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Challenge AGRAMMAR NOTEBOOK SEMESTER 1 GRAMMAR -SEMESTER 1 WEEK 1 Grammar No. 31 The First Declension FormMeaningUseSingularNominativeterr-aLand, the (a) landSubjectSingularGenitiveterr-aeOf the (a) landPossessiveSingularDativeterr-aeTo or for the (a) landIndirect objectSingularAccusativeterr-amThe (a) landDirect objectSingularAblativeterr-āBy, with, from the (a) landObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeterr-aeLands, the landsSubjectPluralGenitiveterr-ārumOf the landsPossessivePluralDativeterr-īsTo or for the landsIndirect objectPluralAccusativeterr-āsLands, the landsDirect objectPluralAblativeterr- īsBy, with, from the landsObject of the PrepositionGender:32: A) All nouns naming individual male person are masculine. Nauta, ae, a sailor, masculine. (Sailors are usually men.)33: B) All others are feminine. Terra, ae, land, feminine.Additional Rules in Reading: All nouns whose genitive ends in -ae are in the first declension. PRACTICE for Week 1 Grammar Rule # 32Put the form, meaning, use in the following chart for terra, terra (land)FormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSingularGenitiveSingularDativeSingularAccusativeSingularAblativePluralNominativePluralGenitivePluralDativePluralAccusativePluralAblativeCopy the grammar rules for gender of the 1st Declension # 32 A ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________#33 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Review rule found in reading: All nouns whose genitive ends in -ae are in the _________ declension. Additional Practice for Week 1 Practice declining the nouns in the vocabulary on page 7 using the following charts: porta, portae – gateFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionMarīa, Marīae – MaryFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W1nauta, nautae – sailorFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositionvictōria, victōriae – victoryFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W1glōria, glōriae – fame, gloryFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionPage Intentionally left blank Grammar Semester 1 Week 2 Accent:No. 9 A) In words of two syllables, the accent is on the first. vía; béllumNo. 10 B) In words of more than two syllables, if the second last syllable is long, it is accented; otherwise the accent is on the third last syllable. vid ē runt (accent on long e); ágm?neQuantity of Syllables:No. 11 A) A syllable is short if it contains a vowel that is short by nature or that is followed by another vowel or diphthong. reg ? re; glor ? aNo. 12 B) A syllable is long if it contains a vowel that is long by nature or a vowel that is followed by two consonants other than a mute (c, g, p, b, t, d) or f followed by a liquid (r, l).studēre; regēndus NOUNSNo. 14Nouns have gender, number, case and declensionNo. 25 The Five Declensions. There are five declensions in Latin. They can be distinguished by the endings of the genitive singular 1 2 3 4 5 -ae - ī -is -ū -eī vi-ae serv-ī lēg-is port-ūs r- eīGender:32: A) All nouns naming individual male person are masculine. Nauta, ae, a sailor, masculine. (Sailors are usually men.)33: B) All others are feminine. Terra, ae, land, feminine.Grammar Semester 1 Week 2 Grammar No. 34: Masculine Nouns of the Second DeclensionFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeserv-usThe slaveSubjectSingularGenitiveserv-īOf the slave, the slave'sPossessiveSingularDativeserv-ōTo or for the slaveIndirect objectSingularAccusativeserv-umThe slaveDirect objectSingularAblativeserv-ōBy, with, from the slavePluralNominativeserv-īThe slavesSubjectPluralGenitiveserv-ōrumOf the slaves, the slaves'PossessivePluralDativeserv-īsTo or for the slavesIndirect objectPluralAccusativeserv-ōsthe slavesDirect objectPluralAblativeserv-īsBy, with, from the slavesNo. 35 Gender – Masucline nouns of 2nd Declension: Generally masculineAdditional Rules found in the Reading: 1. The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case. 2. A finite verb agrees with its subject in number (and person). 3. The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative case. 4. The verb usually stands last in the sentence. 5. Adverbs usually stand immediately before the word they modify. 6. The possessive case and many English -of phrases are translated by the genitive. 7. All nouns whose genitive singular ends in -ī belong to the second declension. PRACTICE WEEK 2 Grammar Rules No. 9 – 12 - Accent and Syllables - Read these grammar rules each day and practice saying the words out loud. Copy Rules #14 and # 25 on Nouns # 14 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________#25 The Five Declensions: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________12345 Review rules of 1st Declension Gender # 32 A. All nouns naming individual male person are _________________ Nauta, ae, a sailor, ______________. (Sailors are usually men.)# 33 B. All others are __________________. Terra, ae, land, _______________________.S1W2Grammar No. 34: Masculine Nouns of the Second DeclensionPut the form and meaning in the following chart for servus, servī (slave)FormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativePluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeCopy Grammar Rule # 35 for Gender : _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Review: Additional Rules found in the Reading: 1. The subject of a finite verb is in the ________________ case. 2. A finite verb agrees with its subject in ___________ (and _______________). 