The Rise of Totalitarian Dictators



Global History IIR

Topic: Totalitarianism

Focus Questions:

▪ What factors led to the rise of dictatorships in Russia, Italy, and Germany?

▪ What methods of control did Stalin, Mussolini, and Hitler use to maintain their power?

▪ What impact did totalitarian dictatorships have on global history?

The Rise of Totalitarian Dictators

Historical Context:

I. Stalin - Russia

A. Factors that led to his rise to power

1. Following __________________________________death in 1922, communist leadership

passed to a “triumvirate”, three leaders, one being Joseph Stalin, the General Secretary of

the Communist Party.

2. Through careful political maneuvering, Stalin controlled the Party and had Trotsky,

________________ to Siberia and eventually __________________ in Mexico, 1940.

B. Methods of Rule

1. Secret Police – encouraged workers to spy on each other and children to spy on their

parents. Those accused of being disloyal were either sent to “________________,” or

prison camps in Siberia, or they were executed.

2. Purges – Any potential leaders or Stalin dissenters were killed. Stalin also purged

________________________, leaving the Soviet military with inexperienced and

incompetent officers who were unprepared to fight in World War II.

3. Propaganda –

a. the Soviet government used _________________to glorify Soviet Union and to

urge people to carry out the goals of the communist party.

b. writers and artists were forced to adopt a new style: “Socialist Realism.” They

were forced to __________________Soviet heroes and achievements. They were

not permitted to use ______________or forced labor as topics for their work.

4. War on the peasants – to successfully _______________________the Soviet agriculture,

Stalin needed to take ___________ away from wealthy land-owning peasants called kulaks.

Many kulaks lived in the Ukraine and resisted the collectivization plan. Many Ukranians

also disliked communist rule and wanted independence from the Soviet Union. As a result,

Stalin forced a _________________ upon Ukraine, killing nearly 10 million people.

II. Hitler – Germany

A. Factors that led to his rise to power

1. Global Depression – 1930’s – led to high _________________rates throughout the world.

Nearly 22 percent of Germans were not working. Hitler’s increase in _______________

(a violation of the Treaty of Versailles) put thousands of people back to work.

2. Treaty of Versailles –

a. Germany was forced to pay over 30 billion dollars in _________________for WWI.

b. Germany was forced to accept the ______________for causing WWI.

c. Disarmament: The German military was practically ________________

1. No _____________

2. No tanks

3. No submarines

4. No high-caliber weapons

5. Germany was not permitted to put troops in the Rhineland (territory near

France)

6. Germany’s standing army was limited to only 100,000 soldiers

d. Germany was forced to return the _____________________territory to France (an

area that was rich in natural resources)

e. The “Polish Corridor” was created – Germany was forced to give the Danzig

territory to Poland – giving Poland access to sea __________________on the Baltic

3. Weimar Republic – its democratic nature provided the Nazis with a forum to promote their

anti-Semitic propaganda. In addition, the Weimar government was blamed for signing the

___________________________.

4. Appointed Chancellor- President __________________________appointed Hitler as

Chancellor to try to restore order to the chaos of the German streets.

5. Burning of the Reischtag – Hitler and the Nazis burned the Reischtag

(________________________) and blamed the communists. With no Parliament to make

laws, Hitler assumed _______________________ powers.

B. Methods of Rule

1. Propaganda

a. Hitler Youth – Camps that promoted absolute ________________to the Nazis and

prepared children for war

b. Education –_________________were burned and history became revised to

promote the Nazis racist views

2. Religion –________________churches and schools were closed as Hitler tried to replace

religion with his own racial creed.

3. Anti-Semitism –

a. The Nuremberg Laws of the 1930’s prohibited Jews from marrying non- Jews,

__________________________at schools or universities, holding __________jobs,

practicing law or medicine, or writing books.

b. Kristallnacht – “Night of Broken Glass” – November 9, 1938: Nazis attacked

Jewish communities and businesses throughout Germany. _________________of

synagogues and shops were broken and stores were looted. Some synagogues were

burned.

c. Concentration Camps – Jews were considered enemies to the German state and

forced into concentration camps as Hitler prepared for his____________________–

the extermination of all Jews.

III. Mussolini

A. Factors that led to his rise to power

1. Treaty of Versailles – As a victorious Allied country during WWI, Italy was promised and

expected _____________________________from the German and Austria- Hungarian

Empires. Italian veterans were angered when they received no territory in the Treaty.

2. Global Depression – 1930’s – led to high unemployment rates throughout the world.

Nearly 20 percent of Italians were not working. Mussolini’s increase in militarism helped

To put many Italians back to work.

3. General Strikes – Inspired by the Russian Revolution, Italian communists inspired workers

throughout Italy_____________________, resulting chaos in the streets.

4. Weakness of Constitutional Monarchy – King Victor Emmanuel III was no strong enough

to stop the riots. His government was blamed for the Treaty and for the Depression.

5. Appointed Prime Minister – In 1922, King Victor Emmanuel III appointed Mussolini as

__________________________________, hoping that this would quiet the streets of Italy.

B. Methods of Rule

1. Censorship – Mussolini’ fascists took control of radio stations and newspapers

2. ___________________________– Mussolini supporters used violence and intimidation to

cause chaos in Italy

3. Propaganda – Mussolini gave speeches throughout Italy, pledging to return the country to

the glorious days of their Roman past.

-----------------------

Following the economic and political destruction of World War I, political leaders around the world claimed to have solutions to their nation’s problems. They were willing to take drastic measures to change the conditions of their countries.

HITLER

GERMANY

MUSSOLINI

ITALY

STALIN

USSR

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