxin*[tiab] OR IMPM[tiab] OR panipenem [Supplementary Concept] OR panipenem*[tiab] OR PAPM[tiab] OR panipenem betamipron [Supplementary Concept] OR carbenin*[tiab] OR meropenem [Supplementary Concept] OR meropenem*[tiab] OR MEPM[tiab] OR merrem*[tiab] OR meropen*[tiab] OR biapenem [Supplementary Concept] OR BIPM[tiab] OR omegacin*[tiab] OR biapenem*[tiab] OR doripenem [Supplementary Concept] OR doripenem*[tiab] OR DRPM[tiab] OR finibax*[tiab] OR doribax*[tiab] OR Ertapenem [Supplementary Concept] OR ertapenem*[tiab] OR ERPM[tiab] OR invanz*[tiab])#6 (#2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5)#7 (#1 AND #6)#8 (randomized controlled trial [pt] OR controlled clinical trial [pt] OR random* [tiab] OR placebo [tiab] OR "clinical trials as topic"[mesh: noexp] OR trial [ti] OR RCT* [tiab] OR Groups [tiab])#9 (#7 AND #8)#10 (#9 NOT (animals [mh] NOT humans [mh]))Cochrane CENTRAL#1 MeSH descriptor: [Fever] this term only#2 "fever*":ti,ab#3 "febrile*":ti,ab#4 #1 or #2 or #3#5 "granulocytopeni*":ti,ab#6 "leukocytopeni*":ti,ab#7 "neutropeni*":ti,ab#8 #5 or #6 or #7#9 #4 and #8#10 MeSH descriptor: [Febrile Neutropenia] explode all trees#11 #9 or #10#12 MeSH descriptor: [Penicillins] this term only#13 MeSH descriptor: [Piperacillin] this term only#14 "penicillin*":ti,ab#15 "piperacillin*":ti,ab #16 "pipracil*":ti,ab#17 "PIPC":ti,ab#18 ("zocyn*" or "zosyn*"):ti,ab#19 "tazocin*":ti,ab#20 #12 or #13 or #14 or #15 or #16 or #17 or #18 or #19#21 MeSH descriptor: [Cephalosporins] this term only#22 MeSH descriptor: [Ceftazidime] this term only#23 MeSH descriptor: [Cefoperazone] this term only#24 "cephalosporin*":ti,ab#25 "ceftazidime*":ti,ab#26 "modacin*":ti,ab#27 "fortaz*":ti,ab#28 "tazicef*":ti,ab#29 "CAZ":ti,ab#30 "cefoperazone*":ti,ab#31 "sulperazon*":ti,ab#32 "CPZ SBT":ti,ab#33 "SBT CPZ":ti,ab#34 "c/s":ti,ab#35 "cefepime*":ti,ab#36 "CFPM":ti,ab#37 "maxipime*":ti,ab#38 "voco*":ti,ab#39 "Cefpirome*":ti,ab#40 "CPR":ti,ab#41 "cefrom*":ti,ab#42 "keiten*":ti,ab#43 "broact*":ti,ab#44 "cefozopran*":ti,ab#45 "CZOP":ti,ab#46 "firstcin*":ti,ab#47 #21 or #22 or #23 or #24 or #25 or #26 or #27 or #28 or #29 or #30 or #31 or #32 or #33 or #34 or #35 or #36 or #37 or #38 or #39 or #40 or #41 or #42 or #43 or #44 or #45 or #46#48 MeSH descriptor: [Carbapenems] explode all trees#49 MeSH descriptor: [Imipenem] this term only#50 "carbapenem*":ti,ab#51 "imipenem*":ti,ab#52 "tienam*":ti,ab#53 "primaxin*":ti,ab#54 "IMPM":ti,ab#55 "panipenem*":ti,ab#56 "PAPM":ti,ab#57 "carbenin*":ti,ab#58 "meropenem*":ti,ab#59 "MEPM":ti,ab#60 "merrem*":ti,ab#61 "meropen*":ti,ab#62 "biapenem*":ti,ab#63 "BIPM":ti,ab#64 "omegacin*":ti,ab#65 "doripenem*":ti,ab#66 "DRPM":ti,ab#67 "finibax*":ti,ab#68 "doribax*":ti,ab#69 "ertapenem*":ti,ab#70 "ERPM":ti,ab#71 "invanz*":ti,ab#72 #48 or #49 or #50 or #51 or #52 or #53 or #54 or #55 or #56 or #57 or #58 or #59 or #60 or #61 or #62 or #63 or #64 or #65 or #66 or #67 or #68 or #69 or #70 or #71#73 #20 or #47 or #72#74 #11 and #73#75 MeSH descriptor: [Animals] explode all trees#76 MeSH descriptor: [Humans] this term only#77 #74 not (#75 not #76)#78 #77 in TrialsEMBASE#1?'febrile neutropenia'/de AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#2?'fever'/de AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#3?fever*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#4?febrile*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#5?granulocytopeni*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#6?leukocytopeni*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#7?neutropeni*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#8?#2?OR?#3?OR?#4#9?#5?OR?#6?OR?#7#10?#8?AND?#9#11?#1?OR?#10#12?'beta lactam'/de AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#13?'beta lactam*':ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#14?#12?OR?#13#15?'penicillin derivative'/de AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#16?penicillin*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#17?'piperacillin'/de AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#18?piperacillin*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim AND?lim#19?pipracil*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#20?pipc:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#21?'piperacillin plus tazobactam'/de AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#22?zocyn*:ab,ti OR?zosyn*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#23?tazocin*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#24?