3. The direct object of a transitive verb is in the ____________________ case. 4. The verb usually stands _____________ in the sentence. 5. Adverbs usually stand _______________ ___________ the word they modify. 6. The possessive case and many English -of phrases are translated by the ________________. 7. All nouns whose genitive singular ends in -ī belong to the _______________ declension. Additional Practice for Week 2 Practice declining the nouns in the vocabulary using the following charts: prōvincia, ae - province (1st declension)FormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionNouns of 2nd Declension (masculine)fīlius, fīliī - sonFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W2Deus, Deī – GodFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositionamīcus, amīcī - friendFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W2Chrīstus, Chrīstī - ChristFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionChrīstiānus, Chrīstiānī - ChristianFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionPage Intentionally left blank Grammar Semester 1 Week 3 Grammar No. 25 The Five Declensions. There are five declensions in Latin. They can be distinguished by the endings of the genitive singular 1 2 3 4 5 -ae - ī -is -ū -eī vi-ae serv-ī lēg-is port-ūs r- eīNo. 26. How to decline a Noun. The nominative, genitive and gender of a noun determine which model it follows. Add the endings of that model to the stem. No. 27 Note: a. The stem is that part of the word which remains the same in spelling throughout the declension. It gives the meaning of the word. The endings show what the word does in the sentence, whether ir is the subject, direct object, indirect object, etc. No. 29 c. The accusative of the neuter noums and adjectives is always like the nominative. No. 34: Masculine Nouns of the Second DeclensionFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeserv-usThe slaveSubjectSingularGenitiveserv-īOf the slave, the slave'sPossessiveSingularDativeserv-ōTo or for the slaveIndirect objectSingularAccusativeserv-umThe slaveDirect objectSingularAblativeserv-ōBy, with, from the slavePluralNominativeserv-īThe slavesSubjectPluralGenitiveserv-ōrumOf the slaves, the slaves'PossessivePluralDativeserv-īsTo or for the slavesIndirect objectPluralAccusativeserv-ōsthe slavesDirect objectPluralAblativeserv-īsBy, with, from the slavesNo. 35 Gender – Masucline nouns of 2nd Declension: Generally masculineNo. 36 Note: Proper names in -ius and fīlius, son, form their vocative singular in – ī. Vergilius, Vergilī; fīlius, fīlī. S1W3No. 37 Neuter Nouns of the 2nd Declension FormMeaningUseSingular Nominativebell-umThe warSubjectSingular Genitivebell-ī Of the warPossessiveSingular Dativebell-ōTo or for the warIndirect objectSingular Accusativebell-umThe warDirect objectSingular Ablativebell-ōBy, with, from the warObj of PrepPlural Nominativebell-ā The warsSubjectPlural Genitivebell-ōrumOf the warsPossessivePlural Dativebell-īsTo or for the warsIndirect objectPlural Accusativebell-athe warsDirect objectPlural Ablativebell-īsBy, with, from the warsObj of PrepNo. 38 Gender – Neuter Nouns of 2nd Declension: All neuter. No. 39 Note: The accusative is like the nominative in all neuter nouns and adjectives. Thus, singular nominative bellum, accusative bellum; plural nominative bella, accusative bella. (Cf. Flumen, No 64, gravis, -e, No. 78, etc, )Additional Rules found in the Reading: 1. All words of the second declension whose nominative ends in -um are neuter and are declined like BELLUM.2. HINT: In all neuter nouns and adjectives the accusative is always like the nominative.3. The indirect object is put in the DATIVE case.4. In Latin some prepositions are followed by the ablative case, some by the accusative case.Practice Week 3 Review: No. 25 The ___________ Declensions: There are _______ declensions in Latin. They can be distinguished by the endings of the _____________________________. 12345Copy Grammar Rules No. 26. How to decline a noun: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________No. 27 Note: a. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________No. 29 c. _____________________________________________________________________S1W3Review: No. 34: Masculine Nouns of the Second DeclensionAdd the endings to serv and the complete the translation. FormMeaningUseSingularNominativeserv-The SubjectSingularGenitiveserv-Of the PossessiveSingularDativeserv-To or for the Indirect objectSingularAccusativeserv-The Direct objectSingularAblativeserv-By, with, from the PluralNominativeserv-The SubjectPluralGenitiveserv-Of the PossessivePluralDativeserv-To or for the Indirect objectPluralAccusativeserv-the Direct objectPluralAblativeserv-By, with, from the No. 35 Gender – Masucline nouns of 2nd Declension: Generally ______________________. Copy: No. 36 Note: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________S1W3No. 37 Neuter Nouns of the 2nd Declension Add the form and meaning for bellum, bellī (war)FormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativePluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeNo. 38 Gender – Neuter Nouns of 2nd Declension: __________________________________________Read and Review following note: No. 39 Note: The accusative is like the nominative in all neuter nouns and adjectives. Thus, singular nominative bellum, accusative bellum; plural nominative bella, accusative bella. (Cf. Flumen, No 64, gravis, -e, No. 78, etc, )Fill in the blanks: The accusative is like the________________ in all neuter _______________ and _____________. Thus, singular nominative bellum, accusative bellum; plural nominative bella, accusative bella. (Cf. Flumen, No 64, gravis, -e, No. 78, etc, )Review: Additional Rules found in the Reading: 1. All words of the second declension whose nominative ends in -um are neuter and are declined like _____________. 