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Name:_____________________________Period______________Suchopar/Bellisari: Dream TeamAP World01047750051911256858000Industrialization Outside the West: Revolution and Industry in RussiaUnit Essential Questions: To what extent did Russia’s communist revolution differ from previous political revolutions in Europe?Textbook Chapter 28: Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside the West (pages 662-673)Textbook Chapter 30: The World between Wars: Revolution, Depression, and Authoritarian Response (pages 738-742; 758- 762).AP World Themes:Theme 1: Interaction between humans and the environmentTheme 2: Development and interaction of culturesTheme 3: State Building, expansion, and conflictTheme 4: Creation expansion and interaction of economic systemsTheme 5: Development and transformation of social structuresAP World Key Concepts: 5.2: Imperialism and Nation-State Formation 6.1: Science and the Environment6.2: Global Conflicts and Their Consequences6.3: New Conceptualization of Global Economy, Society and Culture. AP Historical Reasoning Skills Targeted in Unit 6:Comparison CausationContinuity and Change Over TimePeriodization (Turning Points)Russian Revolution Vocabulary – Section IAnarchists: Political groups seeking abolition of all formal government; formed in many parts of Europe and Americas in late 19th and early 20th centuries; particularly prevalent in Russia, opposing tsarist autocracy and becoming a terrorist movement responsible for the assassination of Alexander II in 1881. Command Economy: A system in which the government made all economic decisions. Under this system, political leaders identify the country’s economic needs and determine how to fulfill them. Crimean War: Fought between 1854-1856; began as Russian attempt to attack Ottoman empire; Russia opposed by France and Britain as well; resulted in Russian defeat in the face of western industrial technology; led to Russian reforms under Tsar Alexander II.Decembrist Uprising: Political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms; put down by Tsar Nicholas I. Duma: Russia’s first parliament created in Russia in the aftermath of Bloody Sunday and the Revolution of 1905; Progressively stripped of power during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II; failed to forestall further revolution. The leaders of the Duma were moderates who wanted Russia to become a constitutional monarchy similar to Britain. Emancipation of the serfs: Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; were required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land. Holy Alliance: Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the established order; formed at Congress of Vienna (1815) by most conservative monarchies of Europe. Intelligentsia: Russian term denoting articulate intellectuals as a lass; 19th century group bent on radical change in Russian political and social system; often wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West. Kerensky, Alexander (1881-1970): Liberal revolutionary leader during the early stages of the Russian Revolution of 1917; sought development of parliamentary rule, religious freedom. Kulaks: Agricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolypin and later NEP reforms to increase agricultural production and buy additional land. Pogroms: Organized violence against Jews.Provisional government: A temporary government. In Russia, a provisional government was set up after Tsar Nicholas II abdicated his throne in 1917.Rasputin: A self-described “holy man” who claimed to have magical healing powers, he advised Tsarina Alexandra, made key political decisions, and claimed to be able to ease the symptoms of Nicholas II and Alexandra’s son, Alexis.Romanovs: The last ruling royal family of Russia. The Romanovs- Tsar Nicholas II, his wife Alexandra, and their 5 children including Anastasia, were all executed in 1918. Russo-Japanese War: War between Japan and Russia (1904-1905) over territory in Manchuria; Japan defeated the Russians, largely because of its naval power; Japan annexed Korea in 1910 as a result of military dominance. Soviets: local councils consisting of workers, peasants, and soldiers. In many cities, the soviets had more influence than the provisional government. Stolypin Reforms: Reforms introduced by the Russian interior minister Piotr Stolypin intended to placate the peasantry in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; included reduction in redemption payments, attempt to create market-oriented peasantry. Totalitarianism: A government that takes total, centralized, state control over every aspect of public and private life. Trans-Siberian railroad: Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role. Tsar Alexander III: Tsar of Russia from 1881-1894, he placed an emphasis on governing Russia as a strict police state limiting personal freedoms. Tsar Nicholas II: Tsar of Russia from 1894-1917. He abdicated the throne to revolutionaries in 1917 leading to the collapse of tsarist rule in Russia. Tsar: A Russian emperor (from the Roman title Caesar). Zemstvoes: Local political councils created as part of reforms of Tsar Alexander II (18602s); gave some Russians, particularly middle-class professionals, some experience in government; councils had no impact on national policy. Russian Revolution Vocabulary – Section IIBolsheviks: The most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by V.I. Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution; actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in the 1917 revolution. Communism: An economic system in which the people own all means of production- land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses. Private property does not exist, and all goods and services are shared equally. Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich: Most active Russian Marxist leader; insisted on the importance of disciple revolutionary cells; leader of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, and the first leader of the U.S.S.R. (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics).New Economic Policy (NEP): Initial economic plan of V.I. Lenin, which helped the Russia recovery after its civil war. State continued to set basic economic policies, but efforts were now combined with individual initiative; policy allowed foot production to recover. Red Army: Military organization constructed under the leadership of Leon Trotsky. Made use of people of humble backgrounds but great ability who could rise to great heights under the new order but who had been doomed to immobility under the old system, and an ability to inspire mass loyalty in the name of an end to previous injustice.The White Army: During the Russian Civil War, opponents of the Bolsheviks who opposed communist rule. Trotsky, Leon: Marxist revolutionary and theorist, Soviet politician, and the founding leader of the Red Army. U.S.S.R.- The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; Federal system of socialist republics established in 1923 in various ethnic regions of Russia; firmly controlled by Communist party; diminished nationalities protect under Bolsheviks; dissolved in 1991. Russian Revolution Vocabulary – Section IIICollective Farms: Large government-controlled farms formed by combining many small farms. Collectivization: Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants, although often lowered food production; part of Stalin’s economic and political planning; often adopted in other communist regimes. Comintern: International office of communism under U.S.S.R. dominance established to encourage the formation of Communist parties in Europe and elsewhere.Five-Year Plans: Stalin’s plans to hasten industrialization of U.S.S.R.; constructed massive factories in metallurgy, mining, and electric power; led to massive state-planned industrialization at cost of availability of consumer products. Politburo: Executive committee of the Soviet Communist party. Social realism: Attempt within the U.S.S.R. to relate formal culture to the masses in order to avoid the adoption of western European cultural forms; begun under Joseph Stalin; fundamental method of Soviet fiction, art, and literary criticism. Stalin, Joseph: Successor to Lenin as head of the U.S.S.R.; strongly nationalist view of communism; represented anti-Western strain of Russian tradition; crushed opposition to his rule; established series of five-year plans to replace New Economic Policy; fostered agricultural collectivization; led U.S.S.R. through World War II; furthered Cold War with western Europe and the United States; died in 1953.Supreme Soviet: Parliament of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; elected by universal suffrage but actually controlled by Communist party. Served to ratify party decisions. The Great Purge: Campaign of terror in the Soviet Union during the 1930s, in which Joseph Stalin sought to eliminate all Communist Party members and other citizens who threatened his power. ................
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