#15?OR?#16?OR?#17?OR?#18?OR?#19?OR?#20?OR?#21?OR?#22?OR?#23#25?'cephalosporin derivative'/de AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#26?cephalosporin*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#27?'ceftazidime'/de AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#28?ceftazidime*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#29?modacin*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#30?fortaz*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#31?tazicef*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#32?'cefoperazone'/de AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#33?sulperazon*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#34?cpz:ab,ti AND?sbt:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#35?cefepime*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#36?cfpm:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#37?maxipime*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#38?voco*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#39?'cefpirome'/de AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#40?cefpirome*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#41?cpr:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#42?cefrom*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#43?broact*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#44?'cefozopran'/de AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#45?cefozopran*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#46?czop:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#47?firstcin*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#48?#25?OR?#26?OR?#27?OR?#28?OR?#29?OR?#30?OR?#31?OR?#32?OR?#33?OR?#34?OR?#35?OR?#36?OR?#37?OR?#38?OR?#39?OR?#40?OR?#41?OR?#42OR?#43?OR?#44?OR?#45?OR?#46?OR?#47#49?'carbapenem derivative'/de AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#50?carbapenem*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#51?'imipenem'/de AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#52?imipenem*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#53?'cilastatin plus imipenem'/de AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#54?tienam*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#55?primaxin*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#56?impm:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#57?'panipenem'/de AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#58?panipenem*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#59?papm:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#60?'panipenem plus betamipron'/de AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#61?carbenin*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#62?'meropenem'/de AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#63?meropenem*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#64?mepm:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#65?merrem*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#66?meropen*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#67?'biapenem'/de AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#68?biapenem*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#69?omegacin*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#70?bipm:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#71?'doripenem'/de AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#72?doripenem*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#73?drpm:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#74?finibax*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#75?doribax*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#76?'ertapenem'/de AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#77?ertapenem*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#78?erpm:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#79?invanz*:ab,ti AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#80?