Chapter 2; Section 2



Chapter 3; Section 1; Pages 60-63

1. Who is responsible for the principle called uniformitarianism?

2. What does the principle of uniformitarianism state?

Matching:

3. The principle that states that geologic change is gradual

4. The principle that states that geologic change is sudden

5. Rare, sudden events that cause change

6. Author of The Theory of the Earth

7. Author of Principles of Geology

8. During the late 20th century, scientists challenged uniformitarianism again. What do these scientists believe about catastrophes?

9. What present-day evidence suggests that the extinction of dinosaurs was the result of a catastrophic event?

Matching:

10. The study of past life using fossils

11. Scientists who study past life using fossils

12. Remains of organisms preserved by geologic processes

13. The study of the history of the Earth

Chapter 3; Section 2; Pages 64-69

1. What clues do scientists use to study Earth’s history?

a. Photographs c. Audio tapes

b. Rocks and Fossils d. Eye witness

2. Determining the age of objects or events in relation to other objects or events is called

a. Relative sequencing c. Relative history

b. Relative dating d. Relative geology

3. As long as a sequence of rock layers is undisturbed, scientists know that

a. Older rocks lie above younger rocks

b. Younger rocks lie under older rocks

c. Younger rocks lie above older rocks

d. Older rocks have eroded away

4. The principle that outlines how rocks lie in undisturbed sequences is called

a. Relative dating c. Uniformitarianism

b. Superposition d. Catastrophism

5. How do disruptions of rock sequences pose a challenge to geologists?

6. What is the geologic column?

7. How do geologists use the geologic column?

8. Explain how a crosscutting feature is always younger than the rock layers it cuts across.

Matching:

9. A break in Earth’s crust along which blocks of crust slide relative to on another

10. Younger sediment deposited on top of older layers

11. Molten rock that has squeezed into existing rock and hardened

12. Rock layers that bent and buckled by the Earth’s internal forces

13. Rock layers slanted by the Earth’s internal forced without folding

14. How do geologists figure out rock-layer puzzles?

Chapter 3; Section 3; Pages 70-73

1. What is the purpose of absolute dating?

2. Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons are called

3. When an isotope is ____________ it does not undergo radioactive decay.

4. When an isotope is ________________, it is called radioactive.

5. During ____________ an unstable isotope breaks down into a stable isotope.

6. How do scientists use isotopes to determine the age of an object?

7. An unstable isotope is called the ____________ isotope.

8. The stable isotope is called the ____________ isotope.

9. The more daughter material there is in a rock sample, the ____________ the rock is.

10. The time it takes for one-half of a radioactive sample to decay is called _________________.

11. Determining the age of a sample, based on the ratio of parent material to daughter material, is called ______________.

12. After every half-life, what has happened to the parent material in an isotope?

Matching:

13. Used mainly for dating objects that are younger than 50,000 years

14. Used mainly for dating rocks older than 100,000 years

15. Used to date rocks older than 10 million years; half-life of isotope is 4.5 billion years

16. Used to date rocks older than 10 million years; half-life of isotope is 49 million years

Chapter 3; Section 4; Pages 74-79

1. What is the name of an organism preserved by a geologic process?

2. Where are most fossils preserved?

3. What kind of organisms generally are found in fossils?

4. Where do we find some of the best insect fossils?

5. The La Brea asphalt deposits have been trapping and preserving organisms

a. For less ................
................

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