World War II and the Holocaust
World War II and the Holocaust
Holocaust: “The state-sponsored, systematic persecution and annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1933 and 1945.
United States Holocaust Museum
The Road to War
• Germany’s defeat in WWI brought about the formation of a new government: The Weimar Republic
• ________________________-ended WWI
o Germany had to ____________________________________________
o Forced to make reparations to ____________________________________________
o Total bill was equivalent to ________________________
o German army was dramatically limited in size
The Road to War
• Many Germans protested not only the loss of the war, but ______________________________________________________________________
• Extremists blamed ____________________________________________and blamed the German Foreign Minister, a Jewish man, for reaching a settlement
• Ultimately, many aspects of the treaty were violated or ignored, with little enforcement from the rest of Europe
• Despite the flouting of the treaty, ____________________________________________
• The German mark’s value plummeted, causing hyperinflation
• Nearly 6 million Germans were ____________________________________________
Rise of the Nazi Party
• Weakened economy and ineffective Weimar Republic led to ____________________________________________
• Hitler voted chancellor
o _____________________________________________________________________
o _____________________________________________________________________
o _____________________________________________________________________
Totalitarianism
• The total control of a country and its culture by the government
• _____________________________________________________________________
• _____________________________________________________________________
• _____________________________________________________________________
Anti-Semitism
• Prior to 1933, Jews were living in every country in Europe (approx. 9 million total)
• Poland and the Soviet Union had the largest Jewish populations
• The long history of Anti-Semitism and persecution of Jews dates back _______________
• Germans used propaganda to ______________________________________.
o This included _____________________________ used in schools
The Nuremberg Laws
• During the first few years of Nazi rule, laws were passed __________________________
• Nuremberg Laws of 1935
o Stripped Jews of ___________________________
o Prohibited them from ______________________________________ with persons of “German or related blood.”
o Jews were deprived of _______________________ and were ________________ from economic and educational spheres
o Forced to carry identity cards with red “J” stamp, to allow for _____________________________________________________________
Persecution
• The Nazi plan for dealing with the “Jewish problem” evolved in three steps:
o Expulsion-____________________________________________
o Containment-___________________________________________________
o “Final Solution”-___________________________
• Other groups targeted included Gypsies, Homosexual men, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Physically and mentally handicapped Germans (Euthanasia Program), Poles, and Political dissidents
Kristallnacht
• “Night of the Broken Glass”
• November 9-10, 1938
• Germans attacked _____________________________________________________________
• 91 murdered, 30,000 deported and sent to concentration camps
• By 1939, half of Germany’s 500,000 Jews had emigrated to escape Nazi persecution
Invasion and War
• 1939-Germany invaded Poland, beginning World War II
o Pop. 3 million Polish Jews
• 1941-Germany invaded Russia
o Pop. 5 million Russian Jews
Einsatzgruppen
• Specially trained SS units-essentially “mobile killing squads”
• Sent by Heinrich Himmler into German occupied territory to ______________________
__________________________________________________________
• Estimated to have killed 1.3 million Jews between 1941 and 1945
• Victims were taken to deserted areas where they were ______________________
__________________________________________________________
Final Solution
• January 1942-Himmler called conference to discuss tactics against _________________
_______________________________________________________
• Existing methods were deemed inefficient-________________________________________
• Jews would be rounded up and moved to ghettos, for used as cheap labor
• Other Jews sent to “resettlement areas” where they would go through “selection”
o ______________________________________________________________
o ______________________________________________________________
• Ghettos were established across occupied Europe, usually in areas with a large Jewish population
o Life was very difficult-________________________________________________________
• Conditions designed so ___________________________________________________________
________________________________________
• How were people determined to be Jewish?
o ____________________________________________________________________________
o ____________________________________________________________________________
Concentration Camps
• Three types of camps: ___________________________________________________________
• First camp (Dachau) opened in 1933 for political dissidents and prisoners
• There were six death camps, all located in Poland: Auschwitz-Birkenau (also a labor camp), Treblinka, Chelmno, Sobibor, Majdanek, and Belzec
• Treblinka had a staff of 80 guards, 20-30 SS, ______________________________________
Great Deception
• Deception
o __________________________________________________________________
o __________________________________________________________________
o __________________________________________________________________
• Starvation
o __________________________________________________________________
• Terror
o __________________________________________________________________
Gas Chambers
• Designed for efficient mass execution
• Those “selected” would be given soap and sent to gas chambers sometimes disguised as showers
• Nazis would force large groups of prisoners into small cement rooms and __________________________________________________________________
• Nazis would try to pack as many as _________ into a gas chamber like the one pictured
• Jews selected as sonderkommando were ordered to ___________________ and ________ of victims and __________________________________________.
• About ____________________ pairs of shoes-one day’s collection at the peak of gassing
Resistance Movements
• Despite extremely high risk, some individuals and groups attempted to resist Nazism and Nazi policies
o _____________________________________________
o _____________________________________________
o _____________________________________________
o _____________________________________________
o _____________________________________________
• Still, less than 1% of non-Jewish European population helped in rescue operation
• Denmark and Bulgaria demonstrated most successful national resistance movements against attempts to deport their Jewish citizens
Liberation
• July 23, 1944—Soviet soldiers liberated first camp prisoners at Majdanek
• British, Canadian, American, and French troops also liberated camp prisoners
• Troops were shocked at what they saw
o _____________________________________________
o _____________________________________________
o _____________________________________________
Aftermath
• The Nazis killed at least 6 million Jews
o 2-3 million Soviet P.O.W.’s
o About 1.9 million non-Jewish Poles
o 220,000-500,000 Roma Gypsies
o 200,000 physically/mentally handicapped
• _____________________________________________
o Many stayed in camps in Germany run by the Allies
o Jewish DPs pushed for the founding of a Jewish state in British-controlled Palestine
o Jewish refugees allowed to enter U.S. _________________________________________
Nuremberg Trials
o _____________________________________________
• 22 Nazi war criminals tried by the Allies in the International Military Tribunal
• 12 prominent Nazis were sentenced to death
o Most claimed they were only following orders; this was judged to be an insufficient defense
o _____________________________________________
Art Spiegelman
• Celebrated cartoonist
• Work published in numerous journals and other media (The New York Times, The Village Voice)
o _____________________________________________
• He lives in NYC with wife and daughter
• He has won numerous awards for his work, including the 1992 Pulitzer Prize for Maus
Maus
• Maus: A Survivor’s Tale is a graphic memoir
• It recounts Spiegelman’s father’s struggle to survive the Holocaust as a Polish Jew
• It draws largely on his father’s recollections of events he personally experienced
• It also follows the author’s troubled relationship with his father and the way the effects of war continue to reverberate through generations of a family
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