#49?OR?#50?OR?#51?OR?#52?OR?#53?OR?#54?OR?#55?OR?#56?OR?#57?OR?#58?OR?#59?OR?#60?OR?#61?OR?#62?OR?#63?OR?#64?OR?#65?OR?#66OR?#67?OR?#68?OR?#69?OR?#70?OR?#71?OR?#72?OR?#73?OR?#74?OR?#75?OR?#76?OR?#77?OR?#78?OR?#79#81?#14?OR?#24?OR?#48?OR?#80#82?#11?AND?#81#83?'clinical trial'/de OR?'randomized controlled trial'/de OR?'randomization'/de OR?'single blind procedure'/de OR?'double blind procedure'/de OR'crossover procedure'/de OR?'placebo'/de OR?'prospective study'/de OR ('randomi?ed controlled'?NEXT/1?trial*):ab,ti OR?rct*:ab,ti OR?'randomly allocated':ab,ti OR?'allocated randomly':ab,ti OR?'random allocation':ab,ti OR (allocated?NEAR/2?random):ab,ti OR (single?NEXT/1?blind*):ab,ti OR (double?NEXT/1?blind*):ab,ti OR ((treble?OR?triple) NEAR/1?blind*):ab,ti OR?placebo*:ab,ti OR?groups:ab AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim#84?#82?AND?#83#85?#84?NOT ([animals]/lim NOT [humans]/lim)Web of Science Core Collection# 1TS=((fever* OR febrile*) AND (granulocytopeni* OR leukocytopeni* OR neutropeni*))# 2TS=(betaLactam*)# 3TS=(penicillin* OR piperacillin* OR pipracil* OR PIPC OR zocyn* OR zosyn* OR tazocin*)# 4TS=(cephalosporin* OR ceftazidime* OR modacin* OR fortaz* OR tazicef* OR CAZ OR cefoperazone* OR sulperazon* OR (CPZ SBT) OR (SBT CPZ) OR (C/S) OR cefepime* OR CFPM OR maxipime* OR voco* OR cefpirome* OR CPR OR cefrom* OR keiten* OR broact* OR cefozopran* OR CZOP OR firstcin*)# 5TS=(carbapenem* OR imipenem* OR tienam* OR primaxin* OR IMPM OR panipenem* OR PAPM OR carbenin* OR meropenem* OR MEPM OR merrem* OR meropen* OR BIPM OR omegacin* OR biapenem* OR doripenem* OR DRPM OR finibax* OR doribax* OR ertapenem* OR ERPM OR invanz*)# 6#5 OR #4 OR #3 OR #2# 7#6 AND #1# 8TS= clinical trial* OR TS=research design OR TS=comparative stud* OR TS=evaluation stud* OR TS=controlled trial* OR TS=followup stud* OR TS=prospective stud* OR TS=random* OR TS=placebo* OR TS=(single blind*) OR TS=(double blind*)# 9#8 AND #7Supplementary Text 2. List of included studies ADDIN EN.REFLIST 1. Aamir M, Abrol P, Sharma D, et al. A clinical evaluation of efficacy and safety of cefepime monotherapy versus piperacillin-tazobactam in patients of paediatric age group with febrile neutropenia in a tertiary care centre of north India. Trop Doct 2016;46(3):142-8. doi: 10.1177/00494755156175712. Akan H, Koc H, Aydogdu I, Ilhan O, Beksac M, Gurman G, Konuk N, Uysal A. A single center randomized study comparing the efficacy of sulbactam /cefoperazone + amikacin vs ceftazidim + amikacin in febrile neutropenic patients. Mikrobiyol Bult 1995; 29:131-5.3. Aynioglu A, Mutlu B, Hacihanefioglu A. A comparison of the efficacy of piperacillin-tazobactam and cefoperazone-sulbactam therapies in the empirical treatment of patients with febrile neutropenia. Rev Esp Quimioter 2016;29(2):69-75.4. Biron P, Fuhrmann C, Cure H, et al. Cefepime versus imipenem-cilastatin as empirical monotherapy in 400 febrile patients with short duration neutropenia. CEMIC (Study Group of Infectious Diseases in Cancer). J Antimicrob Chemother 1998;42(4):511-8.5. B?hme A, Shah PM, Stille W, et al. Piperacillin/tazobactam versus cefepime as initial empirical antimicrobial therapy in febrile neutropenic patients: a prospective randomized pilot study. Eur J Med Res 1998;3(7):324-30.6. Bow EJ, Rotstein C, Noskin GA, et al. A randomized, open-label, multicenter comparative study of the efficacy and safety of piperacillin-tazobactam and cefepime for the empirical treatment of febrile neutropenic episodes in patients with hematologic malignancies. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43(4):447-59. doi: 10.1086/5053937. Chandrasekar PH, Arnow PM. Cefepime versus ceftazidime as empiric therapy for fever in neutropenic patients with cancer. Ann Pharmacother 2000;34(9):989-95.8. Cherif H, Bj?rkholm M, Engervall P, et al. A prospective, randomized study comparing cefepime and imipenem-cilastatin in the empirical treatment of febrile neutropenia in patients treated for haematological malignancies. Scand J Infect Dis 2004;36(8):593-600. doi: 10.1080/003655404100175909. Chuang YY, Hung IJ, Yang CP, et al. Cefepime versus ceftazidime as empiric monotherapy for fever and neutropenia in children with cancer. