Outlines for “A History of the Modern World” 9th Edition



AP Euro 2008-09

LMHS Montaigne

Outlines for “A History of the Modern World” 9th Edition

Palmer, Colton, and Kramer

2.6: The Renaissance

Introduction

a. Renaissance – “rebirth”

i. Connection to the classical age of Greece and Rome

1. saw Middle Ages as time of darkness

ii. they invented the concept of Ancient and Modern

iii. a new era in thought and feeling

iv. New topics of study – “humanities”

v. Quattrocento (Italians call the 15th Century)

vi. Rennaissance was High culture

1. Only affected limited number

vii. Renaissance Italy is where almost purely secular attitude 1st appears

b. The Italian Cities and the New Conception of Life

viii. Primary focus of Renaissance was on moral and civic issues of what ideal humans should do/be like

ix. Proximity helps Italy prosper with trade

1. Centrally located between East and West

2. Gained foothold on trade during Crusades with Arabs

x. Merchants control of trade routes generated wealth

1. Wealth built financial institutions

2. Banks – Sforza, Fugger, Medici

c. Italian City – States

xi. Independent, intrigue

1. Popes were in Avignon or embroiled in Great Schism

2. Florence, Venice, Genoa governed as republics

xii. Florence

1. talented citizens

a. population of 60, 000

b. grown wealthy in late MA from woolen production

c. produced Dante, Petrarch, Boccacio, Machiavelli, Leonardo

d. like Athens it lost its republican liberty and creativity

2. Medici Family – Giovanni, Cosimo, Catherine

a. Giovanni (1360-1429) was merchant and banker

b. Lorenzo the Magnificent (1449-1492) known as poet, patron of arts

c. Two Medici women became queens of France

d. Secular conception of life

xiii. Italians doubted that a quiet, contemplative life was greater than an active, involved, wild life

xiv. They were captivated with the expression of the vast human powers

xv. Less attention to the sacred messages of Christianity and its leaders

1. hermitage, poverty, contemplation are rejected

2. action, wealth, activity are embraced

3. Individualism

a. virtu – vigor -

b. Leonardo Bruni wrote in 1433 “The whole glory of man lies in activity.”

e. Individualism

xvi. A new civic consciousness or sense of public duty was expressed

xvii. Writings of Cicero were valid

xviii. Emphasized the outstanding attainments of extraordinary men

xix. A great man shaped his own destiny

1. had virtu (possessed by most aggressive males)

2. excelled in all that he did

a. Benvenuto Cellini

xx. Secular art

1. realism, space and time

2. Architecture reflected neo-classical design

a. Brunelleschi’s Duomo of Florence

3. Free standing sculpture – portraiture

a. Medieval sculptor was confined to the niches of cathedrals

b. Renaissance artists

i. Humans were primary subject

ii. Free standing so that entire figure could be admired

iii. Extensive use of the nude (paragon of animals)

4. Painting with perspective, boundaries

a. Brunelleschi invented linear perspective

b. Da Vinci perfected chiascurro, invented sfumato

c. Idea was to tell a story and allow the viewer to enter into the wold of the painting

d. Importance of portraying the individual human

i. Bellini’s condottiere viewers see a strong, real, and vivid personality

1. individualism wasn’t important in the medieval art

e. Early art

f. Later art

g. Reactionary Movement

i. Led by Savonarola (a priest)

ii. Started the Bonfire of the Vanities

f. Humanism: The Birth of Literature

xxi. Literary connection with the classical authors

1. medievals had studied and written

a. hymns, Song of Roland, legends of King Arthur written

2. Renaissance writers saw it as their life’s work

a. Wrote to resolve questions, amuse themselves (secular reasons)

3. studied Latin and Greek

a. liked the Latin of Cicero instead of the Scholastic of medieval

4. recaptured the texts of the past

a. discovered a new rage of interests, politics, civic questions without religious overtones

5. use of the vernacular

a. most wrote in Latin and Italian (Florence) too

b. language of Dante’s Divine Comedy

c. vernacular=common spoken language

6. Petrarch first modern man of letters

a. Florentine exile, son of merchant, traveler of France and Italy, trained in law, clergy

b. Loved Cicero, Augusine

c. Wrote about life, beauty, what a good life should be (SECULAR)

7. Boccaccio

a. Decameron (in Italian)

b. Designed to entertain and teacher human character

8. Coluccio Salutati – history serves the state

a. Was chancellor of France in 1375

b. Florence threatened by Milan (Visconti Family)

c. Wrote to inspire civic consciousness by glorifying Florentine liberty

d. Bruni (his successor) wrote history of Florence in narrative form

i. History can be useful to heighten sentiment and collective consciousness (not quite nationalism yet)

9. Christine de Pisan

a. Helped spread humanist themes in France in early 1400s

b. Showed woman could be intellectuals

10. Lorenzo Valla

a. Developed a critical method of evaluating the written word

b. Donation of Constantine

i. He prove that this was a fraud by showing that phrases and language use were not used at that time

c. Pico della Mirandola

i. Claimed that he could summarize all human knowledge in 900 theses by using Chaldaic, Arabic, Hebrew, Grecian, Egyptian, Latin sources

