IGCSE History 2014 March Units 1-3 Core Content



Question / ThemeMark schemeWhat I got / what I could addUnit 1: Peace Treaties 1919-1923 Paper: 20125 (a) What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles in relation to territorial changes? (4) Level 0 No evidence submitted or response does not address the question [0] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘Germany lost land to other countries.’ Level 2 Describes terms [2–4] (One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail.) e.g. ‘Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France.’ ‘Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia became independent states.’ ‘Danzig became a free city run by the League of Nations.’ ‘West Prussia and Posen were given to Poland.’ ‘Eupen and Malmedy were given to Belgium.’ Denmark gained North Schleswig after a plebiscite.’5 (b) Why was it difficult to make a peace settlement which would please all the Allies? (6)Level 0 No evidence submitted or response does not address the question [0] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘They all had different aims.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons [2–4] (One mark for each point.) e.g. ‘Clemenceau wanted security for France.’ ‘The French wanted to punish Germany severely.’ ‘Lloyd George wanted to protect British interests.’ ‘Wilson wanted to use his Fourteen Points.’ Level 3 Explains TWO/THREE reasons [5–6] e.g. ‘The French wanted revenge on Germany for the destruction the war had caused and therefore wanted Germany to pay huge reparations. However, Lloyd George was unhappy about this; he did not want to treat Germany too harshly as he wanted Germany as a future trading partner.’ 5 (c) ‘Most Germans were horrified by the terms of the Treaty.’ How justified was this reaction? Explain your answer. (10)Level 0 No evidence submitted or response does not address the question [0] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘Their reaction was justified because the Treaty was too harsh.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes justification/lack of justification [2-3] (One mark for each point.) e.g. ‘Their reaction was justified because their armed forces were reduced.’ ‘Their reaction was justified because the reparations were very high.’ ‘Their reaction was justified because the war wasn’t Germany’s fault.’ ‘Their reaction was not justified because Germany treated Russia worse.’ ‘Their reaction was not justified because Germany had agreed to the terms of the Armistice.’ ‘Their reaction was not justified because Germany would have imposed a harsh treaty if they had won.’ Level 3 Explanation of justification OR lack of justification [4–6] e.g. ‘The German reaction was justified because Germany was forced to disarm to an extent that no other nation was. Their army was reduced to just 100,000 men, a very small number for a country of Germany’s size. The Germans felt this would leave them vulnerable to attack.’ OR e.g. ‘The German reaction was not justified because they had treated Russia more harshly in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Under the terms of this treaty Russia lost 32% of their agricultural land and 54% of their industry, and was fined 300 million gold roubles. The Germans had little cause for complaint given their treatment of Russia.’ Level 4 Explanation of justification AND lack of justification (7-9] Both sides of Level 3. Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘how justified’ [10] Unit 2: The League of Nations Paper: 20116 (a) What steps did the League of Nations take against Japan following the invasion of Manchuria?(4) Level 0 No evidence submitted or response does not address the question [0] Level 1 General answer [1] e.g. ‘They did very little.’ Level 2 Describes steps [2–4] (One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail.) e.g. ‘They used moral condemnation.’ ‘When China appealed to the League for help, it instructed Japanese forces to withdraw.’ ‘The League decided to set up a Commission of Inquiry under Lord Lytton.’ ‘The Commission was sent to the area to gather information and report on what happened. It took nearly a year to do so.’ ‘When the Report was published in late 1932, it condemned Japan’s actions.’ ‘The members of the League accepted Lytton’s conclusions and again instructed the Japanese to leave. The Japanese ignored the report and instruction, and left the League.’6 (b) Why did the Depression cause problems for the League? (6)Level 0 No evidence submitted or response does not address the question [0] Level 1 General answer [1] e.g. ‘Countries looked after themselves.’ Level 2 Identifies why [2–4] (One mark for each identified point.)e.g. ‘One of the League’s aims was to encourage economic trade between countries.’ ‘The Depression turned people to extreme political parties.’ ‘Extremism increased militarism.’ ‘Countries began to look after themselves.’ ‘Countries were invaded for economic reasons.’ Level 3 Explains why [5–6]e.g. ‘The World Depression had political consequences. Many had lost their jobs and turned to extreme political parties that promised solutions to the economic crisis. These extremist parties, like the Nazis in Germany did not believe in democracy and international cooperation. They cared for themselves and ignored the authority of the League.’ ‘Many extreme parties were nationalist and an aspect of extreme nationalism was militarism. Parties, like the Nazis, built up their armed forces and used aggression against other nations. This was against the aims of the League.’ ‘Economic rivalry increased and replaced co-operation with many countries being badly hit by loss of exports which in turn lost imports. Some of these countries, such as Japan, turned to expansion.’ ‘The Depression had damaged world trade and the imposition of economic sanctions would damage it further.’6 (c) ‘The League of Nations was based on sound ideas.