A place for other stories: - Aberystwyth University



[Type the company name]A place for other stories:evidence and authorship in experimental timesMitch Rose2/4/2016Keywords: stories, the other, scribes, ethics, creative geographies In recent years geographers have borrowed from a variety of creative literary forms to find new ways of telling stories. And yet despite the profusion of experimentation, there has been little in the way of intellectual justification for why such formats are necessary. The aim of this paper is to provide such a rationale. Specifically, it argues that stories are more than evidence. Traditionally, the role of stories is to support a particular theory, framework or hypothesis and, in doing so, provide the substantive evidence by which an argument can be judged. The consequence is that stories are subsumed to the author’s explanatory framework. There is little purpose to reading the story since we already know the ending. We know what the characters and events will do and the purpose the story will serve. Drawing upon the anthropologist Viveiros de Castro, this paper positions stories as the origin of our thinking, rather than its evidence. Specifically it argues that stories have a purpose beyond evidence, beyond the author and beyond the empirical situation from which they are derived. By acknowledging the role of stories in our thinking, the paper situates a place for stories that is defined not by what they prove but by what they give to us as both authors and subjects. Acknowledgements: special thanks to Emilie Cameron whose email dialogue sparked the basis for this paper. Also thank you to Elizabeth Gagen for her guidance and thoughts on earlier drafts and to two anonymous reviewers for their invaluable insights and comments.The "I" is the miracle of the "You.""This follows from a certain logic," he said: "the 'I' to designate the 'You,' the 'You' to justify the 'I,'Edmond Jabes ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Jabes</Author><Year>1991</Year><RecNum>1474</RecNum><DisplayText>(1991)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1474</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1474</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Edmond Jabes</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Rosmarie Waldrop</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Pre-Dialogue, II</title><secondary-title>From the Book to the Book: an Edmond Jabes Reader</secondary-title></titles><pages>193</pages><dates><year>1991</year></dates><pub-location>Hanover</pub-location><publisher>Wesleyan University Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(1991)Braided worldsIn the opening chapter of Braided Worlds, Gottlieb and Graham’s ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Gottlieb</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1426</RecNum><DisplayText>(2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1426</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1426</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gottlieb, Alma</author><author>Graham, Philip</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Braided worlds</title></titles><pages>xiii, 162 pages</pages><keywords><keyword>Beng (African people) Social life and customs.</keyword><keyword>Philosophy, Beng.</keyword><keyword>Beng (African people) Religion.</keyword><keyword>Ethnology Fieldwork C?te d&apos;Ivoire.</keyword><keyword>C?te d&apos;Ivoire Social life and customs.</keyword><keyword>C?te d&apos;Ivoire Description and travel.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year></dates><pub-location>Chicago</pub-location><publisher>London : The University of Chicago Press</publisher><isbn>9780226305271 (cloth alkaline paper)&#xD;0226305279 (cloth alkaline paper)&#xD;9780226305288 (paperback alkaline paper)&#xD;0226305287 (paperback alkaline paper)</isbn><accession-num>012102782</accession-num><call-num>HATCH DT 545.45 .B45 G72 2012&#xD;Hatcher Graduate DT 545.45 .B45 G72 2012</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(2012) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Gottlieb</Author><RecNum>1425</RecNum><record><rec-number>1425</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1425</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gottlieb, Alma</author><author>Graham, Philip</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Braided worlds</title></titles><keywords><keyword>Beng (African people) Social life and customs.</keyword><keyword>Philosophy, Beng.</keyword><keyword>Beng (African people) Religion.</keyword><keyword>Ethnology Fieldwork Co</keyword><keyword>0302te d&apos;Ivoire.</keyword><keyword>Co</keyword><keyword>0302te d&apos;Ivoire Social life and customs.</keyword><keyword>Co</keyword><keyword>0302te d&apos;Ivoire Description and travel.</keyword></keywords><dates></dates><isbn>9780226305271 (hbk.) : ?39.00&#xD;0226305279 (hbk.) : ?39.00&#xD;9780226305288 (pbk.) : ?13.00&#xD;0226305287 (pbk.) : ?13.00&#xD;9780226304724 (ebook) : No price&#xD;0226304728 (ebook) : No price</isbn><call-num>305.89634 23&#xD;British Library HMNTS YC.2012.a.22395</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>auto-biographic ethnography about a family trip to rural Benglend in northern Cote d’Ivoire, they tell a story that establishes one of the recurring themes of the text. Philip Graham (a novelist) and Alma Gottlieb (an anthropologist) have visited Benglend numerous times before, but this time they are traveling with their 6 year old son. The night of their arrival, Philip is reading bedtime stories when he is visited by Andre, one of his oldest friends in the village. Andre and Philip have not seen each other for many years and ritual greetings and affirmative exchanges are required. But Philip chooses to finish the story. Philips realises that Andre will interpret this as a snub. Regardless of how careful his explanation or how sensitive his approach, Philip knows that Andre will not understand his son’s need for continuity in a time of great change (Andre has never left Cote d’Ivoire) nor his own decision to prioritise the needs of a 6 year-old boy over his formal obligations (the Beng do not priories children over adults). Similarly, Philip knows it will be impossible to explain to his 6 year-old son Andre’s cultural pre-suppositions and the concessions they demand. The situation, he realises, is inherently irreconcilable. Phillip will disappoint someone--and there is nothing he can do about it. These kinds of situations proliferate throughout Gottlieb and Graham’s text: problems forced into emergence through the interplay of events, expectations and poor timing. As Gottlieb and Graham contend with colleagues, activists, friends, American dignitaries and the needs of their son, they consistently expose (rather than hide) their vulnerability to an ethnographic situation that utterly defies their capacity to manage it. Contrary to the norm of ethnographic writing, there is an abiding undercurrent of helplessness in their narrative; ethnography does not appear as a method but as a situation, and a situation driven by events wholly outside their control. The emphasis of their text, therefore, is not on explaining the Beng but on illuminating the situations that call for explanation. Rather than emphasising academic sageness or retrospective insight, the text resolutely focuses on the present, and the issues, anxieties and problems the present consistently presents. In providing this perspective the writers illustrate how the happenstance which shapes the ethnographic encounter is its greatest asset; how the demands that the situation gives rise to, are precisely the dynamics that allow thought to emerge. The story they tell, the reader senses, is not one they are fashioning but one they are being fashioned by. And the result is a behind the scenes documentary of the event of thought--the situations that give rise to thinking. It has been over twenty years since Cronon ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Cronon</Author><Year>1992</Year><RecNum>1427</RecNum><DisplayText>(1992)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1427</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1427</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>William Cronon</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A place for stories: nature, history and narrative</title><secondary-title>The Journal of American History</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The Journal of American History</full-title></periodical><pages>1347-1376</pages><volume>78</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>1992</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(1992) published the article that serves as the inspiration (both in terms of content and title) for this discussion. Writing at a time when the postmodern assault on representation was at its peak, Cronon provides an earnest defence of the role of stories in environmental history and by implication, the geographical humanities more broadly. Places, Cronon argues, have many stories within them. And while the politics of representation may make all stories fallible, their loss of innocence should not translate into a loss of significance. Stories are the way historians and humans make sense of the world: “stripped of the story” Cronon argues, “we lose track of understanding itself” (1369). What is interesting about Cronon’s defence, however, is that he never fully answers the question he situates, that is, he never confidently establishes what the place of stories is. While he argues that stories have a place, he is decidedly (and self-consciously) ambivalent about how to defend that place in relation to the academy’s expectations of knowledge, evidence, proof and truth. This is a question that still haunts us. As Cameron ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Cameron</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1428</RecNum><DisplayText>(2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1428</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1428</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Emilie Cameron</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>New geographies of story and storytelling</title><secondary-title>Progress in Human Geography</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Progress in Human Geography</full-title></periodical><pages>573-592</pages><volume>36</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(2012) notes, while there has been a positive efflorescence of story-telling in geography in recent years; it is unclear what this creativity does for geography: “what is at stake when one turns one’s attention to small and local stories and asks what is expressed and revealed by such stories?” (588). While Cameron’s emphasis is on how story-telling holds up to questions of social justice (rather than positivist standards of proof), there is a similar ambivalence about what role stories play in geography and whether that role is warranted and/or necessary. The question is a legitimate one. While there are some very well-developed justifications for story-telling in the discipline ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lorimer</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>759</RecNum><DisplayText>(Lorimer 2006; Lorimer and Parr 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>759</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">759</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hayden Lorimer</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Herding memories of humans and animals</title><secondary-title>Environment and Planning D: Society and Space</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Environment and Planning D: Society and Space</full-title></periodical><pages>497-518</pages><volume>24</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2006</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Lorimer</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>1431</RecNum><record><rec-number>1431</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1431</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hayden Lorimer</author><author>Hester Parr</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Excursions - telling stories and journies</title><secondary-title>Cultural Geographies</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Cultural Geographies</full-title></periodical><pages>543-547</pages><volume>21</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Lorimer 2006; Lorimer and Parr 2014), it is also true that the impetus to ‘be creative’ has over-run the inclination to explain why we should do so. Geography, after-all, is not literature. To borrow a phrase from Gottlieb and Graham, art and science are braided worlds: they influence and inflect each other, but are also different. While the artist can comfortably eschew the demand to decipher, elucidate or rationalise their work, the academic is asked (always and unremittingly) to explain: to provide an account for oneself in the language of reason, interpretation and justification. The central aim of this article is to answer this call to explain. It endeavours to not only establish the legitimacy of creative work in geography but give purpose and direction for further experimentation. Following on from Gottlieb and Graham, the central argument here is that stories can do more than provide evidence for our thinking. They can also illuminate how thought itself takes place. The purpose of the paper is to explain this potential as well as honour the capacities it provides. The discussion is divided into four parts. Part one makes a strong distinction between stories and empirics. It argues that stories and empirics do different work and that understanding the stories one tells within an empirical frame severely curtails their intellectual possibilities. Part two conceptualises stories as the origin, rather than evidence, of our thinking. Drawing upon the anthropologist Vivieros de Castro ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Castro</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>1436</RecNum><DisplayText>(2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1436</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1436</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Viveiros-de-Castro, Eduardo </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Cannibal metaphysics : for a post-structural anthropology</title></titles><pages>229 pages</pages><edition>First edition.</edition><keywords><keyword>Philosophical anthropology.</keyword><keyword>Structural anthropology.</keyword><keyword>Poststructuralism.