1. looking for truth in other places besides the Bible

g. Schooling, Manners, and Family Life

xxii. Secondary education developed

1. idea of putting different age groups, levels into separate classes, own teacher, promotion

2. curriculum

a. learned Latin, Greek

i. in order to read ancient manuscripts

b. Rhetoric to heighten communication skills

c. Purpose of education was to develop personality and character (virtu)

xxiii. Etiquette

1. Medievals acted like big children (belched, spat, sulked, etc.)

2. Baldissere Castiglione

a. wrote The Courtier

i. how to be a gentleman, or lady

ii. clothes should be neat, movements graceful, poised, affable, athletic, dance, appreciate music, be familiar with literature (but not a nerd), have effortless superiority in all

iii. women should be polite, pleasing to men

3. Marriage

a. Arranged in order to enrich family

b. Usually 18 for women, 30 for established man

c. Strong gender divisions

xxiv. Politics

1. no centralizing force in Italy

2. condottieri-private armed bands did fighting for city states b/c citizens would not

3. “Italian Cunning” was byword

a. To survive deep intrigue was practiced

4. Niccolo Machiavelli – The Prince (1513)

a. Dreamed that citizens of all Italy would be like the Romans (virile, citizen soldiers, patriotic, dignified)

b. Had to look to France (Loius XI), Spain (Ferdinand), England (Henry VII), to find heroes

c. Prince is a “how to rule for dummies” handbook

d. promoted strong centralized state

e. separated politics from theology and moral philosophy

i. described what effective rulers actually did, not what they ought to do

ii. anticipates scientific objectivity

iii. they keep or break promises, are or are not merciful

iv. Rulers must be both the Fox and the Lion (strong and cunning)

xxv. Italy’s weak position in the face of rising nations left it vulnerable to attack and unorganized

1. Other countries will vie for control of Italy

2. Italy will lose its privileged economic position

2.7: The Renaissance Outside Italy

  1. Introduction

a. Renaissance in northern Europe was less of a break with existing culture

b. Religious element was stronger

c. Development of vernacular was stronger than identification with Latin or Greek

1. Religious Scholarship and Science

a. Study of Greek and Latin was intended to help better understand the Bible

b. Universities, rejected by southern humanists continued to grow in northern Europe

i. 14 were established in German

c. Germany is major center of commerce

i. Undefined language and cultural region

1. politically not centralized (even with Holy Roman Emperor)

ii. Fugger family helped develop the financial infrastructure

iii. Mining was developed

iv. Johann Muller (Regiomontanus) laid foundations for a mathematical conception of universe

v. Printing press – Gutenberg – movable type

vi. Flemish school of painting

1. Jan Van Eyck invented oil based paint (linseed oil)

vii. Copernicus – heliocentric universe

viii. Cartography

ix. Dr. Faustus

1. legendary figure who supposedly sold his soul for knowledge

1. in writing of Christopher Marlowe (1593), Goethe and Oswald Spenger (Decline of the West in 1918

1. Faustian word used to describe inordinate ambitions of modern man

x. The development of the concept of controlling the natural world was more northern

xi. The development of the concept of controlling the mind was more southern

xii. Combining these ideas establishes the modern intellect or Renaissance spirit

2. Mysticism and Lay Religion

a. Religious interests stay alive in the north

b. In the south religious interests became more a stylized practice of Glorifying God through works – art

c. German mystics promote personal communion with God

i. Meister Eckhart (d. 1327) and Thomas a Kempis (d. 1471)

1. essence of mysticism is belief that individual soul could (in solitude) commune with God

1. no need of reason, word, mass, sacraments, priests, or the Church

1. this attracted Luther

d. Lay persons are staying out of the Church and refusing Holy Orders

e. The lack of new, reform oriented priests hinders the Churches ability to reform itself within

i. Impatient and headstrong lay leaders, local rulers

f. Gerard Groote

i. 1374 founded the Sisters and the Brother of the Common Life

1. took no vows, free to leave

2. relieved the poor and taught

3. established modern schools

4. Separate grades and classes

5. emphasized Literacy, Character development

1. called Modern Devotion

3. Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536)

a. Most notable figure of the entire humanist movement

b. Promoted reform of the clergy from within

i. Education, enlightened discussion and gradual moral improvement

ii. Against violence

iii. Promoted use of the vernacular to promote Christian ideals

c. In Praise of Folly

i. Satirizes all worldly pretensions and ambitions

ii. Emphasizes mildness, reasonableness, tolerance, restrain, good manners, scholarly understanding, peace, critical and reforming zeal that worked to make people think without shouting or ranting

d. Achieved international stature

e. Advised heads of state

f. Guest lectured at universities

g. Challenged the Church to do better in reform efforts

h. Never advocated breaking away from Rome

2.8: The “New Monarchies” 