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. (10)Level 0 No evidence submitted or response does not address the question [0] Level 1 Unsupported assertions [1] e.g. ‘The League was too idealistic.’ Level 2 Identifies ideas [2-3] e.g. ‘It was introduced to keep the peace.’ ‘It was set up to keep the peace settlement.’ ‘The idea was to use collective security.’ ‘The League was to encourage international trade.’ Level 3 Explains agreement OR disagreement [4–6] e.g. ‘The creation of the League was an attempt to make sure nations did not have to live through the horrors of world war again. It encouraged governments to strive for world peace by urging them to talk over their problems rather than going to war. The League wanted countries to disarm so that they would not be tempted to use military action to settle their differences.’ ‘The League’s agencies were to raise peoples’ awareness on a whole range of social issues.’ OR‘The League was too idealistic to believe that all countries would sit around a table to solve their problems. Not all countries were members and some left when problems arose. Countries were not willing to disarm as this would give away their security.’ ‘The League had no standing army and this was unrealistic in its belief that moral and economic sanctions would work in all cases or that countries would give military support.’ ‘The League was trying to uphold the peace settlement even when founder members thought some terms were too harsh and were willing to make adjustments to the treaties or ignore parts.’ ‘All members were to have equal voting rights. All decisions in the Assembly and the Council had to be unanimous. This was fine if members agreed with each other, but not when they disagreed.’ Level 4 Explains agreement AND disagreement [7-9] Both sides of Level 3. Level 5 Explains with evaluative judgement of ‘how far’ [10] Level 4 + evaluation.Unit 3: Causes of WW2Paper: 20106 (a) What did Hitler achieve by the Anschluss? (4)Level 1 General answer [1–2] e.g. ‘A joining of Germany and Austria.’ ‘A launch pad for future invasions.’ Level 2 Describes what he achieved [2–4] (One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail.) e.g. ‘Hitler had successfully broken the Treaty of Versailles which stated that there should be no Anschluss between Germany and Austria.’ ‘By joining Germany and Austria, Hitler had helped his development of a Greater Germany.’ ‘Hitler had acquired his homeland because he was born in Austria.’ ‘Austria’s soldiers, weapons and its rich deposits of gold and iron ore were added to Germany’s increasingly strong army and industry.’ ‘The Anschluss showed that the Allies were not willing to go to war over a treaty which seemed suspect and flawed. This encouraged Hitler.’ (b) Why did Hitler want to take over Czechoslovakia? (6)Level 1 General answer [1] e.g. ‘To gain land.’ ‘To take its minerals.’ Level 2 Identifies why [2–4] (One mark for each) e.g. ‘To gain living-space.’ ‘To unite German-speaking people.’ ‘To break the 1919 Peace Settlement.’ ‘To gain coal, iron and weapons.’ ‘To end democracy.’ ‘To gain a strategically important country.’ ‘He hated the Czechs because they were Slavs.’ Level 3 Explains why [5–6] (Award one mark for an explanation, additional mark for full explanation.) e.g. ‘One of Hitler’s foreign policy aims was to create ‘lebensraum’ to the east and this would be the start of this idea.’ ‘Part of Czechoslovakia was the Sudetenland where 3,500,000 German-speaking people lived. One of Hitler’s aims was to unite German-speaking people.’ ‘Czechoslovakia had considerable coal reserves in Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia, iron ore deposits in Slovakia and weapons factories in Bohemia and Moravia including the famous Skoda works. This would be useful for Hitler’s war machine.’ ‘Czechoslovakia was strategically important as it would give a great advantage for German military and economic dominance of central Europe.’ ‘A free and hostile Czechoslovakia would make it impossible for Germany to fight in the West, as Hitler would then face a war on two fronts which he wanted to avoid.’(c) ‘The policy of appeasement was a mistake.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. (10)Level 1 Unsupported assertions [1] e.g. ‘It was a risky policy.’ Level 2 Identifies reasons [2–3] e.g. ‘It allowed Germany to get strong.’ ‘It allowed Hitler to be aggressive.’ ‘It trusted Hitler.’ ‘It gave time to Britain.’ ‘It alarmed the USSR.’ ‘The Treaty was unjust and should be redressed.’ ‘It delayed war.’ Level 3 Explains agreement OR disagreement [4–6] e.g. ‘Appeasement was about giving in to a bully. The appeasers assumed that if they made concessions to Hitler it would reduce the chance of war. In fact, it encouraged Hitler to demand more.’ ‘The appeasers assumed Hitler was a rational politician. They completely misjudged his ruthlessness both to break agreements and use force.’ ‘The appeasers missed vital opportunities to stop Hitler, in particular over the Rhineland and, by delaying, allowed Hitler time to build up his military strength.’ ‘In 1938, by abandoning Czechoslovakia, Britain lost a potentially important ally against Hitler.’ ‘It alarmed the USSR as Hitler made no secret of his plans to expand eastwards. It sent the message to the Soviet Union that Britain and France would not stand in his way.’ OR‘The Treaty of Versailles was harsh on Germany and it seemed common sense to try to settle Germany’s grievances by negotiation.’ ‘Britain was not ready to fight Germany and it gave time for Britain to rearm.’ ‘It was not at all certain that the Empire would support another war. The delay ensured that the support would be there.’ ‘Both British and French leaders wanted to avoid the horrors of another war and made every effort through appeasement to do so.’ Level 4 Explains agreement AND disagreement [7-9] Both sides of Level 3 Level 5 Explains with evaluative judgement of ‘how far’ [10] ................
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