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year></dates><pub-location>Minneapolis</pub-location><publisher>Univocal</publisher><isbn>1937561216&#xD;9781937561215</isbn><accession-num>013586617</accession-num><call-num>UGL GN 362 .C313 2014&#xD;HATCH GN 362 .C313 2014&#xD;Shapiro Undergraduate GN 362 .C313 2014&#xD;Hatcher Graduate GN 362 .C313 2014</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(2014), this section illustrates how reflective subjectivity is constituted through our engagement with others and the stories others tell. Parts three and four develop the implications of this position. The former argues for a reconceptualization of our conception of authorship based on the concept of the scribe, and the latter focuses on re-orienting our understanding of the ethics of representation. The final section argues that by acknowledging and honouring the role for stories in our thinking we can (pace Cronon) establish a place for stories in the academy. Stories and empiricsOver the last two decades, geographers have often referred to empirical work as a way of telling stories ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Revill</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>1465</RecNum><DisplayText>(Revill and Seymour 2001; Gilmartin 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1465</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1465</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>George Revill</author><author>Suzanne Seymour</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Hughes, A. Morris, C. and Seymour, S</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Telling stories: story telling as a textual strategy</title><secondary-title>Ethnography and rural&#xD;research</secondary-title></titles><pages>136-57</pages><dates><year>2001</year></dates><pub-location>Cheltenham</pub-location><publisher>Countryside and Community Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Gilmartin</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>1466</RecNum><record><rec-number>1466</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1466</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mary Gilmartin</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Home stories: immigrant narratives of place and identity in contemporary Ireland</title><secondary-title>Journal of Cultural Geography</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Cultural Geography</full-title></periodical><pages>83-101</pages><volume>32</volume><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Revill and Seymour 2001; Gilmartin 2015). But writing stories and writing empirics are very different endeavours. The work of empirics is the work of evidence. Its purpose is to illuminate some truth or insight, often expressed through a theory. Once we know the theory, we already know the structure, trajectory and purpose of the story. Thus, while Mitchell ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Mitchell</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>179</RecNum><DisplayText>(1996)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>179</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">179</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Don Mitchell</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The lie of the land: migrant workers and the California landscape</title></titles><pages>xi, 245</pages><keywords><keyword>Migrant agricultural laborers California History 20th century.</keyword><keyword>Migrant agricultural laborers California Social conditions.</keyword><keyword>Labor disputes California History 20th century.</keyword><keyword>Human geography California.</keyword><keyword>Landscape California.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1996</year></dates><pub-location>Minneapolis, Mn.</pub-location><publisher>University of Minnesota Press</publisher><isbn>0816626928&#xD;0816626936 (pbk.)</isbn><call-num>Hd1527.c2 m58 1996&#xD;334.5/44/09794</call-num><urls></urls><custom1>subject 1</custom1><custom2>subject 2</custom2><custom3>subject 3</custom3></record></Cite></EndNote>(1996) may write a very compelling and eminently readable narrative about the plight of migrant workers in California, we ultimately know before-hand what purpose these stories will serve. The characters stand as ‘pre-cut’ figures in a broader intellectual argument ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Crapanzano</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>1437</RecNum><Suffix>`, 22</Suffix><DisplayText>(Crapanzano 1986, 22)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1437</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1437</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Crapanzano, Vincent</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Waiting : the Whites of South Africa</title></titles><pages>xxiv, 361 p.</pages><edition>1st Vintage Books</edition><keywords><keyword>Whites South Africa Case studies.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1986</year></dates><pub-location>New York</pub-location><publisher>Vintage Books</publisher><isbn>0394743261 (pbk.)</isbn><accession-num>2388388</accession-num><call-num>Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms DT764.W47 C73 1986</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Crapanzano 1986, 22). The issue here is not one of mechanics, felicity or style (all of which can be found in these well-written narratives) but about purpose. In the endeavour to be convincing and water-tight, empirics attempt to leave little daylight between the writing and the world itself. Their purpose is not to tell a story but to evidence a theory. And theories, as Jackson ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Jackson</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>1438</RecNum><DisplayText>(2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1438</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1438</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jackson, Michael</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The other shore : essays on writers and writing</title></titles><pages>xi, 205 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>American fiction 20th century History and criticism.</keyword><keyword>English literature History and criticism.</keyword><keyword>English language Writing.</keyword><keyword>Authorship.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year></dates><pub-location>Berkeley</pub-location><publisher>University of California Press</publisher><isbn>9780520275249 (cloth acid-free paper)&#xD;0520275241 (cloth acid-free paper)&#xD;9780520275263 (pbk. acid-free paper)&#xD;0520275268 (pbk. acid-free paper)</isbn><accession-num>012346937</accession-num><call-num>HATCH PS379 .J23 2013&#xD;Hatcher Graduate PS379 .J23 2013</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(2013) suggests, are one of the principal means by which we misrecognise the other, making the other “an object whose only value is to confirm our suspicions or prove our point of view” (2013, 2). Regardless of how an author chooses to make their topic readable, empirical narratives, by definition, give away the ending. By embedding certain expectations of evidence and proof, empirics (at their best) lucidly and plainly fore-tell the purpose of their narrative and actively (though no doubt subtly) work to stem any shadow of other possible readings. The work of stories is different. Though stating clearly and definitively what that work is, is not an easy task. For Ricour ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Ricoeur</Author><Year>1981</Year><RecNum>1439</RecNum><DisplayText>(1981)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1439</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1439</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Paul Ricoeur</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Mitchell, W. J. T.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Narrative time</title><secondary-title>On Narrative</secondary-title></titles><pages>x, 270 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>Discourse analysis, Narrative.</keyword><keyword>Narration (Rhetoric)</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1981</year></dates><pub-location>Chicago</pub-location><publisher>University of Chicago Press</publisher><isbn>0226532178</isbn><accession-num>2773267</accession-num><call-num>Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms P302 .O6</call-num><urls><related-urls><url>Contributor biographical information ;(1981) the work of stories is to weave together and order the subject’s confused and unformed conception of temporal life. Thus, stories reflect and re-plot our temporal experiences in order to make them comprehensible. Bakhtin ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Bakhtin</Author><Year>1968</Year><RecNum>132</RecNum><DisplayText>(1968)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>132</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">132</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mikhail Bakhtin</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Rabelais and his world</title></titles><dates><year>1968</year></dates><pub-location>Cambridge</pub-location><publisher>MIT Press</publisher><urls></urls><custom1>subject 1</custom1><custom2>subject 2</custom2><custom3>subject 3</custom3></record></Cite></EndNote>(1968), however, does not see stories as linear expressions but as multivalent forms that embed within them multiple registers of experience that are open to a variety of potential readings and options. Similarly Barthes ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Barthes</Author><Year>1974</Year><RecNum>1440</RecNum><DisplayText>(1974)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1440</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1440</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Barthes, Roland</author><author>Balzac, Honore? de</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>S/Z: An Essay</title></titles><pages>xi, 271 p.</pages><edition>1st American</edition><keywords><keyword>Semiotics.</keyword><keyword>Balzac, Honore? de, 1799-1850. Sarrasine.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1974</year></dates><pub-location>New York,</pub-location><publisher>Hill and Wang</publisher><isbn>0809083752</isbn><accession-num>772695</accession-num><call-num>Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms P99 .B313 1974</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(1974) argues that stories should not be approached as a systems of signifieds but as a “a galaxy of signifiers”: “[the story] has no beginning; it is reversible; we gain access to it by several entrances, none of which can be authoritatively declared to be the main one” (5). Benjamin ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Benjamin</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>1441</RecNum><DisplayText>(1986)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1441</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1441</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Benjamin, Walter</author></authors><subsidiary-authors><author>Arendt, Hannah</author></subsidiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Illuminations</title></titles><pages>278 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>Literature History and criticism.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1986</year></dates><pub-location>New York</pub-location><publisher>Schocken Books</publisher><isbn>0805202412 (pbk.)</isbn><accession-num>971214</accession-num><call-num>Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms PN37 .B4413 1986</call-num><urls><related-urls><url>Contributor biographical information description ;(1986) also sees stories as being forged from multiplicity, specifically through the wisdom and morality accrued through human social experience. The story for Benjamin is distinctive from the novel which he dismisses as a solipsistic work predicated on the solitary genius of the artist rather than the accrued morality of generations. Despite this diverse set of conceptualisations of the purpose and effects of stories, one can argue that, at their heart, stories are a modality of passage ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Stewart</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>602</RecNum><DisplayText>(Stewart 1996)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>602</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">602</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kathleen Stewart</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A space on the side of the road: cultural poetics in an &quot;other&quot; America</title></titles><dates><year>1996</year></dates><pub-location>Princeton</pub-location><publisher>Princeton University Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Stewart 1996). A means of moving from events that cannot be readily sublimated or comprehended to the realm of language and the order, meaning and bearing that language necessitates. This gap exists in all writing: empirical, fictional, mythic, etc. But the issue is how this gap is traversed. When theory plays the mediating or translational role, the story is forced into a relation of correspondence. In other words, as empirics, stories must bear the imprint of the world to which it is aligned. How often do we tell the story of the social scientist who is grappling to make sense of her data when (suddenly, finally, thankfully) she finds the theory that allows the story to fall into place. Theory’s role is not simply to make sense (this is the role of any story) but to make sense in a manner that allows word and world to correlate; to mediate a correspondence where the gap between event and narrative is bridged by the illuminative power of theoretical coherence. Stories however acknowledge a certain distance between words and world. They do not endeavour (nor claim) to represent reality. While they certainly endeavour to capture something real, that reality is not measured through a criteria of correspondence. On the contrary, it is measured through the story’s capacity to affect, move or incite. The verisimilitude of stories cannot be measured by their mimetic qualities. They do not tie together but reach out, striving across an unbridgeable distance not to mirror the world but to transpose it to another dimension, “a place from which the world seems, at once, to have fallen away and to have grown more pressing” (Stewart, 1996, 38). Blanchot ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Blanchot</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>1444</RecNum><DisplayText>(1993)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1444</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1444</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Blanchot, Maurice</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The infinite conversation</title><secondary-title>Theory and history of literature</secondary-title></titles><pages>xxxv, 471 p.</pages><number>82</number><keywords><keyword>Literature History and criticism Theory, etc.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1993</year></dates><pub-location>Minneapolis</pub-location><publisher>University of Minnesota Press</publisher><isbn>0816619697 (acid-free paper)&#xD;0816619700 (pbk. acid-free paper)</isbn><accession-num>4395408</accession-num><call-num>Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms PN81 .B54413 1993&#xD;Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms - STORED OFFSITE PN81 .B54413 1993</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(1993) takes this point further by arguing that it is precisely the story’s sublimation of the real that makes its reality effective: “I recognise very well”, he states, “that there is speech only because what ‘is’ has disappeared in what names it” (36). It is through the act of writing that the real comes to appear (in representation) and simultaneously disappear, since the event itself has been erased by its writing. Mattingly’s ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Mattingly</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>601</RecNum><DisplayText>(1998)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>601</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">601</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cheryl Mattingly</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Healing Dramas and Clinical Plots: The Narrative Structure of Experience</title></titles><dates><year>1998</year></dates><pub-location>Cambridge</pub-location><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(1998) ethnographic work on rehabilitative physiotherapy illustrates this dynamic well. As patients supplant the unspeakable nature of their trauma with narratives about their recovery, the traumatic event recedes from view. Thus, as narrative makes the events understandable and (potentially) surmountable, the trauma is silenced, unpronounceable even as it is the origin of the plotlines it inspires. For Mattingly, it is precisely the narration of trauma that makes the trauma present (in the act of its narration) and simultaneously disappear. Stories thus involve a process of transubstantiation--a change of nature rather than simply a change of state. Stories write the world different than what it is: strange, foreign, intense and always destructive of its referent. As Jackson suggests (2012), writing involves a certain blindness to our subject, “a matter of working in the dark…of trying to cross the wide Sargasso Sea that separates us” (2). In referencing Rhys ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Rhys</Author><Year>1982</Year><RecNum>1445</RecNum><DisplayText>(1982)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1445</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1445</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rhys, Jean</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Wide Sargasso sea</title></titles><pages>189 p.