Scientific Revolution, pp



Western Civilization II Unit 5 Terms

Chapter 16: Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: The Scientific Revolution

Background to the Scientific Revolution, pp. 473-474

Scientific Revolution

• What elements helped bring about the Scientific Revolution?

Toward a New Heaven: A Revolution in Astronomy, pp. 474-484

Geocentric conception of the universe

Nicolaus Copernicus

Heliocentric conception of the universe

Johannes Kepler

Galileo Galilei

Isaac Newton, Principia

Universal law of gravitation

World machine

• How did Copernicus’s conception of the universe reflect and challenge those of Ptolemy and Aristotle?

• How were the new ideas regarding the universe received by others, especially the church?

Advances in Medicine and Chemistry, pp. 484-486

Paracelsus

Andreas Vesalius

William Harvey

Anton van Leewenhoek

Robert Boyle

Antoine Lavoisier

• What did Paracelsus, Vesalius, and Harvey contribute to a scientific view of medicine?

Toward a New Earth: Descartes, Rationalism, and a New View of Humankind, pp. 488-490

Rene Descartes, Discourse on Method

Cartesian dualism

Rationalism

• Why is Descartes considered the “founder of modern rationalism”?

The Scientific Method and the Spread of Scientific Knowledge, pp. 490-496

Scientific method

Francis Bacon

Empiricism

Royal scientific societies

Baruch Spinoza

Blaise Pascal

• How did the ideas of the Scientific Revolution spread, and what impact did they have on society and religion?

Chapter 17: The Eighteenth Century: An Age of Enlightenment

The Enlightenment, pp. 514-526

Natural law

Enlightenment

Skepticism

John Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Tabula rasa

Philosophes

Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws

Separation of powers

Voltaire

Deism

Denis Diderot, Encyclopedia

Physiocrats

Francois Quesnay

Laissez-faire

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Social Contract, Emile

Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations

Romanticism

Salons

• What intellectual developments led to the emergence of the Enlightenment?

• What were the elements of classical liberalism that emerged out of the Renaissance?

• What were some of the religious responses to the Enlightenment?

• What role did women play in the Enlightenment?

• How did the salons play a significant part in the Enlightenment?

Culture and Society in the Enlightenment, pp. 526-536

Rococo

Neoclassicism

Jacques Louis David

Mozart

Haydn

Beethoven

Symphony

• What innovations in art, music and literature occurred in the eighteenth century?

Religion and Churches, pp. 536-529

• How did popular religion differ from institutional religion in the eighteenth century?

Chapter 18: The Eighteenth Century: European Wars, International Wars, and Social Change

The European States, pp. 543-554

Natural laws

Natural rights

Enlightened absolutism

Frederick II “the Great” (Prussia)

Maria Theresa (Austria)

Joseph II (Austria)

Catherine the Great (Russia)

• What problems did the French monarchs face in the eighteenth century?

• What were the significant political issues and developments in eighteenth century England?

• How did the military and the bureaucracy come to play an increasingly significant role in Prussian politics and society?

• What do historians mean by the term “enlightened absolutism”? To what degree did eighteenth-century Prussia, Austria, and Russia exhibit its characteristics?

• Understand the partition of Poland

Wars and Diplomacy, pp. 554-558

War of the Austrian Succession

Pragmatic Sanction

Seven Years’ War/French and Indian War

Treaty of Paris (1763)

• How did the concepts of “balance of power” and “reason of state” influence international relations in the eighteenth century?

• What were the causes and results of the Seven Years’ War?

Economic Expansion and Social Change, pp. 558-565

Agricultural Revolution

Crop rotation

Enclosure

Jethro Tull, seed drill

Cottage industry/Putting-out system

Flying shuttle

Spinning jenny

Water frame

• How did marriage and birthrate patterns change in the eighteenth century?

• Understand the causes of population growth in the eighteenth century.

• What were the significant changes in agriculture that occurred in the eighteenth century?

• What were the significant industrial developments of the eighteenth century?

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