White Plains Public Schools / Overview



The Enlightenment GH2/Napp

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Key Ideas of John Locke

A. The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it.

B. Reason teaches that all human beings are equal and independent.

C. No one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions.

D. Governments are made by the consent of the people.

Based on the information in this graphic organizer, state two specific rights that John Locke believed all humans have.

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Outside Information on either John Locke or The Enlightenment:

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Notes:

I. The Enlightenment

A. During the Eighteenth century, philosophers began to examine the role of government

B. They wanted to improve society by using reason

C. This period is also called the Age of Reason

II. The Enlightenment in France

A. Many French philosophers began to criticize society

B. Paris became the center of the Enlightenment

C. French intellectuals often met at salons

1- In Paris, wealthy women invited thinkers to gather in their homes

2- These meetings were called salons.

III. Enlightenment Ideals

A. Religious tolerance (freedom of religion)

B. People’s rights (rights to life, liberty, and property)

C. The Social Contract (an agreement between the governed and the government)

D. Separation of Powers (Executive, Legislative, Judicial)

Questions:

1- What did Enlightenment thinkers begin to examine in the 1700s? __________________________________________________________________

2- What did Enlightenment thinkers use to improve society? __________________________________________________________________

3- Define reason. __________________________________________________________________

4- What is another term or name historians give to the Enlightenment? __________________________________________________________________

5- Where was the center of the Enlightenment? __________________________________________________________________

6- What was a salon? __________________________________________________________________

7- State several Enlightenment ideals. __________________________________________________________________

8- What is the social contract? __________________________________________________________________

Reading [Global History: Geopolitical Patterns and Cultural Diffusion]

|Writers of the Enlightenment |

| |

|John Locke (1632-1704) |Locke believed all men have natural rights of |Impact: |

|Two Treatises of Government (1690) |life, liberty, property; men have a right of |Influenced ideas of Jefferson and |

| |revolution if government fails to protect rights |Declaration of Independence; used many |

| | |times to justify revolution against |

| | |unjust governments |

|Voltaire |Voltaire admired relative freedom of religion and|Impact: |

|(François-Marie Arouet, 1694-1778) |press in England; believed enlightened despots |Increased English pride in freedoms |

|Letters on the English (1728) |should use power to benefit people |resulted in rise of enlightened despots |

|Jean Jacques Rousseau |Rousseau believed “man is born free, yet |Impact: |

|(1712-1778) |everywhere he is in chains,” wanted men to give |Influenced development of democracy – |

|Social Contract (1761) |power to government (General Will) which would |government “of the people, by the |

| |act for common good with consent of people |people, for the people” |

|Montesquieu |Baron de Montesquieu believed in separation of |Impact: |

|(Charles Louis de Secondat, 1689-1755) |powers (legislative/executive/judicial); wanted |Influenced structure of U.S. |

|The Spirit of the Laws (1748) |balance of power among various elements in |Constitution and other constitutions |

| |government |based on it |

[pic] You are the teacher.

1- What are the critical facts of the reading?

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2- Write four easy questions and two difficult questions for the document.

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|1- One way in which Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau are | |

|similar is that they were | |

|(1) philosophers during the Age of Enlightenment | |

|(2) chief ministers during the French Revolution | |

|(3) leaders of the Italian unification movement | |

|(4) supporters of the Counter Reformation |3. Which statement expresses an idea of the Enlightenment? |

| |(1) The king is sacred and answers only to God. |

|2. |(2) History is a continuous struggle between social classes. |

|Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains. |(3) Those who are the most fit will survive and succeed. |

|Everyone has the natural right to life, liberty, and property. |(4) All individuals have natural rights. |

|Slavery, torture, and religious persecution are wrong. | |

| |4. One contribution that John Locke made to Enlightenment |

|During which period in European history would the ideas in these |philosophy was the idea that |

|statements have been expressed? |(1) absolute monarchies should continue |

|The Pax Romana |(2) the punishment should fit the crime |

|The Age of Exploration |(3) individual rights should be denied |

|The Enlightenment |(4) governments should be based on the consent of the people |

|The Age of Imperialism | |

Critical Thinking Questions:

1- What were Voltaire's contributions to Enlightenment thought? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2- Why were philosophes (philosophers of the Enlightenment) in conflict with the established churches? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3- How did salons encourage the spread of Enlightenment ideas? What role did women play in salons? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

[pic]

4- What is the cartoonist suggesting about separation of powers and then President George Bush? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5- Is the cartoon complimentary or critical of the President? Defend your answer.

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6- Why would Montesquieu be particularly troubled about this cartoon? __________________________________________________________________

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