</pages><dates><year>1982</year></dates><pub-location>New York</pub-location><publisher>W.W. Norton</publisher><isbn>0393000567 (pbk.)</isbn><accession-num>000207260</accession-num><call-num>UGL PR6068.H48 W64 1982&#xD;Shapiro Undergraduate PR6068.H48 W64 1982</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(1982) famous book Jackson implies that writing is a means of connecting by virtue of estrangement and dislocation: “the storyteller…always begin[s] with a disclaimer, locating events far off and long ago. Once upon a time, in a distant land….safe places where one could call the shots, reworking one’s experience into a shape…more coherent, more perfect than reality allowed” (77). Reaching across an infinite horizon, stories engender connection not through transparency but through a trick of the light, making the world more real by destroying the reality it purports to reflect. At this point, it is important to introduce a number of qualifications. First my ambition here is not to critique empirical writing, empirical work or the scientific method. I am personally and professionally invested in these forms of writing and regularly judge research based upon its ability to convincingly evidence an argument through empirical data. Second, I am not critiquing the use of theory per se or the practice of deductive research (inductive research is no less epistemologically loaded and is equally embedded in the task of using stories as evidence). Finally my aim is not to purify the distinction between ‘creative’ and empirical writing. Creativity is embedded in all social science research and in geography in particular (as this journal itself testifies). Yet, while empirics can be creative, thoughtful and impassioned, they still serve a purpose that is different from stories. It is this distinction that is the heart of the present project. Stories cannot be empirics nor can they supplant the work empirics do. Stories and empirics do different things. And if we accept this distinction than it raises the question of whether stories can have a place within the intellectual project of the academy? If we understand stories as narratives that, in their nature, cannot operatively engender (due to a lack of method and purpose) an alignment between word and world, then what is their purpose within our intellectual purview? What is their work or role and how is it intellectually justified? This is the topic of the next section. The origin of thoughtIf we are going to determine a potential place for stories it is important to consider more carefully the work that stories do. Without question stories do many things as their capacity to affect allows them to be sublimated into a range of social, cultural and political projects ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Stewart</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>1498</RecNum><DisplayText>(Stewart 2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1498</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1498</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Stewart, Kathleen</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ordinary affects</title></titles><pages>x, 133 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>Social psychology United States.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year></dates><pub-location>Durham, NC</pub-location><publisher>Duke University Press</publisher><isbn>9780822340881 (cloth alk. paper)&#xD;0822340887 (cloth alk. paper)&#xD;9780822341079 (pbk. alk. paper)&#xD;0822341077 (pbk. alk. paper)</isbn><accession-num>14767707</accession-num><call-num>Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms HM1027.U6 S74 2007&#xD;Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms - STORED OFFSITE HM1027.U6 S74 2007</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Stewart 2007). But stories are also a means to think. They call on us to contemplate and consider even as they move and entertain. While Geertz ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Geertz</Author><Year>1973</Year><RecNum>51</RecNum><DisplayText>(1973)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>51</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">51</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Geertz, Clifford</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The interpretation of cultures: selected essays</title></titles><pages>ix, 470</pages><keywords><keyword>Culture</keyword><keyword>Ethnology</keyword><keyword>Ethnography</keyword><keyword>Interpretive Anthropology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1973</year></dates><pub-location>New York,</pub-location><publisher>Basic Books</publisher><isbn>046503425X</isbn><call-num>GN315 .G36&#xD;301.2</call-num><urls></urls><custom1>subject 1</custom1><custom2>subject 2</custom2><custom3>subject 3</custom3></record></Cite></EndNote>(1973) attributes the re-telling of stories (e.g., Aboriginal Dreamwalks, Homeric poems, Shakespearian dramas) as a form of cultural practice, a means of affirming community values by repeating them in a dramatic setting, stories do more than confirm what we know. 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (see 2004b; 2004a; 2012; 2014) . His rationale for this manoeuvre is not first and foremost predicated on what we can ‘learn’ from the native, or at least not in the sense that this question has been historically posed. Rather, his interest is in attempting to trace the origin of anthropological theory: “What does the anthropologist owe to the people they study?” (Viveiros do Castro 2104, 40). Is the native simply a source for our data? Does she simply provide the means for us to justify or prove our various objects of intellectual creativity? Or could the native be thought of as the source of our knowledge? In other words, could the native be thought as the origin of our thinking: “couldn’t one shift to a perspective showing that the source of the most interesting concepts, problems, entities and agents introduced into thought by anthropological theory is in the imaginative power of the societies…that they propose to explain? Doesn’t the originality of anthropology instead reside there – in this always-equivocal but often fecund alliance between the conceptions and practices coming from the worlds of the so-called ‘subject’ and ‘object’ of anthropology?” (2014, 40). While the question Viveiros de Castro poses is similar to the one I raise above, i.e., can the native do more than provide evidence for our thinking, he introduces an additional dimension. For Viveiros de Castro’s, the point is not simply that the native cannot stand for proof. It is that the native is the origin for the thinking we endeavour to prove. Anthropological thought, he suggests, has its source in the thoughts and contemplations of others. Our thinking is derived from these others--the other is the means by which we think. At one level it could be argued that Viveiros de Castro is making the somewhat banal observations that we are not the sole author of our writing and that our writing is inspired or influenced by our engagements with others. But such a reading does not get at the full implications of his critique. Indeed, for Viveiros de Castro, there is the intimation of a shell game. While we may acknowledge the extent to which the other serves as the source of our thinking, the rigour of our work is based upon our ability to position the other as its evidence. Thus elevating the singularity of our own capacities and obscuring the essential role of others. Such a manoeuvre is in keeping with the institutional expectations of the academy and, more significantly our ingrained presumptions about authorship. In Derrida’s ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Derrida</Author><Year>1982</Year><RecNum>1418</RecNum><DisplayText>(1982)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1418</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1418</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Derrida, Jacques</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Margins of philosophy</title></titles><pages>xxix, 330 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>Heidegger, Martin, 1889-1976. Sein und Zeit.</keyword><keyword>Valéry, Paul, 1871-1945.</keyword><keyword>Philosophy</keyword><keyword>Language and languages Philosophy.</keyword><keyword>Ontology</keyword><keyword>Space and time</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1982</year></dates><pub-location>Chicago</pub-location><publisher>University of Chicago Press</publisher><isbn>0226143252&#xD;0226143260 (pbk.)</isbn><accession-num>000271778</accession-num><call-num>BUHR B53 .D433&#xD;UGL B 53 .D433&#xD;Shapiro Undergraduate B 53 .D433&#xD;Buhr Shelving Facility B53 .D433</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(1982) essay the Ends of Man he traces how the tradition of enlightenment subjectivity positions the author as the sole progenitor of his thoughts, i.e., of thoughts that are resolutely presumed and conceived as his own. Such a presumption remains the cornerstone of the modern academic institution. Regardless of how far academics have eroded Cartesian formulations of the self-standing subject (the subject who is the source and governor of his own thinking) the infrastructure of intellectual professionalism is fundamentally predicated on the presumption that we are the owners of our thoughts. To be an author is to produce something affective from the dark mysterious crucible of one’s own interior. It is to have a voice that bears an imprint or tenor that is conceptualised by us and our audience as distinctly and uniquely ours. In this light it is no wonder that plagiarism is the academy’s deepest crime. In not properly delineating what belongs to us and what belongs to others, we do not only run the risk of intellectual theft, we potentially disrupt the conceptual apparatus of authorship itself. As Foucault might argue, the sacred seal of propriety is the underlying presumption that bonds us to the academy and its institutional mechanisms of governance, i.e., its rules, rewards and sanctioned methods of practice. Authorship is the means by which we understand ourselves as academic subjects. And the academy is the apparatus that sanctifies and supports those subject formations.So how does Viveiros de Castro’s conception of the native help us understand the potential of stories, or more accurately, how does it illuminate a potential place for stories in the academy? The argument that organises the remainder of this article is that stories, freed from the burden of evidence, have the potential to acknowledge that which allows us to think. One of the key components of Viveiros de Castro’s work is that it is not native thought alone that engenders anthropological theory. Rather, thinking emerges from the anthropological encounter, that is, from the crashing of different ontological systems and the thinking that emerges when precarious ontologies meet. In this sense, there is always a story to how thought occurs, to how a particular idea emerges from the wreckage of our engagements with difference. Thus, rather than positioning these stories at the back-end of our work, using it to justify the credibility of the thinking that occurs (and that we subsequently claim), the suggestion here is we move it to the front, tracing and illuminating the encounters, events and happenstance that allowed a certain trajectory of thought to transpire. The purpose of stories, therefore, becomes a means of earnestly acknowledging the others that give rise to thought. It is a means not simply of recognising the agency of others but acknowledging our reliance on that agency. In this manner, we can potentially accept that we are not the masters of our narrative and that stories are not resources that we can put to work. Rather we work for them. Our thinking, at its heart, is at the mercy of others and the stories that others give. The next two sections of this article outline two significant implications of this potential place for stories. The next section (section 4) outlines its implications for our conceptions of authorship. Specifically it develops further the question of what it means to be an author who is not the sole owner of one’s thoughts. Section five examines the ethical implications of this position. Specifically this means re-considering the ‘ethics’ of representation to focus not on how we represent others but how we honour and acknowledge the other’s role in our thinking. Conceptions of authorshipQuestioning the role of the author has a long history in geography PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5EdW5jYW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTg4PC9ZZWFyPjxS

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Duncan and Duncan 1988; Duncan James and Ley 1993; Cosgrove and Domosh 1993; Agnew and Livingstone 2011). The phrase ‘death of the author’ ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Barthes</Author><Year>1977</Year><RecNum>1448</RecNum><Prefix>which comes from </Prefix><DisplayText>(which comes from Barthes 1977)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1448</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1448</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Barthes, Roland</author></authors><subsidiary-authors><author>Heath, Stephen</author></subsidiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Image, music, text</title><secondary-title>Fontana communications series</secondary-title></titles><pages>220 p., 8 p. of plates</pages><keywords><keyword>Literature.</keyword><keyword>Performing arts.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1977</year></dates><pub-location>London</pub-location><publisher>Fontana</publisher><isbn>0006348807</isbn><accession-num>3215579</accession-num><call-num>Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms PN37 .B29 1977b</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(which comes from Barthes 1977) was a popular shorthand for early post-structural work that challenged the uni-directional conceptions of social and spatial power prevalent in the 1970s and 80s. Even as this work explored the operations of social power in the landscape, they were conscious of the limitations of authorial control and celebrated the interpretative capacities of agents PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Sb3V0bGVkZ2U8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTkzPC9ZZWFy