2. HINT: In all neuter nouns and adjectives the accusative is always like the ___________________.3. The indirect object is put in the __________________ case.4. In Latin some prepositions are followed by the ________________ case, some by the _____________ case.Additional Practice for Week 3: Practice declining the nouns in the vocabulary on using the following charts: caelum, caelī - sky, heavenFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositionrēgnum, rēgnī - kingdom, royal powerFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W3praemium, praemiī - rewardFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositionperīculum, perīculī – dangerFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W3imperium, imperiī - command, power, empireFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W3oppidum, ī - townFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W3Review: 2nd Declension masculine gladius, ī - swordFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionRōmānus, ī – a RomanFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W3Gallus, ī - a GaulFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionReview – 1st Declension Nouns Gallia, ae – GaulFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W3Rōma, ae - RomeFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionSemester 1 Week 4 Grammar: Review Additional Rules found in the reading; 1. After a linking verb, the predicate noun is put in the same case as the subject.2. Forms of the verb SUM may stand anywhere in the sentence.Practice conjugating verb I am – sum Singular - sum – I am es – you are est – he, she, it, isPlural - sumus - we are estis – you are sunt – they areConjugate Sum: FormMeaningSingular1st personSingular2nd PersonSingular 3rd Person Plural 1st PersonPlural2nd Person Plural 3rd Person Review additional rules from reading: 1. After a linking verb, the predicate noun is put in the same case as the ___________________.2. Forms of the verb SUM may stand ________________ in the sentence.S1W4Conjugate Sum: FormMeaningSingular1st personSingular2nd PersonSingular 3rd Person Plural 1st PersonPlural2nd Person Plural 3rd Person Conjugate Sum: FormMeaningSingular1st personSingular2nd PersonSingular 3rd Person Plural 1st PersonPlural2nd Person Plural 3rd Person Grammar Semester 1 Week 5No. 45 The Third Declension. The nominative singular of the third declension has no model ending. Thus lēx, law, pars, part, flūmen, river, hostis, enemy, are all nouns of the third declension. The genitive ending (for the third declension, always -is) shows the declension and gives the stem.No 46: Nouns naming individual male persons are masculine: mīles, mīlitis, m., soldierNo. 47: Nouns naming individual female persons are feminine: māter, mātris, f., mother.No 48: Note: These two rules (Nos. 46, 47) should always be applied before Nos. 49 toThus mīles would be feminine by the SOX rule (No. 50), but rule No. 46 is applied first, hence mīles is masculine.No. 49: Nouns ending in -er, -or (ERROR) are masculine.No. 50: Nouns ending in -s, -o, -x (SOX) are feminine.No. 51: Nouns ending in -l, -a, -n, -c, -e, -t (LANCET) are neuter. No. 52 Note: But masculīnī generisare words in -os, -nis, -guis, and -cis,in -es (itis) and -ex (icis);as neuter mark the -us (with -ris).*Rule No. 52 is a “poem” (written in hybrid of English and Latin) describing the exceptions to 3rd declension’s SOX rule (Rule #50): Normally nouns that end in -s, -o, or -x are feminine. Exceptions to this rule are described below: Masculine: ~nouns ending in -os, -nis, -guis, and -cis in the nominative singular ~nouns whose nom/gen sing endings are -es (-itis) and -ex (-icis)Neuter: ~ nouns whose nom./gen. sing endings are -us, (-ris)No. 53: Declension. First find the gender of the noun. Then find the stem from the genitive.No. 54: For masculine and feminine nouns, add the endings of lēx or pars according to the rules in Nos. 59-63.No. 55: For neuter nouns add the endings of flūmen. (For the few exceptions, see footnote on No 64)No. 56: The vocative is always like the nominative.S1W5Masculine and Feminine Nouns of the 3rd DeclensionNo. 57: MasculineFormMeaningUseSingularNominativelēxThe lawSubjectSingularGenitivelēg-isOf the lawPossessiveSingularDativelēg-īTo or for the lawIndirect objectSingularAccusativelēg-emThe lawDirect objectSingularAblativelēg-eBy, with, from the lawPluralNominativelēg-ēsThe lawsSubjectPluralGenitivelēg-umOf the lawsPossessivePluralDativelēg-ibusTo or for the lawsIndirect objectPluralAccusativelēg-ēsthe lawsDirect objectPluralAblativelēg-ibusBy, with, from the lawsNo. 