Chapter 15 The Jazz Age (1921-1929)



Chapter 15 The Jazz Age (1921-1929)

Chapter 15 Section 1---A Clash of Values

I. Nativism Resurges (pp. 482-484)

A. 1920s—Racism & nativism increased

1. Immigrants & demobilized military men & women competed for the same jobs during a time of high unemployment & increased cost of living

1 Sacco and Vanzetti Case

2. Both were anarchists & accused of murder and theft

3. Ethnic prejudice against them because they were Italian immigrants & because of their political beliefs

4. Executed in 1927

B. Pseudo-Scientific Racism:

1. Eugenics—false science of the improvement of hereditary traits

a. Nativists emphasized that human inequalities were inherited & said that inferior people should not be allowed to breed

b. Added to the anti-immigrant feeling & promoted strict immigrant control

2 Ku Klux Klan (KKK)---led the movement to restrict immigration

2. Targeted Blacks, Catholics, Jews, Immigrants, & other groups believed to have “un-American “ values

3. 1924--Membership reached 4 million

4. Scandals & poor leadership led to its decline in the late 1920s.

II. Controlling Immigration (page 484)

A. Emergency Quota Act (1921)

1. limited immigration to 3% of the total number of people in any ethnic group already living in the United States

2. discriminated heavily against Southern & Eastern Europeans

B. National Origins Act (1924)—made immigrant restriction a permanent policy

1. Lowered the quotas to 2% of each national group living in the U.S. in 1890

2. 1929—Replaced the Quotas with a limit of 150,000 immigrants per year (% allotted to each nationality group based on 1920 census)

***87% of the immigrants would come from Northern & Western

Europe***

C. Impact of Immigration Acts of 1921 & 1924:

1. reduced the labor pool in the U.S.

2. 1914-late 1920s--More Hispanic (Mexican) immigrants came to the U.S. to fill employers needs

III. The New Morality (pp. 484-486)

A. “New Morality” challenged traditional ideas & glorified youth and personal freedom

1. new ideas about marriage, work, & pleasure affected the way people lived

2. women broke away from their families as they entered the workforce, earned their own living, & attended college

3. The automobile made the American youths more independent & allowed them to pursue interests away from their parents

B. Women of the 1920s:

1. Flapper—young, dramatic, stylish & unconventional women

a. bobbed haircuts, wore flesh colored silk stockings, smoked cigarettes, drank liquor, etc

2. Professionally, women made advances in science, medicine, law & literature

a. Margaret Sanger, Margaret Mead, Florence Sabin

IV. The Fundamentalist Movement (pp. 486-487)

A. Fundamentalists---feared the new morality & worried about America’s social decline

1. Most came from rural towns

B. Fundamentalist Beliefs:

1. rejected Darwin’s theory of Evolution and believed in Creationism (God had created the world as described in the Bible)

2. Fundamentalist Preachers: Billy Sunday &Aimee McPherson

3 Scopes Trial

3. 1925-Tennessee passed the Butler Act which made it illegal to teach the Evolutionary Theory or anything else that denied creationism

4. John T. Scopes tested the Butler Act by teaching evolution

5. Key Participants:

a. William Jennings Bryan—represented the Creationists

b. Clarence Darrow---defended Scopes

6. Scopes guilty, but later overturned

7. Fundamentalists saw a decline in their political activism

V. Prohibition (pp. 487-488)

A. 18th Amendment---Prohibited the making, selling, & drinking of alcohol

1. many believed this would reduce unemployment, domestic violence, & poverty

4 Volstead Act---enforcement responsibility of the Treasury Department

2. People ignored the laws of Prohibition (Speakeasies)

3. Crime became big business & gangsters corrupted many local politicians & governments (Bootlegging)

4. 21st Amendment (1933)—Repealed Prohibition

Chapter 15 Section 2---------------Cultural Innovations

I. Art and Literature (pp. 492-494)

A. Manhattan’s Greenwich Village & Chicago’s South Side---centers of creativity, enlightenment, & freedom from conformity to old ideas

1. European art movement influenced American artists (Impressionism)

2. Writing styles & subject Matter varied

a. Carl Sandburg, Eugene O’Neil, Ernest Hemingway, F.

Scott Fitzgerald

II. Popular Culture (pp. 494-495)

A. Economic prosperity of the 1920s afforded Americans leisure time for enjoying sports, music, theater, & entertainment

B. Babe Ruth—Baseball & Jack Dempsey---Heavyweight Champion

C. Motion Pictures became more popular

1. The Jazz Singer----1st talking picture (1927)---Golden age of Hollywood

5 Mass Media helped break down the focus on local interests

2. help unify the nation & spread new ideas & attitudes

Chapter 15 Section 3--------African American Culture

I. The Harlem Renaissance (pp. 498-500)

A. Harlem Renaissance---Flowering of African American Arts

1. stimulated artistic developments, racial pride, a sense of community, & political organization

2. Writers:

a. Claude McKay---expressed defiance & contempt of racism

b. Langston Hughes---leading voice of the Black experience in the United States

3. Music:

a. Louis Armstrong---introduced jazz & a great coronet and trumpet soloist

b. Duke Ellington—Great Black Orchestra leader

c. Bessie Smith---Great “Blues Singer”

II. African American Politics (pp. 501-502)

A. NAACP battled against segregation & discrimination

B. Marcus Garvey---“Negro Nationalism”---Glorified Black culture & traditions

1. encouraged education to gain economic & political power

2. Plan: Move to Liberia (Back to Africa movement)---caused middle class Blacks to distance themselves from Garvey

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