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (e.g., see Routledge 1993; Smith 1993; Soja 1996; Moore 1997; Morin and Guelke 1998; Sharp et al. 2000). And yet, for all the emphasis on interpretative resistance, it would be an overstatement to suggest that this work seriously undermined the position of the author. While it did question the authority of texts, and was willing to expand the definition of texts in quite radical ways, the standing of those that produce texts remained relatively untouched. In this sense, one could argue that the much touted death of the author never really happened. While there was certainly a disenchantment with the authority of texts and a concomitant questioning of the power of textual production, such issues never fundamentally problematized the status of the author or the ownership or possession of the author’s words.The aim of this section is to develop a conception of the writing subject whose identity is not steeped in notions of ownership or origination. Specifically, it does this by reviving the ancient idea of the scribe. Broadly speaking a scribe can be defined as a literate elite who served a ruling or priestly caste ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Carr</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>1452</RecNum><Prefix>see </Prefix><DisplayText>(see Carr 2009; also see Orton 1989)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1452</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1452</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Carr, David McLain</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Writing on the tablet of the heart : origins of scripture and literature</title></titles><pages>xiv, 330 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>Bible. Social scientific criticism.</keyword><keyword>Literature and society Mediterranean Region.</keyword><keyword>Literature, Ancient History and criticism.</keyword><keyword>Socialization Mediterranean Region.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year></dates><pub-location>New York ; Oxford</pub-location><publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher><isbn>9780195382426 (pbk.)&#xD;0195382420 (pbk.)</isbn><accession-num>vtls004937776</accession-num><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Orton</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>1454</RecNum><Prefix>also see </Prefix><record><rec-number>1454</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1454</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Orton, David E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The understanding scribe : Matthew and the apocalyptic ideal</title></titles><pages>280 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc.</keyword><keyword>Apocalyptic literature.</keyword><keyword>Scribes.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1989</year></dates><pub-location>Sheffield</pub-location><publisher>JSOT Press,</publisher><accession-num>vtls000368838</accession-num><work-type>Rev Ph D thesis originally entitled The scribes and Matthew-University of Sheffield, 1986</work-type><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(see Carr 2009; also see Orton 1989). In societies were the vast majority of the population were illiterate, scribes were the means by which written correspondences, judicial decrees and bureaucratic processes was transacted. In the courts of the ancient empires, scribes were the administrative heart of the imperial system and worked to keep its various judicial, mercantile, military and religious functions operative. As such they often encompassed a range of roles including accountant, paymaster, administrator, clerk, copyist and teacher. It was precisely this range of roles that lead to the scribe being a figure of both reverence and debate. At one level, this debate concerned the nature of the scribe’s office. While scribes were proximate to state power they were not themselves its source, thus questions about the appropriate role of the scribe (were they advisors, enforcers or functionaries?) was a recurring theme in scribal writing ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Perdue</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>1453</RecNum><DisplayText>(Perdue 2008)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1453</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1453</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Perdue, Leo G.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The sword and the stylus : an introduction to wisdom in the age of empires</title></titles><pages>x, 502 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>Wisdom literature Criticism, interpretation, etc.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year></dates><pub-location>Grand Rapids, Mich.</pub-location><publisher>W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co.</publisher><isbn>9780802862457 (pbk.)&#xD;0802862454 (pbk.)</isbn><accession-num>vtls004564885</accession-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Perdue 2008). At another level, however, these debates concerned the nature of the scribe’s material, that is, the mysteries and power of language. Words in the Ancient Near East were conceived as manifestations or artefacts of divine systems (ibid). One can see this in the prosaic writings of imperial administration, where scribes lettered the decrees, pronouncements and decisions of kings who (in the Egyptian and Persian tradition in particular) were directly associated with Gods. And one can see this in the more ‘literary’ works (e.g., imperial histories, encomiums, genealogies, biographies and epics) where scribes regularly give thanks to the exterior forces that were not only responsible for the felicity of their words but also for their reception and success. As Hurowitz ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Hurowitz</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>1455</RecNum><DisplayText>(2008)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1455</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1455</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Victor Avigdor Hurowitz</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Perdue, Leo G.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Tales of two sages: towards an image of the &apos;wise man&apos; in Akkadian writings</title><secondary-title>Scribes, sages, and seers : the sage in the Eastern Mediterranean world</secondary-title></titles><pages>viii, 344 p.</pages><number>Bd 219</number><keywords><keyword>Scribes Middle East.</keyword><keyword>Prophets Middle East.</keyword><keyword>Wisdom literature.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year></dates><pub-location>G?ttingen</pub-location><publisher>Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht</publisher><isbn>9783525530832&#xD;3525530838</isbn><accession-num>591021</accession-num><call-num>Hugh Owen Library: Arts and Humanities (Level F) BS1455.S4</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(2008) suggests, while the extensiveness of a scribe’s training mattered, their success was also dependent upon abilities that were seen to be divinely endowed. Thus it is not surprising that the opening lines of scribal texts (as well as the colophons) were often both highly self-congratulatory and humble; one the one hand recounting their extensive training and simultaneously giving thanks to the gods that have bestowed such virtues upon them, as Smith suggests, scribes “projected their scribal activities on high, on a god who ...was a teacher in his heavenly court. They hypostatized the scribe and scribal activities in the figure of Divine Wisdom” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Smith</Author><Year>1975</Year><RecNum>1458</RecNum><Suffix>`, 48`, also see Orton 1989</Suffix><DisplayText>(Smith 1975, 48, also see Orton 1989)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1458</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1458</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jonathan Z. Smith</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Pearson, Birger A.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Wisdom and apocalyptic</title><secondary-title>Religious syncretism in antiquity : essays in conversation with Geo Widengren</secondary-title></titles><pages>xviii, 222 p.</pages><number>no 1</number><keywords><keyword>Religion Congresses.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1975</year></dates><pub-location>Missoula, Mont.</pub-location><publisher>Published by Scholars Press for the American Academy of Religion and the Institute of Religious Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara</publisher><isbn>0891300376</isbn><accession-num>2217000</accession-num><call-num>Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms BL21 .R45</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Smith 1975, 48, also see Orton 1989). It is precisely this idea of the scribe as a conduit for forces that transcend him that is significant here. As Orton ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Orton</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>1454</RecNum><DisplayText>(1989)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1454</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1454</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Orton, David E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The understanding scribe : Matthew and the apocalyptic ideal</title></titles><pages>280 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc.</keyword><keyword>Apocalyptic literature.</keyword><keyword>Scribes.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1989</year></dates><pub-location>Sheffield</pub-location><publisher>JSOT Press,</publisher><accession-num>vtls000368838</accession-num><work-type>Rev Ph D thesis originally entitled The scribes and Matthew-University of Sheffield, 1986</work-type><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(1989) suggests, “to be a scribe in Babylon, as indeed in Egypt, in Assyria and in Sumer beforehand, was in large part to be an eminent interpreter of mysteries for the benefit of the court and ultimately for the nation, though the art itself remained largely esoteric” (41-42). Thus while the scribe transacted language and writing for the court, the practice involved an element of divination. The good scribe is one that is attuned to the divine mysteries of language and can forge it into the practical functions of state. This consolidation between the legalistic and esoteric is perhaps best epitomised by the second century Jewish scribe Ben Sira. In his didactic texts, Ben Sira emphasises that the key to wisdom is not predicated on reading but on listening: “a teachable student is one who has an attentive ear” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Carr</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>1452</RecNum><Prefix>Sirach 3:29 quoted in </Prefix><Suffix>`, 208</Suffix><DisplayText>(Sirach 3:29 quoted in Carr 2009, 208)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1452</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1452</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Carr, David McLain</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Writing on the tablet of the heart : origins of scripture and literature</title></titles><pages>xiv, 330 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>Bible. Social scientific criticism.</keyword><keyword>Literature and society Mediterranean Region.</keyword><keyword>Literature, Ancient History and criticism.</keyword><keyword>Socialization Mediterranean Region.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year></dates><pub-location>New York ; Oxford</pub-location><publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher><isbn>9780195382426 (pbk.)&#xD;0195382420 (pbk.)</isbn><accession-num>vtls004937776</accession-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Sirach 3:29 quoted in Carr 2009, 208). As Orton (1989) elaborates, for Ben Sirach “the scribe's occupation is with understanding matters …that are in some way 'hidden' from others. He is a professional 'understander'” (Orton 1989). What is being understood however, is not the author’s own ideas or even the author’s own words, but the laws, values and principals enshrined in the Torah. This wisdom is not Ben Sira’s own. Rather, as he suggests, “God hast put into my mouth as it were rain for all [those who thirst]…they shall be a torrent [overflowing its banks] and like the [bottom]less seas. They shall suddenly gush forth which were hidden in secret” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Orton</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>1454</RecNum><Prefix>Sirach 1QH8 quoted in </Prefix><Suffix>`, 74</Suffix><DisplayText>(Sirach 1QH8 quoted in Orton 1989, 74)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1454</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1454</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Orton, David E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The understanding scribe : Matthew and the apocalyptic ideal</title></titles><pages>280 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc.</keyword><keyword>Apocalyptic literature.</keyword><keyword>Scribes.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1989</year></dates><pub-location>Sheffield</pub-location><publisher>JSOT Press,</publisher><accession-num>vtls000368838</accession-num><work-type>Rev Ph D thesis originally entitled The scribes and Matthew-University of Sheffield, 1986</work-type><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Sirach 1QH8 quoted in Orton 1989, 74). While Ben Sira helps us understand, the source of that knowledge is not within himself. Rather it derives from sources outside him, mysteries which he transcribes and delivers but does not engender. At first glance, it is difficult to establish the scribe as an equate-able counter to modern notions of authorship, particularly since the source of scribal knowledge is divine. My interest, however, has less to do with the terms of the relationship and more to do with the relationship itself. The scribe was not seen to be the origin of his thoughts. Rather his thoughts were given to him by others. And while those others were sublimated into a host of divinities and spiritual traditions, the alterity that these deities named cannot be so readily rejected or dismissed. Indeed, it is precisely those mysteries that have been utterly annihilated by our contemporary conceptions of authorship. My suggestion here is not that we need to build new totems or supplicate our muse, but that we recognize and acknowledge how otherness, and the mysteriousness that inheres in alterity, enjoins us to write. It is others and what we do not know of them that is the origin of our thinking. The scribe’s enduring capacity to see the origin of writing as inhering in forces, events and encounters outside themselves and acknowledging (and even celebrating) their role in the text’s composition, is what I am attending to. While academics no doubt recognize the role of informants and often give thanks to their participation, in the transposition of others to academic evidence, the informant’s gift of thought is occluded by the author’s personal capacities. This is not wisdom in the scribal sense but an intellectual game, a reversal legitimated through the institutional sanctity of evidence. While I am not arguing that we should forsake authorship and embrace the scribe, I am using the figure of the scribe to put forth an alternative conception of the writing subject, a subject that is first and foremost oriented towards exteriority, i.e., towards the others that provision our thinking. Writing, for the scribe, is not simply a gift from others but is a gift that requires recognition. And while we may not need to supplicate the source of our writing in the same way, they do need to be acknowledged. There is a demand at the heart of this conception of the writing subject to honour those others; to recognise that which is the source of our writing and refrain from claiming too much for ourselves. The ethics of authorship While the emphasis of the previous section was on outlining an alternative conception of the writing subject, the purpose of this section is to explore the ethical implications for writing in this manner. If our stories are not our own (if they are gifted from others), then how do we understand the ethical and political obligations of telling them? To what extent can we be responsible for stories that are not ours, i.e., fundamentally not under our control or dominion? How do we think through the ‘politics of representation’ when we are not the origin or owners of the objects we represent? To understand the question we need to review the politics of writing and representation in the discipline. Specifically, this means looking at two traditions: (1) the feminist ‘social geography’ tradition of Holloway ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Holloway</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>1462</RecNum><DisplayText>(2005, 2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1462</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1462</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sarah L. Holloway</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Articulating otherness? White rural residents talk about gypsy-travellers</title><secondary-title>Transactions, Institute of British Geographers</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Transactions, Institute of British Geographers</full-title></periodical><pages>351-367</pages><volume>30</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2005</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Holloway</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>1463</RecNum><record><rec-number>1463</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1463</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Holloway, Sarah L.