58: FeminineFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeparsThe partSubjectSingularGenitivepart-isOf the partPossessiveSingularDativepart-īTo or for the partIndirect objectSingularAccusativepart-emThe partDirect objectSingularAblativepart-eBy, with, from the partPluralNominativepart-ēsThe partsSubjectPluralGenitivepart-iumOf the partsPossessivePluralDativepart-ibusTo or for the partsIndirect objectPluralAccusativepart-ēsthe partsDirect objectPluralAblativepart-ibusBy, with, from the partsS1W53rd Declension NounsNo. 59: Note: All masculine and feminine nouns of the 3rd declension are declined like lēx except the following nouns which have -ium in the genitive plural like part-ium:No. 60: 1. Nouns that have the same number of syllables in the genitive singular as in the nominative singular: as hostis, hostis (host-ium), enemy.No. 61: 2. Nouns whose stem ends in two consonants, as: gens, gentis, tribe, stem, gent-, hence gentium.Exceptions:No. 62: a. With -um instead of -ium: senum, patrum, mēnsum, mātrum, canum, juvenum, and frātrum (of old men, fathers, months and mothers of dogs and youths and brothers).No. 63: b. With -ium instead of -um: vīrium, lītium, faucium, Penātium, imbrium, and nivium, Samnītium, optimātium. (of strength and quarrels, of jaws and household gods, of rains and snows, of Samnites and aristocrats.)Additional Rules from the Reading: 1. All nouns whose genitive singular ends in -IS belong to the third declension.2. An appositive agrees with its noun in number and case.Practive for Week 5 Copy: No. 45 The Third Declension. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________No 46: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________No. 47: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Read and Review following note: No 48: Note: These two rules (Nos. 46, 47) should always be applied before Nos. 49 toThus mīles would be feminine by the SOX rule (No. 50), but rule No. 46 is applied first, hence mīles is masculine.No. 49: ______________________________________________________________________No. 50: ______________________________________________________________________No. 51: ______________________________________________________________________S1W5Read and Review following rule: No. 52 Note: But masculīnī generisare words in -os, -nis, -guis, and -cis,in -es (itis) and -ex (icis);as neuter mark the -us (with -ris).*Rule No. 52 is a “poem” (written in hybrid of English and Latin) describing the exceptions to 3rd declension’s SOX rule (Rule #50): Normally nouns that end in -s, -o, or -x are feminine. Exceptions to this rule are described below: Masculine: ~nouns ending in -os, -nis, -guis, and -cis in the nominative singular ~nouns whose nom/gen sing endings are -es (-itis) and -ex (-icis)Neuter: ~ nouns whose nom./gen. sing endings are -us, (-ris)No. 53: Declension. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Read and Review the following grammar rules: No. 54: For masculine and feminine nouns, add the endings of lēx or pars according to the rules in Nos. 59-63.No. 55: For neuter nouns add the endings of flūmen. (For the few exceptions, see footnote on No 64)No. 56: _____________________________________________________________________S1W5Masculine and Feminine Nouns of the 3rd DeclensionNo. 57: MasculinePut the form and meaning in the following chart for lēx, lēgis (law) FormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativePluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeNo. 58: FemininePut the form and meaning in the following chart for pars, partis (part)FormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativePluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeS1W5Copy following grammar rules: 3rd Declension NounsNo. 59: Note: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________No. 60: 1. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________No. 61: 2. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Read and Review the following exceptions: Exceptions:No. 62: a. With -um instead of -ium: senum, patrum, mēnsum, mātrum, canum, juvenum, and frātrum (of old men, fathers, months and mothers of dogs and youths and brothers).No. 63: b. With -ium instead of -um: vīrium, lītium, faucium, Penātium, imbrium, and nivium, Samnītium, optimātium. (of strength and quarrels, of jaws and household gods, of rains and snows, of Samnites and aristocrats.)Review: Additional Rules from the Reading: 1. All nouns whose genitive singular ends in -IS belong to the _______________declension.2. An appositive agrees with its noun in ________________ and ________________.Additional Practice for Week 5: Practice declining the nouns in the vocabulary using the following charts: rēx, rēgis – kingFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositiondux, ducis - leaderFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W5lūx, lūcis - lightFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositionhomō, hominis - manFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W5imperātor, imperātōris - commander in chief, generalFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositionvēritās, vēritātis - truthFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W5Caesar, Caesaris - CaesarFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositionsalūs, salūtis - safety, welfare, salvationFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W5vōx, vōcis – voice, cryFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositionvirtūs, virtūtis – courage, virtueFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W5mīles, mīlitis - soldierFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositionpāx, pācis - peaceFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W5Review:2nd Declension masculine populus, ī - people, nationFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionReview:1st Declension via, ae – road, wayFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionGrammar Semester 1 Week 6GRAMMAR No. 64: Neuter Nouns of the 3rd DeclensionFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeflūmenThe riverSubjectSingularGenitiveflūmin-isOf the riverPossessiveSingularDativeflūmin-īTo or for the riverIndirect objectSingularAccusativeflūmenThe riverDirect objectSingularAblativeflūmin-eBy, with, from the riverPluralNominativeflūmin-aThe riversSubjectPluralGenitiveflūmin-umOf the riversPossessivePluralDativeflūmin-ibusTo or for the riversIndirect objectPluralAccusativeflūmin-athe riversDirect objectPluralAblativeflūmin-ibusBy, with, from the riversPractice – Week 6 GRAMMAR No. 64: Neuter Nouns of the 3rd DeclensionAdd the form and meaning for flūmen, flūminis (river)FormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObj of PrepPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObj of PrepAdditional Practice for Week 6: Practice declining the nouns in the vocabulary on using the following charts: Nouns declined like pars, partis collis, collis, m. - hillFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositionhostis, hostis – enemy (in war)FormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W6gēns, gentis - tribeFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositioncaedēs, caedis – slaughterFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W6mōns, montis, m. - mountainFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W63rd Declension clāmor, clāmoris – shouting, shoutFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositionprīnceps, prīncipis – chief, leading manFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W6Exceptions to pars/partis rule for Istem: frāter, frātris (frātrum) – brotherFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositionpater, patris (patrum) - fatherFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W6māter, mātris (mātrum) - motherFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W63rd Declension Neuter Nouns flūmen, flūminis – riverFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositioniter, itineris, n. - journey, march, routeFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W63rd Declension Neuter Nouns corpus, corporis, n. - bodyFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositionvulnus, vulneris, n. - woundFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W63rd Declension Neuter Nouns agmen, agminis – column (of soldiers), army (on the march)FormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositionnōmen, nōminis – nameFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionPage intentionally left blankGrammar Semester 1 Week 7No. 65. The Fourth DeclensionFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeport-usThe harborSubjectSingularGenitiveport-ūsOf the harborPossessiveSingularDativeport-uīTo or for the harborIndirect objectSingularAccusativeport-umThe harborDirect objectSingularAblativeport-ūBy, with, from the harborPluralNominativeport-ūsThe harborsSubjectPluralGenitiveport-uumOf the harborsPossessivePluralDativeport-ibusTo or for the harborsIndirect objectPluralAccusativeport-ūsthe harborsDirect objectPluralAblativeport-ibusBy, with, from the harborsNo. 66: Gender: All masculine except manus, -ūs, f. hand, domus, ūs, f. house, cornū, ūs, n. horn, genū, ūs, n., knee, and a few others.Practice – Week 7 No. 65. The Fourth DeclensionAdd the form and meaning for portus, portūs (harbor)FormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObj of PrepPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObj of PrepCopy Grammar Rule: No. 66: Gender: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Additional Practice for Week 7 Practice declining the nouns in the vocabulary on using the following charts: Review: mundus, ī – worldFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Preposition4th Declension Nouns: adventus, ūs – arrival, comingFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W7equitātus ūs- cavalryFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositionexercitus, ūs – armyFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W7impetus, ūs - attackFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositionmetus, ūs - fearFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W7spīritus , ūs - breath, spiritFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositionsenātus , ūs - senateFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionGrammar Semester 1 Week 8No. 66: Gender (4th Declension): All masculine except manus, -ūs, f. hand, domus, ūs, f. house, cornū, ūs, n. horn, genū, ūs, n., knee, and a few others.No. 69: The Fifth DeclensionFormMeaningUseSingular NominativerēsThe thingSubjectSingular Genitiver-eī Of the thingPossessiveSingular Dativer-eī To or for thingIndirect objectSingular Accusativer-emThe thingDirect objectSingular Ablativer-ē By, with, from the thingPlural Nominativer-ēs The thingsSubjectPlural Genitiver-ērumOf the thingsPossessivePlural Dativer-ēbus To or for the thingsIndirect objectPlural Accusativer-ēsthe thingsDirect objectPlural Ablativer-ēbus By, with, from the thingsNo. 