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002;21(3):203-9.10. Cometta A, Zinner S, de Bock R, et al. Piperacillin-tazobactam plus amikacin versus ceftazidime plus amikacin as empiric therapy for fever in granulocytopenic patients with cancer. The International Antimicrobial Therapy Cooperative Group of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39(2):445-52.11. Corapcioglu F, Sarper N, Zengin E. Monotherapy with piperacillin/tazobactam versus cefepime as empirical therapy for febrile neutropenia in pediatric cancer patients: a randomized comparison. 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Mustafa MM, Carlson L, Tkaczewski I, et al. Comparative study of cefepime versus ceftazidime in the empiric treatment of pediatric cancer patients with fever and neutropenia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001;20(3):362-9.37. Nakagawa Y, Suzuki K, Ohta K, et al. Prospective randomized study of cefepime, panipenem, or meropenem monotherapy for patients with hematological disorders and febrile neutropenia. J Infect Chemother 2013;19(1):103-11. doi: 10.1007/s10156-012-0466-838. Nakane T, Tamura K, Hino M, et al. Cefozopran, meropenem, or imipenem-cilastatin compared with cefepime as empirical therapy in febrile neutropenic adult patients: A multicenter prospective randomized trial. J Infect Chemother 2015;21(1):16-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jiac.2014.08.02639. Oguz A, Karadeniz C, Citak EC, et al. Experience with cefepime versus meropenem as empiric monotherapy for neutropenia and fever in pediatric patients with solid tumors. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2006;23(3):245-53. doi: 10.1080/0888001050050686740. Reich G, Cornely OA, Sandherr M, et al. Empirical antimicrobial monotherapy in patients after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation: a randomised, multicentre trial. Br J Haematol 2005;130(2):265-70. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05608.x41. Sano H, Kobayashi R, Suzuki D, et al. Comparison between piperacillin/tazobactam and cefepime monotherapies as an empirical therapy for febrile neutropenia in children with hematological and malignant disorders: A prospective, randomized study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62(2):356-58. doi: 10.1002/pbc.2517842. Sanz MA, López J, Lahuerta JJ, et al. Cefepime plus amikacin versus piperacillin-tazobactam plus amikacin for initial antibiotic therapy in haematology patients with febrile neutropenia: results of an open, randomized, multicentre trial. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002;50(1):79-88.43. Sarashina T, Kobayashi R, Yoshida M, et al. A randomized trial of cefozopran versus cefepime as empirical antibiotic treatment of febrile neutropenia in pediatric cancer patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61(11):1992-5. doi: 10.1002/pbc.2514844. Serefhanoglu K, Ersoy Y, Serefhanoglu S, et al. Clinical experience with three combination regimens for the treatment of high-risk febrile neutropenia. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2006;35(1):11-6.45. Sezgin G, Acipayam C, Ozkan A, et al. Meropenem versus piperacillin-tazobactam as empiric therapy for febrile neutropenia in pediatric oncology patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014;15(11):4549-53.46. Shah PM, Heller A, Fuhr HG, et al. Empirical monotherapy with meropenem versus imipenem/cilastatin for febrile episodes in neutropenic patients. Infection 1996;24(6):480-4.47. Uygun V, Karasu GT, Ogunc D, et al. Piperacillin/tazobactam versus cefepime for the empirical treatment of pediatric cancer patients with neutropenia and fever: a randomized and open-label study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53(4):610-4. doi: 10.1002/pbc.2210048. Vandercam B, Gérain J, Humblet Y, et al. Meropenem versus ceftazidime as empirical monotherapy for febrile neutropenic cancer patients. Ann Hematol 2000;79(3):152-7.49. Vural S, Erdem E, Gulec SG, et al. Imipenem-cilastatin versus piperacillin-tazobactam as monotherapy in febrile neutropenia. Pediatr Int 