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Burning issues: whiteness, rurality and the politics of difference</title><secondary-title>Geoforum</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Geoforum</full-title></periodical><pages>7-20</pages><volume>38</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2007</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(2005, 2007), Skelton ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Skelton</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>333</RecNum><DisplayText>(2000)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>333</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">333</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tracy Skelton</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Joanne P. Sharp, Paul Routledge, Chris Philo and Ronan Paddison</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Jamaican Yardies on British television: dominant representations, space for resistance?</title><secondary-title>Entanglements of power: geographies of domination/resistance</secondary-title></titles><dates><year>2000</year></dates><pub-location>London</pub-location><publisher>Routledge</publisher><urls></urls><custom1>subject 1</custom1><custom2>subject 2</custom2><custom3>subject 3</custom3></record></Cite></EndNote>(2000) Valentine ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Valentine</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>310</RecNum><DisplayText>(1993, 1996)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>310</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">310</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gill Valentine</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>(Hetero)sexing space: lesbian perceptions and experiences of everyday spaces</title><secondary-title>Environment and Planning D: Society and Space</secondary-title></titles><pages>395-413</pages><volume>11</volume><keywords><keyword>gender</keyword><keyword>resistance</keyword><keyword>sexuality</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1993</year></dates><urls></urls><custom1>subject 1</custom1><custom2>subject 2</custom2><custom3>subject 3</custom3></record></Cite><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Valentine</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>84</RecNum><record><rec-number>84</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">84</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gill Valentine</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Nancy Duncan</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>(Re)negotiating the &apos;heterosexual street&apos;</title><secondary-title>Bodyspace: destabilizing geographies of gender and sexuality</secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword>sexuality</keyword><keyword>public space</keyword><keyword>gender</keyword><keyword>landscape</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1996</year></dates><pub-location>New York</pub-location><publisher>Routledge</publisher><urls></urls><custom1>subject 1</custom1><custom2>subject 2</custom2><custom3>subject 3</custom3></record></Cite></EndNote>(1993, 1996) and others ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bell</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>274</RecNum><DisplayText>(Bell and Valentine 1995; Bell and Binnie 2004)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>274</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">274</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Edited Book">28</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>D. Bell</author><author>Gil Valentine</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Mapping desire: geographies of sexuality</title></titles><dates><year>1995</year></dates><pub-location>London</pub-location><publisher>Routledge</publisher><urls></urls><custom1>subject 1</custom1><custom2>subject 2</custom2><custom3>subject 3</custom3></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Bell</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>1464</RecNum><record><rec-number>1464</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1464</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>David Bell </author><author>Jon Binnie </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Authenticating queer space: citizenship, urbanism and governance</title><secondary-title>Urban Studies,</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Urban Studies,</full-title></periodical><pages>1807-1820</pages><volume>41</volume><dates><year>2004</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Bell and Valentine 1995; Bell and Binnie 2004) and (2) the feminist field-work tradition, represented by Katz ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Katz</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>1476</RecNum><DisplayText>(1994)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1476</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1476</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cindy Katz</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Playing the Field: Questions of Fieldwork in Geography</title><secondary-title>Professional Geographer </secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Professional Geographer</full-title></periodical><pages>67-72</pages><volume>46</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>1994</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(1994), Moss ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Moss</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>421</RecNum><DisplayText>(1993)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>421</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">421</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pamela Moss</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Focus: feminism as method</title><secondary-title>The Canadian Geographer</secondary-title></titles><pages>48-49</pages><volume>37</volume><dates><year>1993</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(1993), Radcliffe ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Radcliffe</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>267</RecNum><DisplayText>(1996)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>267</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">267</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sara Radcliffe</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Gendered nations: nostalgia, development and territory in Ecador</title><secondary-title>Gender, Place and Culture</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Gender, Place and Culture</full-title></periodical><pages>5-21</pages><volume>3</volume><dates><year>1996</year></dates><urls></urls><custom1>subject 1</custom1><custom2>subject 2</custom2><custom3>subject 3</custom3></record></Cite></EndNote>(1996), Nast ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Nast</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>418</RecNum><DisplayText>(1994)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>418</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">418</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Heidi Nast</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Women in the field</title><secondary-title>Professional Geographer</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Professional Geographer</full-title></periodical><pages>54-66</pages><volume>46</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>1994</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(1994) Wolfe ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Harding</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>422</RecNum><DisplayText>(1987; 1991)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>422</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">422</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>S Harding</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>S Harding</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Introduction: is there a feminist method?</title><secondary-title>Feminism and Methodology</secondary-title></titles><pages>1-14</pages><dates><year>1987</year></dates><pub-location>Bloomington</pub-location><publisher>Indiana University Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Harding</Author><Year>1991</Year><RecNum>603</RecNum><record><rec-number>603</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">603</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sandra Harding</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Whose science? Whose knowledge? Thiniking from women&apos;s lives</title></titles><dates><year>1991</year></dates><pub-location>New York</pub-location><publisher>Routledge</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(1987; 1991) and more recently by Pain ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Pain</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>1467</RecNum><DisplayText>(2007; 2008)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1467</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1467</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pain, R. </author><author>Kindon, S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title> Participatory geographies</title><secondary-title> Environment and Planning A</secondary-title></titles><pages>2807-2812</pages><volume>39</volume><dates><year>2007</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Pain</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>1468</RecNum><record><rec-number>1468</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1468</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pain, R</author><author>Mrs Kinpaisby</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Taking stock of participatory geographies: envisioning the communiversity</title><secondary-title>Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers</full-title></periodical><pages>292-299</pages><dates><year>2008</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(2007; 2008), Bondi PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGUgRXhjbHVkZUF1dGg9IjEiPjxBdXRob3I+Qm9uZGk8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVh

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (2002, 2003, 2007), Pratt ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Pratt</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>1512</RecNum><DisplayText>(2000, 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1512</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1512</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Geraldine Pratt</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Research performances</title><secondary-title>Environment and Planning D: Society and Space</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Environment and Planning D: Society and Space</full-title></periodical><pages>639-651</pages><volume>18</volume><dates><year>2000</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Pratt</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>1513</RecNum><record><rec-number>1513</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1513</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Geraldine Pratt</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Collaboration as feminist strategy</title><secondary-title>Gender, Place and Culture</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Gender, Place and Culture</full-title></periodical><pages>43-48</pages><volume>17</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(2000, 2010), Nagar ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Nagar</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>1488</RecNum><DisplayText>(2003; 2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1488</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1488</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nagar, R.</author><author>Ali, F. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Collaboration across borders: Moving beyond positionality</title><secondary-title>Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography</full-title></periodical><pages>356-372</pages><volume>24</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2003</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Nagar</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>1487</RecNum><record><rec-number>1487</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1487</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nagar, R. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title> Storytelling and co-authorship in feminist alliance work: reflections from a journey.