70: Gender: All feminine except diēs, diēī which is generally masculine. In the singular, however, when it means a set date or a “period of time” even diēs is often feminine. Certain nouns, such as fidēs, f., faith, have no plural forms. No. 71: Note: The genitive and dative singular ending of the fifth declension is ēī instead of eī when the stem ends in a vowel, as diēs, stem di, therefore di-ēī. No. 73: How to decline an Adjective: 1. Learn the nominative and genitive from the vocabularies2. These show what model the adjective follows3. Add the endings of this model to the stem. Week 8 Additional Rules from the Reading: IN with the Accusative: The preposition in may take either the accusative or the ablative case. 1. Whenever there is MOVEMENT or MOTION expressed by the in, the ACCUSATIVE is used.2. When there is no idea of movement or motion, the ABLATIVE is used.Practice for Week 8 Read and Review gender rule for 4th Declension nouns: No. 66: Gender (4th Declension): All masculine except manus, -ūs, f. hand, domus, ūs, f. house, cornū, ūs, n. horn, genū, ūs, n., knee, and a few others.No. 69: The Fifth DeclensionAdd form and meaning for rēs, reī (thing) FormMeaningUseSingular NominativeSubjectSingular GenitivePossessiveSingular DativeIndirect objectSingular AccusativeDirect objectSingular AblativePlural NominativeSubjectPlural GenitivePossessivePlural DativeIndirect objectPlural AccusativeDirect objectPlural AblativeNo. 70: Gender: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Read and Review this note: No. 71: Note: The genitive and dative singular ending of the fifth declension is ēī instead of eī when the stem ends in a vowel, as diēs, stem di, therefore di-ēī. Copy steps on how to decline an adjective below: No. 73: How to decline an Adjective: 1. ________________________________________________________________________2. _________________________________________________________________________3. __________________________________________________________________________ Review: Additional Rules from the Reading: IN with the Accusative: The preposition in may take either the accusative or the ablative case. 1. Whenever there is MOVEMENT or MOTION expressed by the in, the __________________ is used.2. When there is no idea of movement or motion, the _____________________ is used.Additional Practice for Week 8: Practice declining the nouns in the vocabulary on using the following charts: rēs, reī - thing, affairFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositionfidēs, fideī – faith, reliability, faithfulnessFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W8aciēs, aciēī - battle lineFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositionspēs, speī - hopeFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W8Nouns with special meanings (pg 64)castra, castrōrum - campFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositionimpedīmenta, impedīmentōrum - baggage, baggage trainFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W8Some Latin nouns have different meanings in the singular and plural:grātia, ae – favor, influence, grace (in Christian Latin)grātiae, grātiārum – thanksFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositioncōpia, ae – supply, abundancecōpiae, cōpiarum, f. - troops, forces (a military term)FormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionGrammar Semester 1 Week 9Grammar No. 72: Adjectives in -us of the First and Second DeclensionsMasculinelike servusFemininelike portaNeuterlike bellumSingularNominativemagn-usmagn-amagn-umSingularGenitivemagn-īmagn-aemagn-īSingularDativemagn-ōmagn-aemagn-ōSingularAccusativemagn-ummagn-ammagn-umSingularAblativemagn-ōmagn-āmagn-ōPluralNominativemagn-īmagn-aemagn-aPluralGenitivemagn-ōrummagn-ārummagn-ōrumPluralDativemagn-īsmagn-īsmagn-īsPluralAccusativemagn-ōsmagn-āsmagn-āPluralAblativemagn-īsmagn-īsmagn-īsPractice for Week 9 Practice declining adjectives in the first and second declension using magnus (masc), magna (fem), magnum (neut)Masculinelike servusFemininelike portaNeuterlike bellumSingularNominativeSingularGenitiveSingularDativeSingularAccusativeSingularAblativePluralNominativePluralGenitivePluralDativePluralAccusativePluralAblativeWeek 10Additional Rules from the Reading: 1. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number and case.2. Adjectives of QUANTITY generally precede their nouns.3. Adjectives of QUALITY generally follow their nouns.Review above rules: 1. Adjectives agree with their nouns in _______________, ______________ and ___________________.2. Adjectives of QUANTITY generally ________________ their nouns.3. Adjectives of QUALITY generally _________________ their nouns.Practice for week 10 Decline adjectives from the vocabulary magnus, a, um – great, largeMasculinelike servusFemininelike portaNeuterlike bellumSingularNominativeSingularGenitiveSingularDativeSingularAccusativeSingularAblativePluralNominativePluralGenitivePluralDativePluralAccusativePluralAblativealtus, a, um – high, deepMasculinelike servusFemininelike portaNeuterlike bellumSingularNominativeSingularGenitiveSingularDativeSingularAccusativeSingularAblativePluralNominativePluralGenitivePluralDativePluralAccusativePluralAblativeS1W10bonus, a, um - goodMasculinelike servusFemininelike portaNeuterlike bellumSingularNominativeSingularGenitiveSingularDativeSingularAccusativeSingularAblativePluralNominativePluralGenitivePluralDativePluralAccusativePluralAblativelongus, a, um - longMasculinelike servusFemininelike portaNeuterlike bellumSingularNominativeSingularGenitiveSingularDativeSingularAccusativeSingularAblativePluralNominativePluralGenitivePluralDativePluralAccusativePluralAblativeS1W10malus, a, um - badMasculinelike servusFemininelike portaNeuterlike bellumSingularNominativeSingularGenitiveSingularDativeSingularAccusativeSingularAblativePluralNominativePluralGenitivePluralDativePluralAccusativePluralAblativemultus, a, um – much (pl. many)Masculinelike servusFemininelike portaNeuterlike bellumSingularNominativeSingularGenitiveSingularDativeSingularAccusativeSingularAblativePluralNominativePluralGenitivePluralDativePluralAccusativePluralAblativeS1W10sāntus, a, um – holy, saintMasculinelike servusFemininelike portaNeuterlike bellumSingularNominativeSingularGenitiveSingularDativeSingularAccusativeSingularAblativePluralNominativePluralGenitivePluralDativePluralAccusativePluralAblativeprīmus, a, um – firstMasculinelike servusFemininelike portaNeuterlike bellumSingularNominativeSingularGenitiveSingularDativeSingularAccusativeSingularAblativePluralNominativePluralGenitivePluralDativePluralAccusativePluralAblativeThis page left intentionally blankWeek 11Additional Rules from the Reading: 1. Adjectives may also be linked to their noun by means of a linking verb like sum, I am. These adjectives are called predicate adjectives. 2. The rule of agreement is the SAME for attributive and predicate adjectives.3. The preposition prō ALWAYS takes the ABLATIVE. In expressions of PLACE, prō means in front of.Review the above rules: 1. Adjectives may also be linked to their noun by means of a linking verb like sum, I am. These adjectives are called __________________ _____________________. 2. The rule of agreement is the ___________ for attributive and predicate adjectives.3. The preposition prō ALWAYS takes the ________________. In expressions of PLACE, prō means ___ ____________ _______. Practice for week 11Decline adjectives from the vocabulary angustus, a, um - narrowMasculinelike servusFemininelike portaNeuterlike bellumSingularNominativeSingularGenitiveSingularDativeSingularAccusativeSingularAblativePluralNominativePluralGenitivePluralDativePluralAccusativePluralAblativereliquus, a, um - remaining, the rest ofMasculinelike servusFemininelike portaNeuterlike bellumSingularNominativeSingularGenitiveSingularDativeSingularAccusativeSingularAblativePluralNominativePluralGenitivePluralDativePluralAccusativePluralAblativeS1W11tūtus, a, um - safeMasculinelike servusFemininelike portaNeuterlike bellumSingularNominativeSingularGenitiveSingularDativeSingularAccusativeSingularAblativePluralNominativePluralGenitivePluralDativePluralAccusativePluralAblativeRōmānus, a um - RomanMasculinelike servusFemininelike portaNeuterlike bellumSingularNominativeSingularGenitiveSingularDativeSingularAccusativeSingularAblativePluralNominativePluralGenitivePluralDativePluralAccusativePluralAblativeS1W11Chrīstiānus, a, um - ChristianMasculinelike servusFemininelike portaNeuterlike bellumSingularNominativeSingularGenitiveSingularDativeSingularAccusativeSingularAblativePluralNominativePluralGenitivePluralDativePluralAccusativePluralAblativeReview Nouns: inopia, ae – scarcity, wantFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W11dominus, ī – master, LordFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositionmūrus, ī - wallFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W11frūmentum, ī – grain, (pl. crops)FormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositionlegiō, legiōnis, f. - legionFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionGrammar Semester 1 Week 12Grammar No. 78:Gravis, e, - heavy, severe, serious is declined thus:MasculineFeminineNeuterSingularNominativegrav-isgrav-isgrav-eSingularGenitivegrav-isgrav-isgrav-isSingularDativegrav-īgrav-īgrav-īSingularAccusativegrav-emgrav-emgrav-eSingularAblativegrav-īgrav-īgrav-īPluralNominativegrav-ēsgrav-ēsgrav-iaPluralGenitivegrav-iumgrav-iumgrav-iumPluralDativegrav-ibusgrav-ibusgrav-ibusPluralAccusativegrav-ēsgrav-ēsgrav-iaPluralAblativegrav-ibusgrav-ibusgrav-ibusAdditional Rules from the Reading. 1. All adjectives with -IS, -E in the nominative singular are declined like gravis, e.2 Prepositional phrases which modify adjectives are often translated into Latin by the genitive or dative or ablative WITHOUT A PREPOSITION. THE PROPER CASE TO BE USED IS DETERMINED BY THE ADJECTIVE. Practice for Week 12 Grammar No. 78:Decline gravis, e, - heavy, severe, serious MasculineFeminineNeuterSingularNominativeSingularGenitiveSingularDativeSingularAccusativeSingularAblativePluralNominativePluralGenitivePluralDativePluralAccusativePluralAblativeReview: Additional Rules from the Reading. 