2010;52(2):262-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-200X.2009.02952.x50. Wang FD, Liu CY, Hsu HC, et al. A comparative study of cefepime versus ceftazidime as empiric therapy of febrile episodes in neutropenic patients. Chemotherapy 1999;45(5):370-9. doi: 7228Supplementary Text 3. Resistance to antibiotics.Biron 1998: randomized episodes 344.Baseline: microbiologically documented infection 76, isolated 98; methicillin-resistant Staphylococci 3, enterococci resistant to Cefepime 3, P. aeruginosa resistant to Imipenem 2.Chuang 2002: randomized episodes 116.Baseline: microbiologically documented infection 14, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producing Klebsiella oxytoca 1, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 1, Acinetobacter baumanii resistant to Ceftazidime 1. After treatment: extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producing Klebsiella pneumoniae etta 1995: randomized episodes 858.Baseline: microbiologically documented infection 205, coagulase-negative Staphylococci resistant to Piperacillin/Tazobactam 18, coagulase-negative Staphylococci resistant to Ceftazidime 26, Enterococcus sp. resistant to Piperacillin/Tazobactam 1, Enterococcus sp. resistant to Ceftazidime 4, viridans group Streptococcus resistant to Ceftazidime 2, Corynebacterium jeikeium resistant to Piperacillin/Tazobactam 1, Corynebacterium jeikeium resistant to Ceftazidime 3, Staphylococcus aureus resistant to Piperacillin/Tazobactam 1, Staphylococcus aureus resistant to Ceftazidime 1, Clostridium sp. resistant to Piperacillin/Tazobactam 1, Clostridium sp. resistant to Ceftazidime 1, Bacillus sp. resistant to Ceftazidime 1, Micrococcus sp. resistant to Ceftazidime 1, Corynebacterium non-jeikeium resistant to Ceftazidime 1.Cordonnier 1997: randomized episodes 319.Baseline: microbiologically documented infection 99, Gram-positive organisms resistant to Cefepime 27, Gram-positive organisms resistant to Ceftazidime 34, Gram-negative organisms resistant to Cefepime 2. Jing 2016: randomized episodes 133.Baseline: documented bacteremia 18, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producing Escherichia coli resistant to Piperacillin/Tazobactam 2, Alteromonas resistant to IMP 1, Klebsiella sp. resistant to Piperacillin/Tazobactam 1.Karaman 2012: randomized episodes 102.Baseline: microbiologically documented infection 33, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 4, vancomycin resistant Enterococci 1.Kebudi 2001: randomized episodes 63.Baseline: isolated organisms 27, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci 5.Kwon 2008: randomized episodes 116.Baseline: isolated organisms 18, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 1, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci 2.Liang 1990: randomized episodes 100.Baseline: microbiologically documented infection 36,Baseline and after treatment: isolate organisms 100, Gram-positive organisms resistant to Ceftazidime 68, Gram-positive organisms resistant to Imipenem 20, Gram-negative organisms resistant to Ceftazidime 11, Gram-negative organisms resistant to Imipenem 17.Marie 1995: randomized episodes 188.Baseline: isolated organisms in blood culture 58, Escherichia coli resistant to Piperacillin 6, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 15, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus resistant to Piperacillin 14, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus resistant to Ceftazidime 9, Streptococcus resistant to Ceftazidime 4.Marie 1999: randomized episodes 147.Baseline: isolated organisms in blood 68, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci 21, Klebsiella sp. resistant to penicillin 1, Acinetobacter sp. resistant to penicillin 1. After treatment: following multi resistant strains were found. Piperacillin/Tazobactam arm: Pseudomonas 2, Acinetobacter 1, Xanthomonas 1. Ceftazidime arm: Pseudomonas 2, Xanthomonas 1, Enterobacter 2. MEPM study group 1995: randomized episodes 221Baseline: Ceftazidime arm, isolated organisms in blood 103. Followings were resistant to Ceftazidime: coagulase-negative staphylococci 14, Corynebacterium jeikeium 2, Streptococcus sanguis 