</title><secondary-title>Gender, Place and Culture</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Gender, Place and Culture</full-title></periodical><pages>1-18</pages><volume>20</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(2003; 2013) and others ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Cameron</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>1515</RecNum><DisplayText>(Cameron and Gibson 2005; Cahill, Sultana, and Pain 2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1515</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1515</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jenny Cameron</author><author>Katerine Gibson</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Participatory action research in a poststructuralist vein</title><secondary-title>Geoforum</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Geoforum</full-title></periodical><pages>315-331</pages><volume>36</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2005</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Cahill</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>1470</RecNum><record><rec-number>1470</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1470</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Caitlin Cahill </author><author>Farhana Sultana</author><author>Rachel Pain</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Participatory Ethics: Politics, Practices, Institutions</title><secondary-title>ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies</full-title></periodical><pages>304-18</pages><volume>6</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2007</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Cameron and Gibson 2005; Cahill, Sultana, and Pain 2007). In both of these traditions there is a strong emphasis on the politics of writing the stories of others. The focus of this section is on reviewing these traditions and exploring the avenues they provide for an ethics predicated on the acknowledgement of the others that give us our stories. The feminist ‘social geography’ tradition historically focused on those communities, classes and/or identity groups that for various social, economic and geographic reasons are excluded from the resources and opportunities available to others. Anderson’s ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Anderson</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>82</RecNum><DisplayText>(1987)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>82</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">82</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kay J. Anderson</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The idea of Chinatown: the power of institutional practice in the making of a racial category</title><secondary-title>Annals of the Association of American Geographers</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Annals of the Association of American Geographers</full-title></periodical><pages>580-598</pages><volume>77</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>new cultural geography</keyword><keyword>chinatown</keyword><keyword>race</keyword><keyword>landscape</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1987</year></dates><urls></urls><custom1>subject 1</custom1><custom2>subject 2</custom2><custom3>subject 3</custom3></record></Cite></EndNote>(1987) ground-breaking work on Vancouver’s Chinatown is a classic example of how racist political imaginaries can concretise into materialist practices that keep immigrant communities spatially and socially marginalised. Work by Valentine ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Valentine</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>310</RecNum><DisplayText>(1993)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>310</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">310</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gill Valentine</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>(Hetero)sexing space: lesbian perceptions and experiences of everyday spaces</title><secondary-title>Environment and Planning D: Society and Space</secondary-title></titles><pages>395-413</pages><volume>11</volume><keywords><keyword>gender</keyword><keyword>resistance</keyword><keyword>sexuality</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1993</year></dates><urls></urls><custom1>subject 1</custom1><custom2>subject 2</custom2><custom3>subject 3</custom3></record></Cite></EndNote>(1993) illustrates how far less materialist practices have the capacity to designate who belongs where and when ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Domosh</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>392</RecNum><Prefix>also see </Prefix><DisplayText>(also see Domosh 1998)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>392</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">392</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mona Domosh</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Those &quot;gorgeous incongruities&quot;: polite politics and public space on the streets of nineteenth-century New York City</title><secondary-title>Annals of the Association of American Geographers</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Annals of the Association of American Geographers</full-title></periodical><pages>209-226</pages><volume>88</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>1998</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(also see Domosh 1998) and work by Sibley ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Sibley</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>307</RecNum><DisplayText>(1995)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>307</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">307</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>David Sibley</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Geographies of exclusion</title></titles><dates><year>1995</year></dates><pub-location>London</pub-location><publisher>Routledge</publisher><urls></urls><custom1>subject 1</custom1><custom2>subject 2</custom2><custom3>subject 3</custom3></record></Cite></EndNote>(1995), Dwyer ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Dwyer</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>1459</RecNum><DisplayText>(2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1459</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1459</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Claire Dwyer</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Reinventing Muslim space in suburbia: the Salaam Centre in Harrow, North London</title><secondary-title>The Changing World Religion Map: Sacred Places, Identities, Practices and Politics</secondary-title></titles><pages> 2399-2414</pages><dates><year>2015</year></dates><pub-location>Heidelberg</pub-location><publisher>Springer </publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(2015) and Ahmed ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Ahmed</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1460</RecNum><DisplayText>(2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1460</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1460</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ahmed, Sara</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>On being included : racism and diversity in institutional life</title></titles><pages>x, 243 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>Minorities in higher education.</keyword><keyword>Racism in higher education.</keyword><keyword>Education, Higher Social aspects.</keyword><keyword>Cultural pluralism.</keyword><keyword>Universities and colleges Sociological aspects.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year></dates><pub-location>Durham ; London</pub-location><publisher>Duke University Press</publisher><isbn>9780822352211 (cloth alk. paper)&#xD;9780822352365 (pbk. alk. paper)</isbn><accession-num>17000701</accession-num><call-num>Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms LC212.4 A398 2012</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(2012) illustrate the social dynamics and mechanisms that can be employed to situate expectations about the spatial parameters of inclusion. In terms of writing, however, what distinguishes this work is the long-standing tradition of using stories to give marginalised groups ‘a voice’. Drawing upon the post-colonial work of Said ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Said</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>182</RecNum><DisplayText>(1979)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>182</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">182</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Said, Edward W.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Orientalism</title></titles><pages>xi, 368</pages><edition>1st Vintage Books</edition><keywords><keyword>Imperialism</keyword><keyword>East and West</keyword><keyword>Asia Foreign opinion, Occidental.</keyword><keyword>Middle East Foreign opinion, Occidental.</keyword><keyword>Asia Study and teaching</keyword><keyword>Middle East Study and teaching</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1979</year></dates><pub-location>New York</pub-location><publisher>Vintage Books</publisher><isbn>039474067X</isbn><call-num>Ds12 .s24 1979&#xD;950/.07/2</call-num><urls></urls><custom1>subject 1</custom1><custom2>subject 2</custom2><custom3>subject 3</custom3></record></Cite></EndNote>(1979) and Spivak ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Spivak</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>313</RecNum><DisplayText>(1996)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>313</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">313</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Donna Landry</author><author>Gerald MacLean</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Subaltern studies: deconstructing historiagraphy</title><secondary-title>The Spivak Reader</secondary-title></titles><pages>203-235</pages><dates><year>1996</year></dates><pub-location>New York</pub-location><publisher>Routledge</publisher><urls></urls><custom1>subject 1</custom1><custom2>subject 2</custom2><custom3>subject 3</custom3></record></Cite></EndNote>(1996), the question here is how to amplify and reveal the voices of the marginalised others within conversations of the dominant ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>McDowell</Author><Year>1992</Year><RecNum>1475</RecNum><DisplayText>(McDowell 1992)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1475</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1475</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Linda McDowell</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Multiple voices: speaking from inside and outside &apos;the project&apos;</title><secondary-title>Antipode</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Antipode</full-title></periodical><pages>56-72</pages><volume>24</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>1992</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(McDowell 1992). The purpose of this strategy is two-fold. On the one hand, its illuminates the plight of the marginal and the effects of social exclusion. But on the other it also works to queer the mainstream ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Munoz</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>1471</RecNum><DisplayText>(Munoz 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1471</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1471</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lorena Munoz</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Browne, Kath</author><author>Nash, Catherine J.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Brown, queer and gendered: queering the Latina/o &apos;street-scapes&apos; in Los Angeles</title><secondary-title>Queer methods and methodologies : intersecting queer theories and social science research</secondary-title></titles><pages>xiv, 301 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>Queer theory.</keyword><keyword>Social sciences Research Methodology.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year></dates><pub-location>Farnham, Surrey, England ; Burlington, VT</pub-location><publisher>Ashgate</publisher><isbn>9780754678434 (alk. paper)&#xD;0754678431 (alk. paper)&#xD;9780754696636 (ebk. alk. paper)&#xD;0754696634 (ebk. alk. paper)</isbn><accession-num>16143540</accession-num><call-num>Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms HQ76.25 .Q44 2010</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Munoz 2010), that is, to reveal the presence of what Sibley calls ‘the imperfect people’ within and thus to question the holism and certainty that defines the dominant. In this framing, the question of how to speak for others becomes central. Thus, debates turned upon who has the right and/or capacity to speak on the other’s behalf ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Routledge</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>306</RecNum><Prefix>see </Prefix><DisplayText>(see Routledge 1997)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>306</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">306</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Paul Routledge</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>the imagineering of resistance: Pollok Free State and the practices of postmodern politics</title><secondary-title>Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers</full-title></periodical><pages>359-376</pages><volume>22</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>1997</year></dates><urls></urls><custom1>subject 1</custom1><custom2>subject 2</custom2><custom3>subject 3</custom3></record></Cite></EndNote>(see Routledge 1997) as well as the political effectivity of giving voice ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hubbard</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>1477</RecNum><DisplayText>(Hubbard 1999)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1477</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1477</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Phil Hubbard</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Researching female sex work: reflections on geographical exclusion, critical methodologies and ‘useful’ knowledge</title><secondary-title>Area</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Area</full-title></periodical><pages>229-237</pages><volume>31</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>1999</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Hubbard 1999). The feminist fieldwork tradition, while similarly concerned with the status and well-being of marginalised and subaltern others, takes a somewhat different tack. Here the emphasis is on understanding and ameliorating (as far as possible) the differential power relations embedded in the research process. As Wolfe ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Wolf</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>1461</RecNum><DisplayText>(1996)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1461</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1461</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wolf, Diane L.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Feminist dilemmas in fieldwork</title></titles><pages>xiii, 226 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>Women&apos;s studies Fieldwork.</keyword><keyword>Feminism Research.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1996</year></dates><pub-location>Boulder, Colo.</pub-location><publisher>Westview Press</publisher><isbn>0813384966 (hc)&#xD;0813384990 (pbk)</isbn><accession-num>673162</accession-num><call-num>Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms HQ1180 .F45 1996&#xD;Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms - STORED OFFSITE HQ1180 .F45 1996</call-num><urls><related-urls><url>Contributor biographical information description ;(1996) suggests, power differentials saturate (unwittingly and unavoidably) the research context--from setting questions, collecting data to the writing and publishing results. The hallmark of this tradition is an emphasis on reflexivity: an ongoing meditation on the dynamics, limits and possibilities of research and its emancipatory parameters and potential. Long-standing topics include questions of positionality PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IYXJhd2F5PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5MTwvWWVhcj48