1. All adjectives with -IS, -E in the nominative singular are declined like _____________________.2 Prepositional phrases which modify adjectives are often translated into Latin by the genitive or dative or ablative WITHOUT A __________________. THE PROPER CASE TO BE USED IS DETERMINED BY THE ____________________. Practice for week 12Decline adjectives from the vocabulary brevis, e – shortMasculineFeminineNeuterSingularNominativeSingularGenitiveSingularDativeSingularAccusativeSingularAblativePluralNominativePluralGenitivePluralDativePluralAccusativePluralAblativecommūnis, e – commonMasculineFeminineNeuterSingularNominativeSingularGenitiveSingularDativeSingularAccusativeSingularAblativePluralNominativePluralGenitivePluralDativePluralAccusativePluralAblativeS1W12fortis, e – brave, strongMasculineFeminineNeuterSingularNominativeSingularGenitiveSingularDativeSingularAccusativeSingularAblativePluralNominativePluralGenitivePluralDativePluralAccusativePluralAblativenōbilis, e - noble, renownedMasculineFeminineNeuterSingularNominativeSingularGenitiveSingularDativeSingularAccusativeSingularAblativePluralNominativePluralGenitivePluralDativePluralAccusativePluralAblativeS1W12difficilis, e - difficultMasculineFeminineNeuterSingularNominativeSingularGenitiveSingularDativeSingularAccusativeSingularAblativePluralNominativePluralGenitivePluralDativePluralAccusativePluralAblativefacilis, e – easyMasculineFeminineNeuterSingularNominativeSingularGenitiveSingularDativeSingularAccusativeSingularAblativePluralNominativePluralGenitivePluralDativePluralAccusativePluralAblativeS1W12omnis, e – all, everyMasculineFeminineNeuterSingularNominativeSingularGenitiveSingularDativeSingularAccusativeSingularAblativePluralNominativePluralGenitivePluralDativePluralAccusativePluralAblativesimilis, e; w. gen or dat. - like, similarMasculineFeminineNeuterSingularNominativeSingularGenitiveSingularDativeSingularAccusativeSingularAblativePluralNominativePluralGenitivePluralDativePluralAccusativePluralAblativeS1W12 Review 1st and 2nd Declension Adjectivescupidus, a, um; w. gen – eager, desirousMasculinelike servusFemininelike portaNeuterlike bellumSingularNominativeSingularGenitiveSingularDativeSingularAccusativeSingularAblativePluralNominativePluralGenitivePluralDativePluralAccusativePluralAblativeplēnus, a, um; w. gen or abl. - fullMasculinelike servusFemininelike portaNeuterlike bellumSingularNominativeSingularGenitiveSingularDativeSingularAccusativeSingularAblativePluralNominativePluralGenitivePluralDativePluralAccusativePluralAblativeS1W12fīnitimus, a, um; w. dat. - neighboring, nextMasculinelike servusFemininelike portaNeuterlike bellumSingularNominativeSingularGenitiveSingularDativeSingularAccusativeSingularAblativePluralNominativePluralGenitivePluralDativePluralAccusativePluralAblativeReview: NounsSpecial noun: Jēsūs, ū - JesusFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W12urbs, urbis – cityFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositionpōns, pontis, m. - bridgeFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionS1W12signum, ī - standard, signal, signFormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the Prepositioneques, equitis - horseman (pl. calvary)FormMeaningUseSingularNominativeSubjectSingularGenitivePossessiveSingularDativeIndirect objectSingularAccusativeDirect objectSingularAblativeObject of the PrepositionPluralNominativeSubjectPluralGenitivePossessivePluralDativeIndirect objectPluralAccusativeDirect objectPluralAblativeObject of the PrepositionGrammar Semester 1 Week 13No 162: Present Tense (present stem)Singular - 1. laud-ō - I praise, I am praising, I do praise 2. laud-ās - you praise, you are praising, you do praise 3. laud-at – he, she, it praises; he, she, it are praising; he, she it does praisePlural - 1. laud-āmus - we praise, we are praising, we do praiselaud-ātis -you praise, you are praising, you do praiselaud-ant – they praise, they are praising, they do praiseAdditional Rules from the Reading: 1. In both English and Latin, verbs change their form to express tense, person, and number. 2. All verbs whose present infinitive active ends in - ?RE belong to the first conjugation.3. First conjugation final personal signs.SingularPlural1 (I) ….(we) -mus2(you) -s(you) -tis3(he, she, it) -t(they) -nt(Generally, ō or m is a sign of the first person singular, I.)4. : A finite verb agrees with its subject in PERSON and NUMBER.Grammar Semester 1 Week 13No 162: Present Tense (present stem)Give form and meaning for laudō, 1. tr., praise FormMeaningSingular1st PSingular2nd PSingular3rd PPlural1st PPlural2nd PPlural3rd PReview: Additional Rules from the Reading: 1. In both English and Latin, verbs change their form to express __________, __________, and ____________. 2. All verbs whose present infinitive active ends in - ?RE belong to the _____________ conjugation.3. First conjugation final personal signs.Fill in the final personal signs below:SingularPlural1 (I) ….(we) -2(you) -(you) -3(he, she, it) -___(they) -(Generally, ō or m is a sign of the first person singular, I.)4. : A finite verb agrees with its subject in _______________ and _________________.Additional Practice for Week 13 Practice the Present Tense (present stem) using words in the vocabulary occupō, 1. tr., seizeFormMeaningSingular1st PSingular2nd PSingular3rd PPlural1st PPlural2nd PPlural3rd Poppugnō, 1, tr., attack, assaultFormMeaningSingular1st PSingular2nd PSingular3rd PPlural1st PPlural2nd PPlural3rd Pōrō, 1, tr., beg, prayFormMeaningSingular1st PSingular2nd PSingular3rd PPlural1st PPlural2nd PPlural3rd PS1W13parō, 1, tr., prepare, get readyFormMeaningSingular1st PSingular2nd PSingular3rd PPlural1st PPlural2nd PPlural3rd P ................
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