APES CHAPTER 25 SUSTAINABLE CITIES: URBAN LAND USE ...
APES CHAPTER 25 SUSTAINABLE CITIES: URBAN LAND USE & MANAGEMENT
Ecocity characteristics
-Matter and Energy used efficiently
-Far less pollution and solid waste produced – recycle, reuse
-Uses locally available energy sources
-Buildings, vehicles, and appliances meet stiff energy efficiency
-Native trees and plants planted to provide shade, beauty, reduce pollution, noise and habitats for wildlife
-Lots and streams cleaned up
-Nearby farms, forest, grasslands and wetlands preserved
-food comes from nearby farms
-People oriented city – not car oriented
-Not the future now – Davis California
-A lot like the idea of Haile plantation
3 Urbanization and Urban Growth
Rate
Cities
cradles of civilization, centers of commerce, communication, technology, education, religion
centers of crowding, pollution and disease
If over 2,500 people called and URBAN Area
Rural Area – less than 2,500 people
Degree of urbanization – the percentage of population living in an urban area
Urban growth – is the rate of increase of urban populations- will happen more in developing countries
5 major trends
Since 1850’s 40%more population is living in cities
Number of large cities are mushrooming – megacities – cities with over 10 million people – name three
Developing countries will have over half their population (57%) living in the cities – more than N.A. Europe, Latin America and Japan combined
Developed countries will reach 84% urbanization
Poverty is becoming increasingly urbanized
Slums – 5-6 people in a room inner city
Squatter settlements or shanty towns - found in every country S.A. Barrios, Africa Bidonvilles, India – bustees – undeveloped land (dumps)that poor move onto and live in shacks
Cities do not improve because they do not want to encourage squatters – Some residents have made efforts to improve.
Causes of Urban Growth
Natural increase – more births than deaths
Immigration
economic reasons – jobs, poverty
political reasons – war
Societal – cities get more charity/welfare
Educational reasons
Case Study – MEXICO CITY – (Makesicko City)
Problems
Air pollution
naturally caused by the terrain – no wind
cars and factories
Slums – barrios – no water or sewer /fecal snow
Deforestation due to burning wood for fuel
Lakes dried up to over use
Solutions
industrializing other parts of Mexico – to lure people away
closed oil refinery
use unleaded gas and catalytic converters
plant trees to clean air
purchased land to provide green space
Urbanization of US
3 shifts in US history – since 1800
people moved to large central cities
1970 – moved from large central cities to suburbs
1980 – moved from north and east to south and west
problems
since 1920’s decreased
deteriorating services – aging infrastructures
lost taxes causing budget crunch
violence, crime and unemployment increasing
Major Spatial Patterns of Urban Development
Concentric Circle
ex. New York City
Central Business District
developed usually ringed with slums and then affluent neighborhoods
developing usually ringed with affluent and then slums
Sector City
grows in pie shaped wedges
ex. San Francisco
Multiple nuclei city
develops around multiple centers
ex. Los Angeles
Any can develop into a Megalopolis ex. Bowash
can cause urban sprawl when gas is cheap, plentiful land and good highways
urban sprawl bad because gobbles up habitats and farmland, dependent on car
Can also grow vertically like NY and Tokyo
What pattern do you see in Gainesville?
25.2 Urban resources and environmental problems
Environmental Effects
Problems caused by poverty and Problems caused by Affluence
Cities are not self sustaining – must import everything
Produce massive amounts of waste – pollution
Benefits
recycling more feasible
birth rates less in urban areas
better education opportunities
helps preserve biodiversity
Cities need to convert from linear metabolism to Circular metabolism –
Trees and Food Production in cities
Trees important for
absorbs air pollution
gives off oxygen
helps cool the air
muffles noise
provides wildlife habitats
worth $57,000 of environmental services over 50 year lifespan
Cities have a hard time growing own food, but many European countries do this in community gardens
Cities can encourage farmer’s market.
Water Supply problems
Cities must import large amounts of water from far distances
Covering land with asphalt means rain is not absorbed and then flooding occurs
Many cities built in low areas – near water intensifies flooding problems
Pollution Problems of Cities
Solid wastes builds up and can spread disease
Air pollution
Water purification and sewage
Heat pollution – cities are warmer, rainier foggier and cloudier than surrounding rural areas
Heat also traps pollutants
Tree planting prevents urban heat islands
Noise pollution – noise that interferes with hearing
causes deafness, high blood pressure etc.
measured in decibel-A (dbA)
75dbA damaging, 180 dbA can kill
5 ways to control noise
Modify noise activities and devices to produce less noise
Shield noisy devices
Move noisy operations away from people
Use antinoise, cancel out one noise with another
Cities affect on human health
Good
better education
better health care
better social services
bad
increases infectious diseases
industrial and traffic accidents
exposure to pollution
crime
Affect on rural areas
swallow up farmlands as they grow
means food must be transported farther – prices go up
Land prices and taxes rise – pushing farmers out
Crowd rural roads
Movement out eventually causes the same problems immigrants were moving away from. - + feedback
7 Transportation
Individual – cars, bicycles, walking
Mass – buses and rail systems
US – has 5% of pop but 35% of cars
US uses cars not only for transportation but also for symbols of status, power, etc.