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Staeheli and Brown 2003; Lawson 2007; Mcewan and Goodman 2010) and the nature of listening ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>England</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>1473</RecNum><DisplayText>(England 1994; Nairn 1997)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1473</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1473</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kim England </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Getting Personal: Reflexivity, Positionality and Feminist Research</title><secondary-title>The Professional Geographer</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The Professional Geographer</full-title></periodical><pages>80-89</pages><volume>46</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>1994</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Nairn</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>1486</RecNum><record><rec-number>1486</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1486</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Karen Nairn</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Jones, John Paul</author><author>Nast, Heidi J.</author><author>Roberts, Susan M.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Hearing from quiet students: the politics of silence and voice in geography classrooms</title><secondary-title>Thresholds in feminist geography : difference, methodology, and representation</secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword>Feminist theory Congresses.</keyword><keyword>Feminist geography Congresses.</keyword><keyword>Geography Study and teaching Congresses.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1997</year></dates><pub-location>Lanham, MD</pub-location><publisher>Rowman &amp; Littlefield</publisher><isbn>0847684369 (cloth : alk. paper)&#xD;0847684377 (paper : alk. paper)&#xD;CIP entry</isbn><accession-num>adv0101941331</accession-num><call-num>305.42/01 21&#xD;British Library DSC 98/02773</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(England 1994; Nairn 1997). More relevant for this project, however, are the techniques that have developed to mitigate the authority that inheres in authorship. In the work of Bondi ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Bondi</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>1491</RecNum><DisplayText>(2002, 2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1491</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1491</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bondi, Liz</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Subjectivities, knowledges and feminist geographies : the subjects and ethics of social research</title></titles><keywords><keyword>Feminist theory.</keyword><keyword>Feminist geography.</keyword><keyword>Spatial behavior.</keyword><keyword>Subjectivity.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year></dates><pub-location>Lanham, Md. ; Oxford</pub-location><publisher>Rowan &amp; Littlefield</publisher><isbn>0742515613 (cased) : No price&#xD;0742515621 (pbk.) : No price</isbn><accession-num>bA274778</accession-num><call-num>305.4201 21&#xD;British Library HMNTS YC.2006.a.5032</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Bondi</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>1489</RecNum><record><rec-number>1489</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1489</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bondi, Liz</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>On the relational dynamics of caring: a psychotherapeutic approach to emotional and power dimensions of women’s care work</title><secondary-title>Gender, Place and Culture</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Gender, Place and Culture</full-title></periodical><pages>249-265</pages><volume>15</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2007</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(2002, 2007), Nagar ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Nagar</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>1488</RecNum><DisplayText>(2003; 2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1488</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1488</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nagar, R.</author><author>Ali, F. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Collaboration across borders: Moving beyond positionality</title><secondary-title>Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography</full-title></periodical><pages>356-372</pages><volume>24</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2003</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Nagar</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>1487</RecNum><record><rec-number>1487</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1487</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nagar, R. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title> Storytelling and co-authorship in feminist alliance work: reflections from a journey.</title><secondary-title>Gender, Place and Culture</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Gender, Place and Culture</full-title></periodical><pages>1-18</pages><volume>20</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(2003; 2013) and others ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mountz</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>1493</RecNum><DisplayText>(Mountz et al. 2003; Gibson-Graham and Roelvink 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1493</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1493</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>A. Mountz</author><author>I.M. Miyares</author><author>R. Wright</author><author>A.J. Bailey</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Methodologically becoming: power, knowledge and team research</title><secondary-title>Gender, Place and Culture</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Gender, Place and Culture</full-title></periodical><pages>29-46</pages><volume>10</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2003</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Gibson-Graham</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>1492</RecNum><record><rec-number>1492</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1492</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>J.K. Gibson-Graham</author><author>G. Roelvink</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The nitty gritty of creating alternative economies</title><secondary-title>Social Alternatives</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Social Alternatives</full-title></periodical><pages>29-33</pages><volume>30</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Mountz et al. 2003; Gibson-Graham and Roelvink 2011) there is a thoughtful and rigorous endeavour to question the author’s sovereignty and the singularity of her voice. Through strategies of collaboration, engagement and distributed authorship, these writers in particular have sought ways to cultivate texts that are not only more inclusive but acknowledges the author’s debt to others. The reason I raise these traditions is not only because they represent a set of engaging debates about the ethical nature of writing, but because they constitute an innovative place for stories in the academy. Whether the aim is to open the discipline to a multitude of voices or to acknowledge our reliance on the voices of others, the literature serves as the necessary counter-example to the critique I presented in section 1, i.e., these stories do not reduce the other’s narrative to evidence. On the contrary, there is an effort to establish an alternative place for stories: a place where the story’s effectiveness is measured not only by its ethics, but also its capacity to move and affect, even if those effects are measured primarily by their impact on social change. And yet, while this work has been inspirational to the current project, I also want to distinguish the place I am attempting to clear both in terms of the way it invites and engages with otherness and in terms of the work I am attempting to make stories do. 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (see Bondi and Domosh 1992; Radcliffe 1994; Kobayashi 1994). As Routledge (1996) argues, there is always the “danger of producing a narcissistic self-centring which locates myself-as-author at the centre of an heroic or romanticized narrative” (401). Similar debates in anthropology surround what Ortner ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Ortner</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>5</RecNum><DisplayText>(1995)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>5</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">5</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sherry B. Ortner</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Resistance and the problem of ethnographic refusal</title><secondary-title>Comparitive Studies in Society and History</secondary-title></titles><pages>173-193</pages><volume>37</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>ethnography</keyword><keyword>resistance</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1995</year></dates><urls></urls><custom1>subject 1</custom1><custom2>subject 2</custom2><custom3>subject 3</custom3></record></Cite></EndNote>(1995) calls the politics of ethnographic refusal, where silence is perceived to be the only legitimate means of negotiating the freighted politics of representation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Simpson</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>1402</RecNum><Prefix>also see </Prefix><DisplayText>(also see Simpson 2007; Fernando 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1402</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1402</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Audra Simpson </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>On ethnographic refusal: indigeneity, “voice” and colonial citizenship</title><secondary-title>Junctures</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Junctures</full-title></periodical><pages>67-80</pages><volume>9</volume><dates><year>2007</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Fernando</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>1403</RecNum><record><rec-number>1403</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1403</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mayanthi L Fernando </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ethnography and the politcs of silence</title><secondary-title>Cultural Dynamics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Cultural Dynamics</full-title></periodical><pages>235-244</pages><volume>26</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(also see Simpson 2007; Fernando 2014). While these critiques are trenchant, the solutions to them are somewhat facile. For Routledge (1996) it is to create a negotiated third space where political activism and writing can inform each other through a reflexive trialectic, while for Fernando (2014) the solution is silence when it is impossible to represent the other. All such solutions fall back on a conception of writing where the author is presumed to be a sovereign subject responsible for words and ideas that are conceptualised first and foremost as belonging to her. While a number of feminist authors have recognised and critiqued this position for its politics PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Ib29rczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTA8L1llYXI+PFJl

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Hooks 1990; Hill Collins 1990; Peake and Trotz 1999; Valentine 2007), my interest concerns the way it situates the writing subject. In the very ambition to ‘give voice’ to the other, there is a movement of self-realisation--an establishment of one-self as the voice that gives. In the transposition of the other from someone that gives to someone that needs, we lose sight of how the capacity to be responsible is itself given by others. Others give us not simply the right but the ontological aptitude to speak. Feminism and feminist practice has moved on immensely from this tradition and recent work in the feminist fieldwork vein has produced more potent intersections with the approach I am attempting to clear. Indeed, in the work of Pratt ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Pratt</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>1512</RecNum><DisplayText>(2000, 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1512</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1512</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Geraldine Pratt</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Research performances</title><secondary-title>Environment and Planning D: Society and Space</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Environment and Planning D: Society and Space</full-title></periodical><pages>639-651</pages><volume>18</volume><dates><year>2000</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Pratt</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>1513</RecNum><record><rec-number>1513</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1513</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Geraldine Pratt</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Collaboration as feminist strategy</title><secondary-title>Gender, Place and Culture</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Gender, Place and Culture</full-title></periodical><pages>43-48</pages><volume>17</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(2000, 2010), Bondi ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Bondi</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>1514</RecNum><DisplayText>(2003, 2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1514</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1514</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Liz Bondi</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Empathy and identification: conceptual resources for feminist fieldwork</title><secondary-title>ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies</full-title></periodical><pages>64-76</pages><volume>2</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2003</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Bondi</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>1489</RecNum><record><rec-number>1489</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1489</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bondi, Liz</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>On the relational dynamics of caring: a psychotherapeutic approach to emotional and power dimensions of women’s care work</title><secondary-title>Gender, Place and Culture</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Gender, Place and Culture</full-title></periodical><pages>249-265</pages><volume>15</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2007</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(2003, 2007), Nagar ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Nagar</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>1488</RecNum><DisplayText>(2003; 2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1488</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1488</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nagar, R.</author><author>Ali, F. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Collaboration across borders: Moving beyond positionality</title><secondary-title>Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography</full-title></periodical><pages>356-372</pages><volume>24</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2003</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Nagar</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>1487</RecNum><record><rec-number>1487</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1487</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nagar, R. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title> Storytelling and co-authorship in feminist alliance work: reflections from a journey.</title><secondary-title>Gender, Place and Culture</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Gender, Place and Culture</full-title></periodical><pages>1-18</pages><volume>20</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(2003; 2013) and Gibson-Graham ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Gibson-Graham</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>892</RecNum><DisplayText>(2006)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>892</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">892</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>J.K. Gibson-Graham</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Postcapitalist politics</title></titles><dates><year>2006</year></dates><pub-location>Minneapolis</pub-location><publisher>University of Minnesota Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(2006) there is an attentiveness to how the collaborative process and the event of engagement with others, engenders hybrid, mobile and porous subjectivities. Pratt (2003) in particular emphasises how research disrupts subjectivity, exposing its lack of firm ground and opening absences and fallibilities that she (the subject) must think through in order to reconstitute herself as a writing and thinking being. This is a conception of the writing subject that is very similar to the one I am attempting to trace; a subject whose capacity to think and write is gifted by others. But I would make two distinctions. The first surrounds the question of responsibility. In much of the feminist scholarship, the commitment to others is political (as well as personal). This is to say that the event of encounter, exposure and thought is precipitated by a desire to facilitate social justice and/or engender various relations of emancipation and care. While authors are no doubt careful not to pre-determine what social justice means or the modality of care that can and should take place, the purpose of listening is to be responsible, as Nagar suggests “the spirit of listening, sharing and collaborative decision-making [is] about where these stories should speak, for whom, in what languages and with what purpose” (368). The only thing I would add to this sentiment is that there is an ontological point that proceeds the political one. As a scribe, it is our exposure to the other that allows us to speak. There is no voice that precedes this exposure. Thus, all speaking, writing and doing is reliant on the other’s arrival and the stories they tell. This leads to the second point. In the desire to engage with others, there is often within this literature a desire for reciprocity and exchange, that is, a desire for the other to be a partner and/or collaborator (to varying degrees) in the research process. My question here does not concern the means or techniques by which this process is facilitated, a topic which has already received much thoughtful work, e.g., in participatory methods ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Pain</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>1467</RecNum><DisplayText>(Pain and Kindon 2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1467</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1467</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pain, R. </author><author>Kindon, S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title> Participatory geographies</title><secondary-title> Environment and Planning A</secondary-title></titles><pages>2807-2812</pages><volume>39</volume><dates><year>2007</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Pain and Kindon 2007) distributed authorship ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bondi</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>1491</RecNum><DisplayText>(Bondi 2002)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1491</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1491</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bondi, Liz</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Subjectivities, knowledges and feminist geographies : the subjects and ethics of social research</title></titles><keywords><keyword>Feminist theory.</keyword><keyword>Feminist geography.</keyword><keyword>Spatial behavior.</keyword><keyword>Subjectivity.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year></dates><pub-location>Lanham, Md. ; Oxford</pub-location><publisher>Rowan &amp; Littlefield</publisher><isbn>0742515613 (cased) : No price&#xD;0742515621 (pbk.) : No price</isbn><accession-num>bA274778</accession-num><call-num>305.4201 21&#xD;British Library HMNTS YC.2006.a.5032</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Bondi 2002) and in collaborative political activism PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5OYWdhcjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDM8L1llYXI+PFJl

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Nagar and Ali 2003; Pain 2003; Pratt 2003). My question rather concerns the underlying ambition that such techniques situate, namely, the desire for equality. While many authors are very careful not to presume (or imply) sameness between themselves and their collaborators, there is an underlying desire for correspondence, an ambition to meet on level ground and speak through (as far as possible) the social, cultural, racial, sexual and ethnic differences that divide them. While such a task is noble and necessary, it nonetheless wrongly stages the relation between writer and other. In contrast, I would argue that the relation between scribe and subject is (and must be) one of irremediable inequality. This is an inequality that precedes relations of power and is unaffected by the various strategies we (as writers) may use to mitigate them. It is an inequality that resides in our reliance on the other. As Pratt ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Pratt</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1490</RecNum><DisplayText>(2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1490</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1490</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pratt, Geraldine</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Families apart : migrant mothers and the conflicts of labor and love</title></titles><keywords><keyword>Foreign workers, Philippine Canada.</keyword><keyword>Women foreign workers Canada.</keyword><keyword>Women household employees Canada.</keyword><keyword>Filipinos Canada.</keyword><keyword>Working mothers Canada.</keyword><keyword>Immigrant families Canada.</keyword><keyword>Mother and child Philippines.</keyword><keyword>Philippines Emigration and immigration Social aspects.</keyword><keyword>Canada Emigration and immigration Social aspects.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year></dates><pub-location>Minneapolis</pub-location><publisher>University of Minnesota Press</publisher><isbn>9780816669981 (hc : alk. paper)&#xD;0816669988 (hc : alk. paper)&#xD;9780816669998 (pb : alk. paper)&#xD;0816669996 (pb : alk. paper)</isbn><call-num>331.4089/9921071 23&#xD;British Library DSC m12/.11401</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(2012) suggests, in the acknowledgements of her monograph, her book “grew out of, was nourished by, and lives within…[her] collaborations; there is very little to say beyond this. The book would not exist without [them]” (ix, emphasis mine). The implication here is that Pratt’s relation with her informants is one of unremitting reliance (a sentiment familiar to anyone who has engaged in long-term fieldwork). It is the other’s arrival and the stories they tell us that allows us to write. And we are beholden to those stories (and the ones that tell them) in a manner that no convention or technique can modify. Regardless of how much social, political and economic power we bring to the research situation, we are always at the other’s mercy. It is not simply our capacity for authorship that is held in their hands, but our capacity to be a subject, that is our capacity to speak not only for them but for ourselves. Who we are as writing subjects (as beings that have the capacity to listen, write and speak) is reliant on the arrival of the other and the demand imminent to their story--the demand to listen. And while such a demand no doubt situates a relation of responsibility (which feminist geographers have long been well-attuned) it is important to recognise that that responsibility is situated in a relation of ontological inequality; a relation where we are utterly and wholly beholden to the other. The ethics of writing is thus an ethics that honours our social obligations alongside our ontological dependence. It is an ethics that acknowledges the ontological primacy of the other’s arrival. ConclusionsTowards the beginning of his famous essay Poetically man dwells Heidegger ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Heidegger</Author><Year>1971</Year><RecNum>856</RecNum><DisplayText>(1971)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>856</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">856</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Martin Heidegger</author></authors><subsidiary-authors><author>Albert Hofstadter</author></subsidiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Building dwelling thinking</title><secondary-title>Poetry, language, thought</secondary-title></titles><pages>143-162</pages><dates><year>1971</year></dates><pub-location>New York</pub-location><publisher>Harper and Row</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(1971) states that “man acts as though he were the shaper and master of language, while in fact language remains the master of man. When this relation of dominance gets inverted, man hits upon strange manoeuvres” (p. 215). My purpose in this article has been to suggest that we, as authors, are guilty not of forgetting our responsibility to others (this is something academics are often very aware of) but rather our humility before others. In other words, while we are acutely aware of our obligation to others, we conceive of that obligation in relation to our own capacities (our ability to engage, reflect and choose), rather than in relation to our vulnerability (our reliance on others and the stories they tell). Such forgetting has indeed led to some strange manoeuvres. When the stories that lead us to think are positioned as the evidence for our thoughts, we come to see language and writing as a tool that is ours to use and others as a proxy for its truth. It is only when we approach language as an opening to the other, only when we acknowledge the other’s call as imminent to the very act of thinking itself, that we understand the thoughts we speak and the words with which we speak them do not originate from within but constitute a response. “Man first speaks” Heidegger continues, “when, and only when, he responds to language by listening to its appeal” (216). Hearing this appeal constitutes the conceptual heart of this paper. Its purpose, first and foremost is to illuminate that we, as writers, are not the architects or the origin of our voice. Inherent in the ambition to give a voice to the marginal, the vulnerable and excluded is a potential misconstruction of our status vis-à-vis these others. It is not us who give the other a voice. It is they who give us ours. While there is a long tradition in anthropology, geography and feminist studies of recognising the ethics of writing, as well as earnest engagements with the debt we owe to others, too often such work does not transpire into serious questioning of the ontological status and standing of authorship. More often than not, it leads to a re-assertion of the author’s sovereignty. In the practice of reflecting upon the ethics, politics and possibilities (or impossibilities) of representation, collaboration and cooperative political action, there is the danger of re-stablishing our responsibility, that is, to affirm ourselves as (on the one hand) having freedom from the other and (on the other) obligated to use that freedom responsibly. In such cases we affirm our sovereign power for choice and self-reflection, our ability to talk to ourselves about the options we (as writing subjects) face. If nothing else the purpose of this article has been to provide a check on this inclination towards personal self-belief, i.e., the idea that we have (or could potentially have) mastery over not only ourselves and our story, but our very capacity to think. It is through this framing that we can see the kind of place I am attempting to clear for stories in the academy. The refusal to treat stories as evidence is a refusal to present them as post-facto conclusions formed by an already constituted subject. By letting stories be stories we recognise and acknowledge that which allowed us to think. Stories, in this framing, are the events that give us a voice. What this means in terms of the actual practice of writing is beyond the scope of this article. Indeed, I see this question as an issue of technique and while I myself have evolved my own approach to writing stories ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Rose</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>1420</RecNum><Prefix>see </Prefix><DisplayText>(see Rose 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1420</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2rw99etxkefdrmesfroxv20gzfrsxere5v0v">1420</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mitch Rose</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Negative governance: vulnerability, biopolitics and the origins of government</title><secondary-title>Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers</full-title></periodical><pages>209-223</pages><volume>39</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(see Rose 2014), I see this as only one possibility. That said, I have argued for at least two re-orientations in terms of our current conception of the writing subject. First, I have argued for a reconceptualization of authorship and second, for a re-imagination of authorial responsibility. In both cases the ambition is to illustrate how our obligation to the other is non- reciprocal--how we (as writers) are wholly indebted to the other and the stories that others give. As Jabes suggests, the ‘I’ is the miracle of the ‘you’. What we think of as our voice is actually not ours at all, but is given to us by an other: the miracle of an other’s story, arriving from nowhere, surprising, interesting and perhaps entertaining but always constitutive. It is to this miracle where our obligation lies. Honouring that which allows us to speak. Recognising how that which we take to be most our own (our writing, our ideas, our voice) does not derive from us but is a gift from the other and the stories that others endlessly and generously provide. 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Minneapolis: Univocal.Wolf, D. L. 1996. Feminist dilemmas in fieldwork. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.Wylie, J. 2005. A single day's walking: narrating self and landscape on the South West Coast Path. Transactions for the Institute for British Geographers 30 (3):234-247.———. 2009. Landscape, absence and the geographies of love. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 34 (3):275-289. MITCH ROSE is a senior lecturer in the Department of Geography and Earth Science at Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB UK. E-mail: mitch.rose@aber.ac.uk. His research interests are in cultural geography, cultural theory and the history and culture of the Middle East. ................
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