1, Entero coccusfaecalis 1, Corynebacterium sp. 1, Achromobacter sp 1, Flavobacterium sp. 1, Micrococcus sp. 1. Localized organisms resistant to Ceftazidime, coagulase-negative staphylococci 2. Meropenem arm, isolate organisms in blood 97. Followings were resistant to Meropenem: coagulase-negative staphylococci 10, Stomatococcus mucilaginosus 1, viridans streptococcus 1, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 1, Aerococcus viridans 1, Enterococcus faecalis 1. Localized organisms resistant to Meropenem, Staphylococcus epidermidis 1, S. maltophilia 1.Mustafa 2001: randomized episodes 104.Baseline: microbiologically documented infection 12, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci 1.Nakagawa 2013: randomized episodes 255.Baseline: isolated organisms in blood 47, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 1.Nakane 2015: randomized episodes 428. Baseline: isolated organisms in blood 79, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 5.Reich 2005: randomized episodes 232.Baseline: isolated organisms 67, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 1.Serefhanoglu 2006: randomized episodes 89.Baseline: isolated organisms 24, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 1.Sezgin 2014: randomized episodes 284.Baseline: microbiologically documented infection 54, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producing Escherichia coli 2, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producing Klebsiella sp. 1.Uygun 2009: randomized episodes 127.Baseline: microbiologically documented infection 40.After treatment: Authors stated “there was neither any change in resistance patterns noted during the time of the study.”Supplementary Table 1. Risk of bias summary.Selection bias (generation)Selection bias (concealment)Performance biasDetection biasAttrition biasReporting biasAamir (2015)UnclearUnclearHighHighHighUnclearAkan (1995)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearAynioglu (2016)LowLowHighHighLowUnclearBiron (1998)UnclearLowHighHighLowUnclearBoehme (1998)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearBow (2006)UnclearLowHighHighLowUnclearChandrasekar (2000)UnclearUnclearLowLowLowUnclearCherif (2004)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearChuang (2002)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearCometta (1995)LowLowHighHighLowUnclearCorapcioglu (2006)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearCordonnier (1997)LowLowHighHighLowUnclearDemirkaya (2012)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearErman (2001)LowLowHighHighLowUnclearFeld (2000)LowLowLowLowLowUnclearFerdosian (2013)UnclearUnclearLowLowLowUnclearFiguera (2001)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearFleischhack (2001)LowLowHighHighLowUnclearFreifeld (1995)UnclearUnclearHighHighHighUnclearGhalaut (2007)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearGhalaut (2011)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearGomez (2010)LowLowHighHighLowUnclearHarter (2006)LowLowHighHighHighUnclearIchikawa (2011)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearJing (2016)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowLowKaraman (2012)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearKebudi (2001)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearKutluk (2004)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearKwon (2008)UnclearLowHighHighLowUnclearLaszlo (1997)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearLiang (1990)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearLindblad (1998)LowLowHighHighLowUnclearMarie (1995)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearMarie (1999)LowLowHighHighLowUnclearMEPM study group (1995)LowLowHighHighLowUnclearMustafa (2001)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearNakagawa (2013)UnclearLowHighHighLowUnclearNakane (2015)UnclearLowHighHighLowUnclearOguz (2006)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearReich (2005)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearSano (2015)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearSanz (2002)UnclearLowHighHighLowUnclearSarashina (2014)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearSerefhanoglu (2006)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearSezgin (2014)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearShah (1996)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearUygun (2009)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearVandercam (2000)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearVural (2010)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearWang (1999)UnclearUnclearHighHighLowUnclearSupplementary Table 2. Definition of the febrile neutropenia.StudyAbsolute neutrophilic count cutoffSingle measured temperatureMultiple measured temperaturesAamir (2015)500 or (1000>>500)≥38.3C≥38.0CAkan (1995)10003938.5Aynioglu (2016)500 or >>500≥38.3C≥38.0CBiron (1998)1000>>500≥38.5C≥38.0CBoehme (1998)500 or (1000>>500)≥38.3C≥38.0CBow (2006)500 or (1000>>500)≥38.3C≥38.0CChandrasekar (2000)500 or (1000>>500)>38.5C>38.0CCherif (2004)500 or (1000>>500)≥38.5C≥38.0CChuang (2002)500≥38.5C≥38.0CCometta (1995)1000>>500≥38.5C≥38.0CCorapcioglu (2006)500 or (1000>>500)≥38.5C≥38.0CCordonnier (1997)500 or (>>500)≥38.5C≥38.0CDemirkaya (2012)500 or (1000>>500)>38.5C>38.0CErman (2001)500 or (1000>>500)>38.5C>38.0CFeld (2000)500 or (1000>>500)≥38.3C≥38.0CFerdosian (2013)500 or (1000>>500)≥39.0C≥38.5CFiguera (2001)500>38.0CNAFleischhack (2001)500 or (1000>>500)≥39.0C≥38.5CFreifeld (1995)500 or (1000>>500)≥38.5C>38.0CGhalaut (2007)1000>38.3NAGhalaut (2011)500 or (1000>>500)≥38.3C≥38.0CGomez (2010)500 or (1000>>500)NA>37.8Harter (2006)500>38.5>38.0Ichikawa (2011)500≥38.0C≥37.5Jing (2016)500 or (1000>>500)≥38.3C>38.0Karaman (2012)500 or (1000>>500)≥38.3C≥38.0CKebudi (2001)500 or (1000>>500)≥38.3C≥38.0CKutluk (2004)500≥38.3C≥38.0CKwon (2008)500 or (1000>>500)≥38.3C≥38.0CLaszlo (1997)500>38.0NALiang (1990)500>38.5C>38.0CLindblad (1998)500 or (1000>>500)≥38.5C≥38.0CMarie (1995)500NA≥38.0CMarie (1999)1000 or (>>1000)>38.5>38.0MEPM study group (1995)>>500≥38.5CNAMustafa (2001)1000>38.5>38.0Nakagawa (2013)1000≥38.0C≥37.5CNakane (2015)1000≥38.0C≥37.5COguz (2006)500 or (1000>>500)≥38.5C≥38.0CReich (2005)500>38.4>37.9Sano (2015)500>38.0C≥37.5CSanz (2002)500 or (1000>>500)≥38.5C≥38.0CSarashina (2014)500 or (1000>>500)>38.0C≥37.5CSerefhanoglu (2006)500≥38.3C≥38.0CSezgin (2014)500 or (1000>>500)≥38.3C≥38.0CShah (1996)500≥38.5CNAUygun (2009)1000>>500>38.3≥38.0CVandercam (2000)>>500≥38.5C≥38.0CVural (2010)500 or (>>500)>38.5≥38.0CWang (1999)500≥38.5C≥38.0C1000>>500, being below 1000 and deemed to decrease below 500. >>500, deemed to decrease below 500. d: day. m: month. NA: not available. Tx: treatment.Supplementary Table 3. Definition of outcomes.Treatment success without modificationDeathStudyTiming of evaluationAssessmentObservation duration Aamir (2015)Day 7Defervescence that occurred within 2 days after starting the initial therapy and being completely maintained with significant improvement of infection-related sign, symptoms and abnormal laboratory values.Day 7Akan (1995)NANANAAynioglu (2016)7-10 d after TxA complete improvement in all infectious signs and symptoms.NABiron (1998)7 d after TxReferred Immunocompromised Host Society consensus conference and European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease guidelines.7 d after TxBoehme (1998)End of TxStable defervescence and complete regression of infectious foci.Bow (2006)7 d after TxResolution of all signs and symptoms of infection.During TxChandrasekar (2000)4-7 d after TxThe patient’s fever and clinical signs of infection resolved; the infecting microorganism was eradicated; and resolution of the infection was maintained.NACherif (2004)2 d after TxComplete clinical and microbiological recovery.Chuang (2002)7 d after TxDisappearance of fever, overall clinical improvement and eradication of any infecting organism.NACometta (1995)4 d after TxFever and clinical signs of infection resolved and infecting microorganisms were eradicated.At least 45 dCorapcioglu (2006)7 d after TxDisappearance of fever, clinical improvement, eradication of the any infecting organism, and maintenance of response.Cordonnier (1997)4 d after TxPatient was afebrile during treatment and remained.1 m after