1. Introduction

a. Wars and feudal rebellion weakened much of Europe by the 1400s

b. Efforts by rulers to stabilize their territories led to the “New Monarchs”

i. Not really new in style

ii. New in organizing the modern states of Europe

1. Guarantee of law

2. Heredity is the legitimate form of power

3. Appeal to the rising middle class tired of feudal feuds

4. Parliaments are labeled breeders of conflict

5. Kings use taxes to hire private armies

a. Long bow and pike made peasants competitive with nobility on the field

6. Kings had to break down the mass of feudal common law and custom

7. Kings adopt Roman law and title majesty and/or sovereign

a. Law maker, enforcer, and judge on behalf of the people

2. The New Monarchy in England, France, and Spain

a. England’s New Monarchy

i. Tudor family comes to power after the War of the Roses

1. Henry VII 1485-1509

2. Law against livery and maintenance are passed against the weakened barons

a. Prevented great lords from maintaining private armies and wearing their livery or insignia

3. Star Chamber, Kings private council meets and Parliament is ignored

a. Met in room decorated with stars

b. Decided property disputes, infraction of public peace

c. Accepted as it kept order, later despised

d. No jury present

b. France’s New Monarchy

i. Louis XI of the Valois family

1. French kings had continued to expand power and influence from the epicenter of Paris

2. Louis XI expanded the boarders of France

3. Build up a royal army

4. Controlled taxes

5. French monarchy has control over the clergy

a. 1516 Louis XI and Pope Leo X

i. Concordat of Bologna

1. Rescinded the Pragmatic Sanction

1. Pope receives annates ($ from French ecclesiastics)

2. Louis XI appoints bishops and abbots

ii. Major reason why France does not turn to Protestantism

c. Aragon and Castile :Spain’s New Monarchy

i. Aragon and Castile are the main territories of Spain

ii. Ferdinand and Isabella unite Spain through marriage

iii. True unifying force was spirit of duty to Catholicism and crusade against the Moors

iv. The Inquisition served as a unifying legal presence

v. Church served as common denominator for Spain

1. Religious conformity

2. “Spanishness” was a sense of Catholicity

a. Spanish had been most tolerant of Europeans

b. Jews and Moors are expelled from Spain 1492

i. Jews had been expelled from England 1290

ii. Jews had been expelled from France 1306

1. Expulsions are related to early sense of nationalism in group out group

vi. Some Jewish and Moorish families place a veneer of Catholicism over their public lives “Moriscos” (Christians of Moorsih background) and “Marranos”(Christians of Jewish background)

1. Fear of the “unfaithful” fueled the Inquisition

a. Thousands were tortured

b. Ridged Catholicism and Spanish nationalism fused into one

vii. Spain becomes the reforming force in the Catholic Church

viii. Spain exports Catholicism to the “New” world

ix. Spain becomes the “defenders of the faith” and a crusade mentality prevails

3. The Holy Roman Empire and The Hapsburg Supremacy

a. The New Monarchy in the HRE

i. Three Kinds of States

1. Princely states

a. hereditary dynasties – Brandenburg

2. Ecclesiastical (large amount of territory)

a. Abbacies

3. Imperial free cities (about 50)

a. Dominated commerce and finance

ii. Imperial knights (lords of small estates)

1. sworn fealty to the HRE

b. Emperor

i. Elected by Princes

1. Princes were jealous of their local liberties and voted to protect them

ii. Electors dwindled to seven

1. Count Palatine, Duke of Sazony, Margrave of Bradenburg, King of Bohemia, archibops of Mainz, Trier, and Cogne

iii. 1452 the Hapsburgs are elected from Austria

1. Nearly uninterrupted reign until 1806

c. The Rise of the Hapsburgs

i. Maximilian I 1493-1519

1. Efforts of HRE to centralize power fail because of strong states rights

2. Hapsburgs use marriages to grow family influence

ii. Maximilian marries heiress of Burgundy and Netherlands

1. Son of Maximilian I and Mary is Philip

a. Mary is heiress of dukes of Burgundy (Netherlands, Burgundy)

2. Philip marries Joanna of Spain (heiress to Ferdinand and Isabella)

a. Son of Philip is Charles I of Spain

b. Charles Inherits Austria, Netherlands, Burgundy, Spain, New World Holdings

i. Charles is elected HRE (in 1519) over “Germany” and becomes Charles V

c. Charles brother Ferdinand is elected king of Hungary and Bohemia

3. Hapsburgs control most of Europe and universal monarch is feared by other European states

a. balance of power

 

d. The stage is set for revolution

i. Protestantism is the spark that sets off the wars of religion

ii. decline of the church

iii. lay religious leaders staying out of the church

iv. Rise of centralizing monarchies

v. resistance of feudal elements to centralizing monarch

vi. Popes fear of church councils

vii. Much divided Germany

viii. Turkish threat

ix. zealous actions of Spain

x. Charles V threat of universal monarch

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