5.4: Canadian Homefront
Women on the Home Front
The Need for a larger labor force increased as factories began to operate seven days a week, with 12 hour days being the norm. As men left vital jobs to go off to war, there was a dramatic increase in the number of women in the workforce.
The ____________________________________________________________________ (NSS) was set up to recruit women into wartime work
Daycare and tax breaks were provided
Canadian women worked side-by-side with men on farms
By 1944, _________________________ women were in the workforce
As in WW1, women _______________________________ (in addition to working)
← Operated service clubs / canteens for military personnel
← Parcels for POWs
← Knit socks / sweaters for overseas troops
← Ran homes and farms
Raised money for Victory Bonds
The more things change, the more they stay the same:
1. During the War
• women were paid less than men for the same work.
2. After the war…
• Daycare & tax breaks were removed
• Women’s branches of the military were disbanded
• Women weren’t allowed to enlist in the forces again until the Korean war in 1951
• Women were expected to ‘give’ their jobs back to returning soldiers
Wartime Production
Government spending on the war effort reached 40% of the GNP by 1944, compared to 15% in WWI.
The government used such measures as rationing, compulsory arbitration, taxation and war bond sales to finance spending.
__________________________________________________________________ were Canada’s main customers of war materiel.
In 1942, the automotive industry also converted to the war effort.
The production of sleek luxury cars & family sedans was replaced by the production gun carriers & armored cars.
Canadian war factories were safe from bombing. Canada became an ____________________, and was Britain’s chief overseas supplier of war materiel.
__________________________________ – a lend-lease program for Canadian allies which supplied them with four billion dollars worth of war materiel. A further credit of a billion dollars was given to Britain.
• 11 billion dollars of munitions
1.7 million small arms
43,000 heavy guns
16,000 aircraft
2 million tonnes of explosives
815,000 military vehicles, 50,000 tanks and armoured gun carriers
9,000 boats and ships
Uranium for the “Manhattan Project”
Canada was faced with the challenge of creating - practically from scratch - a strong industrial base to produce weapons and war materials for the war effort. Canadian industry and the workforce of our country stepped up with an amazing response to this situation and helped contribute to the Allied victory in the war.
Canadian war factories were safe from bombing. Canada became an arsenal, and was ________________________ chief overseas supplier of war materiel.
Victory Bonds
Buying Victory Bonds (_____________________________) were essential to the war effort on the home front
They were a popular way to pay for the war in all the countries involved
Rationing
Sugar was the first item to be rationed, followed quickly by tea, coffee, butter, gasoline and other vital materials
Recycling
People were encouraged not to throw away materials such as metal, rubber, clothe, and food waste
They would be recycled and used in the war effort
End of the War
The war in Europe ended on May 8, 1945, which became known as ____________________________.
The war in the South Pacific ended on August 14, 1945, called _____________________________. It only ended when the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan.
Grim Statistics
The losses Canada had in the war increased patriotism and set the stage for Canada’s role in the world after the war.
55 million worldwide died in battles, concentration camps and at home.
Paying for the war
The war had cost Canada $18 billion dollars & created a debt of more than $10 billion dollars.Yet new industries had developed during the war, making Canada an important industrial nation.
After the War
During the war, agriculture became increasingly mechanized, manufacturing saw massive growth, exports increased, government spending increased substantially, unemployment virtually disappeared, and more than 1 million women, who were previously engaged in homemaking moved into the workforce. The economy not only recovered from the Great Depression, which had preceded the war, but also gained the momentum that would lead to rapid postwar prosperity.
From 1946 to 1957, Canada saw increased prosperity, partly due to the needs of a rapidly growing population for homes, schools, hospitals, roads, and factories. Canada’s exports also continued to grow with its participation in the U.S.-led reconstruction of a war-ravaged Europe.
Canada and the United States were the only two major industrialized countries whose infrastructures were substantially expanded during the war rather than devastated
A New Age in International Affairs
_____________________________ replaced Europe as center of International Affairs
WW2 was replaced with _______________________________ between the former allies USSR and USA
Canada became more closely connected with USA
Emergence of the ___________________________________________________
Canada became a _____________________________: smaller than a great power, but wealthier & more powerful than smaller or poorer nations
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