TxDemirkaya (2012)End of TxNo fever for 5 days, absolute neutrophil count > 500/mm3, negative culture, and no clinical sign for infection.During studyErman (2001)5-7 d after TxReferred criteria of the Infectious Disease Society of America and the Food and Drug Administration.1 m after TxFeld (2000)End of TxEither eradication or presumed eradication.7 d after TxFerdosian (2013)NANAFiguera (2001)NANANAFleischhack (2001)NANAFreifeld (1995)End of TxTheNAGhalaut (2007)NANANAGhalaut (2011)NANANAGomez (2010)4 d after TxThe resolution of signs and symptoms of infection plus the eradication of a pathogen.Day 28Harter (2006)NANANAIchikawa (2011)After end of Tx.Fever and clinical signs of infection had resolved within 120 hr following initiation of antibiotic therapy and no recurrence of infection or fever.NAJing (2016)End of TxResolution of all signs and symptoms of infection.During TxKaraman (2012)End of TxThe resolution of fever and clinical signs of infection.NAKebudi (2001)End of TxThe patient recovered from fever and neutropenia.NAKutluk (2004)End of TxThe patient’s fever and clinical signs of infection resolved. The infecting organism was eradicated.NAKwon (2008)7-14 d after TxClinical symptoms and signs of infection improved or vanished.7-14 d after TxLaszlo (1997)NANALiang (1990)7 d after TxComplete disappearance of all clinical and laboratory evidence of infection, including fever.NALindblad (1998)End of TxAlive at the end of treatment with unmodified treatment.4 died < 72hrMarie (1995)NANAMarie (1999)3 d after TxPersistent apyrexia until polymorphonuclear neutrophils.MEPM study group (1995)NANANAMustafa (2001)7 d after TxResolution of the patient’s fever and clinical signs of infection.Nakagawa (2013)NANANakane (2015)Day 3-5Fever dropped to below 37.0C for more than one day by days 3-5 accompanied by improvement in clinical infectious signs and laboratory data.Day 30Oguz (2006)7 d after TxDisappearance of fever, overall clinical improvement, eradication of any infecting organism.Reich (2005)NANA7 d after TxSano (2015)End of TxReferring five previous studies.Sanz (2002)1 w after TxAfebrile for 4 consecutive days, clearance of signs and symptoms of infection, infecting microorganism eradicated and no recurrence of the primary infection.Sarashina (2014)After TxSolution of fever and clinical signs of infection within 120 hrs. No recurrence of infection/fever after the end of treatment.Serefhanoglu (2006)5 d after TxFever and clinical signs and symptoms resolved and the infecting microorganism was eradicated without recurrence of the signs and symptoms of the primary infection.Sezgin (2014)End of TxFever and clinical signs of infection resolved.Shah (1996)NANA.NAUygun (2009)End of TxPatient recovered from fever with disappearance of signs of infection.Vandercam (2000)7 d after TxAll signs and symptoms of infection resolved and infecting micro-organisms were eradicated.During TxVural (2010)End of TxFever and clinical signs of infection resolved and microorganism was eradicated from blood or infection sites.During neutropeniaWang (1999)0-2 wk after TxThe patient survived the neutropenic episode and became free of fever and of the signs and symptoms of infection.d: day. m: month. NA: not available. Tx: treatment.Supplementary Table 4. Between-designs Q statistic after detaching of single designsComparisonQ statisticsP value2.I/C: 3.P/T2.610.9562.I/C: 4.MEPM5.460.7082.I/C: 5.CFPM2.270.9722.I/C: 6.CZOP5.320.7232.I/C: 7.CAZ5.210.7353.P/T: 4.MEPM5.410.7143.P/T: 5.CFPM5.340.7213.P/T: 6.CZOP5.460.7083.P/T: 7.CAZ5.370.7184.MEPM: 5.CFPM5.370.7174.MEPM: 6.CZOP5.260.7294.MEPM: 7.CAZ5.450.7095.CFPM: 6.CZOP4.920.7665.CFPM: 7.CAZ4.860.772C/S: Cefoperazone/Sulbactam. CAZ: Ceftazidime. CFPM: Cefepime. CZOP: Cefozopran. I/C: Imipenem/Cilastatin. MEPM: Meropenem P/B: Panipenem/betamipron. P/T: Piperacillin-Tazobactamright64665100Supplementary Figure 1. The Preferred Reporting Items in Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flow diagram for study search.Supplementary Figure 2. Forest plot for sensitivity/subgroup analysis for treatment success without modification. ................
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