Profile of Adolf Hitler 1889-1945
|Profile of Adolf Hitler 1889-1945 |
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|Adolf Hitler was born on 20th April 1889 in Austria. His father was a customs official. The family name was originally Schickelgruber. Adolf Hitler grew up with |
|a poor record at school and left, before completing his tuition, with an ambition to become an artist. He went to Vienna to fulfil his dream. |
|He failed to win a scholarship at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts. In 1909 he moved to Vienna hoping to find work but within a year he was living in homeless |
|shelters and eating at charity soup-kitchens. He took occasional menial jobs and sold some of his paintings or advertising posters whenever he could. In Vienna he |
|developed his hatred of foreigners and Jews. |
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|As a boy |
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|Ironically, the regimental captain who recommended Hitler for his Iron Cross (First Class) award was actually Jewish. |
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|In 1913 Hitler moved to Munich in southern Germany. When war broke out in 1914 he immediately volunteered to join the German army. He fought bravely and was |
|promoted to corporal. He won the both the Iron Cross second class and first class. At the end of the war in 1918 Hitler was in hospital recovering from temporary |
|gas-blindness. He had been wounded by a British gas attack in the Ypres Salient. |
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|Hitler remained in the army after the war and one of his duties was to spy on local political groups. One such group was the German Workers Party. Hitler became |
|interested and soon joined the party. Hitler's skills for publicity and as a speaker saw him transform it into the Nazi Party. In 1923 he led an attempt to |
|overthrow the Bavarian government but this spectacularly failed. He was sentenced to nine months in prison where he dictated his book Mein Kampf (My Struggle). |
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|After 1925 he rebuilt the Nazi Party, deciding he had to obtain power by democracy rather than by force. The Wall Street Crash in 1929 and the subsequent worldwide|
|depression hit Germany hard. Hitler used to situation to blame Jews and Communists, using them as scapegoats to gain support for himself. |
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|He became Chancellor in 1933 and President in 1934 and used the title Der Führer - leader. During the 1930s he 'Nazified' Germany, removing any potential |
|opposition and establishing his ideas for a greater Germany. |
|He led Germany to war in 1939 and tried to exterminate the Jews and other groups in Germany. When Germany was defeated in 1945 Hitler married his mistress Eva |
|Braun in his bomb proof bunker in Berlin. He shot himself on 30th April. |
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|How did Hitler come to power? |
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|1. The Munich Putsch |
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|By 1923 Hitler was the leader of the Nazi Party. With inflation running high, Hitler thought the time was ripe for his party to seize control in Germany. With a |
|group of ex-soldiers, including a war time air ace Hermann Goring, and Field Marshall Ludendorff, the Nazis plotted to seize control of Munich, the capital of |
|Bavaria, and then stage a march on Berlin. |
|It was a disaster. The plotters had not planned things carefully enough and Hitler lost his nerve. He spent most of the crisis making speeches to his own supporters|
|in a beer hall. When Ludendorff finally persuaded him to lead a march through the streets, the police fired on the marchers and Hitler and the Nazis ran away. Two|
|days later Hitler was arrested. |
|Hitler received a five year prison sentence for the Munich Putsch, but prison was very comfortable and he was let out after serving less than a year. He spent the |
|time writing a book about his ideas - Mein Kampf. |
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|2. A change of tactics |
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|Hitler decided to stop trying to seize power and sought election by legal means. He claimed he would have to use democracy. His chance came after 1929. America's |
|economy was in trouble, so the Americans stopped lending Germany money. The German economy collapsed. |
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|Thousands of Germans were thrown out of work. In the election of 1932 the Nazi Party made a very attractive set of promises based on what Hitler had written in |
|Mein Kampf. Hitler promised to provide jobs, sort out the economy and make Germany proud and strong again. In July 1932 the Nazi party was the biggest in the |
|Reichstag, the German Parliament building. Yet in November 1932, the Nazi vote dropped back again. |
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|3. Hitler becomes Chancellor |
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|There was a power struggle in Germany after the 1932 election. Many of the political parties thought they could use Hitler's popularity to their advantage. The |
|power struggle ended in the President asking Hitler to become Chancellor. |
|It was thought that other experienced politicians could control Hitler and the Nazis. They soon found that this was a mistake. Hitler quickly organised another |
|election and made sure the Nazis would do well... |
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|4. The Reichstag Fire |
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|Just before the election in 1933 the Reichstag building was set on fire. Hitler cleverly blamed the Communists, who were feared by many Germans. Most historians |
|think that Hitler organised the entire event to make people more afraid of the Communists and thus vote for the Nazis. |
|The Nazi vote increased in the election. By 1934 Hitler tightened his grip on Germany and had banned other political parties. He created a Nazi dictatorship. |
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|Why did people support Hitler? |
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|Hitler's promises |
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|People supported Hitler because he promised them what they wanted and needed to hear. |
|The Weimar Republic appeared to have no idea how to solve the problems of the Depression. The Nazis on the other hand promised to solve the |
|problems. Hitler promised most groups in Germany what they wanted. Hitler used the Jews and other sections of society as scapegoats, blaming |
|all the problems on them. To Germans at the time Hitler made sense, he united everyone by providing explanations for Germany's problems. |
|People in Germany were tired of their poor quality of life. Hitler promised to make Germany proud again - it was exactly what people wanted to |
|hear. Hitler pledged something for every part of Germany society: |
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| Promise |
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| Farmers |
|Higher prices for their produce - making up for all their losses during the Depression. |
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| Unemployed workers |
|Jobs building public works such as roads and stadiums. |
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| Middle Class |
|To restore the profits of small business and the value of savings. To end the Communist threat. |
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|Why did people support Hitler? |
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|Nazi beliefs |
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|Behind the promises were a set of beliefs that were to lead to the Second World War and the death of millions of innocent people: |
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|1. Rearm Germany and retake what was lost at Versailles. |
|2. The German Race (blonde, blue eyed Aryans) were a superior race. Anyone else was racially impure and should be removed from Germany. Hitler|
|called the Germans the 'master race'. |
|3. The 'master race' needed more living space - known (in German) as Lebensraum'. |
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|To all Germans Hitler promised to restore German honour by tearing up the hated Treaty of Versailles and by making Germany great again. |
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