One out of every 4 jobs are connected to the car
Car Cons
Very few people can afford it
causes death and injury
Largest source of air pollution
Use non renewable fossil fuels
Highways have caused social fragmentation
One third of urban land is used for roads, parking lots, etc.
Cars have not increased the average speed in cities
All these factors are hidden cost of cars – one way to pay for these things is to tax – user pays approach – gas -$5-6
Do away with tax breaks for using your car for business (subsidies)
Bicycles
Most used type of transportation in urban settings
Cheaper
No pollution
Go faster in crowed conditions
Are increasing in some cities
Unfortunately – decreasing in developing countries as they acquire affluence
Mass Transit in US
1. Only 8% in US, 15% Germany, 47%Japan
Car industries bought out cable car systems and dismantled to increase car and bus sales
20% of taxes go to mass transit 80% improvements of highways
Federal tax breaks for companies that provide parking, does not encourage use of mass transit or walking
Rail Systems – electric engines
3 systems
rapid rail – subway
regional trains – connect central cities with suburbs
light rail – trolleys or trams
Pros
energy efficient
less air pollution
fewer injuries
take up less land
availability to young, old, poor
cost a lot less to build and operate than highways
More passengers per driver
High Speed Regional Trains – bullet trains
Expensive to run so only good on long well traveled routes
Europe, Japan, Australia, China – have trains that take less time to get to an area than by flying. US is behind
MAGLEV trains – magnetic levitation rail - no friction, no noise, elevated over existing highways – very expensive.
Buses
Pros
more flexible – rerouted easily
don’t need tracks
cheaper
Cons
sometime operate in the red due to low fares to attract riders
can get caught in traffic
only profitable when full – some routes cut
25.4 Urban Planning and Control
Conventional Land Use Planning
Zoning – controversial – controlled by elected officials
2. Based on assumption that population growth and economic development should be encouraged.
3. Assumption made because most of revenue to run public services ( schools, police, fire, water, sewer) comes from property taxes.
4. Positive feedback loop
Encourage growth Get more people
Get more taxes
Need more taxes Need more services
5. If taxes get too high business and people move – leaving environmental decay
Ecological Land use planning
Complex process that takes in to account Geological, ecological , economic, health and societal factors
6 basic steps
Make and environmental and social inventory
Identify and prioritize goals – areas critical for preserving water, soil erosion and flooding
Develop individual and composite maps
Develop a master composite
Develop a master plan
Implement the master plan
Difficult because requires many years – due to being controlled by politics and politicians change every few years
Officials unwilling to pay for ecological land use planning
Need cooperation with surrounding areas – ex. Airport
Controlling land use
Allow zoning – land designated for certain activities
ex. Commercial, residential, industrial, utilities, transport, recreation, wetlands, floodplains
Bad because encourages urban sprawl when jobs away from home
Limit # of building permits
Tax according to actual use instead of Potential use
Japan and Western Europe have most comprehensive land use plans
In US only Oregon has a land use plan
25.5 Solutions – Making urban areas more Liveable
“History shows that the level achieved by a civilization can be measured by the degree to which it performs maintenance.” Eric Hoffer – philosopher/Longshoreman
Problems in US maintenance
Sewer backs us in Chicago, Boston has leaky pipes
Bridges and highways unsafe
Neglect due to budget cuts and neglect due to budget deficits
Urban Space can be preserved by
green spaces in the city – Central Park
Green belt around the city, kept by urban growth boundary
Cluster approach instead of typical row housing
Green ways – jogging paths, rail trails etc.
Build new towns?
Relieve pressure on overcrowded cities
3 basic types
a, satellite Towns
freestanding new towns
in town new towns
Need government help
How can we make towns more sustainable
more self reliant and energy efficient
Examples
give up lawns
cluster building
develop town center
plant lots of trees instead of cutting them down
people friendly not car centered
Good ex. Chattanooga Tenn, US and Curitiba, Brazil –
Primary problem not urbanization but our failure to make cities more sustainable and livable
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