Mrs.Parker OCVS Social Studies 407.203.9424



Module 9 Journal(Go to FILE, the DOWNLOAD AS, and the pick a format that you can edit)Your journals are meant to help you take notes and study as you move through the modules. They should be completed little by little as you do each lesson, not as a stand-alone assignment to be done all at once. 1114300For each term the textbook definition has been provided to you. You will create an example, application, or other means of helping you remember the term. The last column should be written in a complete and grammatically correct sentence. It should not be a repeat of other examples. TermDefinition or DescriptionApply the term. In a complete sentence apply the term or concept to a scenario of your choosing. 09.01 What is Abnormality?1. Psychopathology The study of abnormal behavior and psychological dysfunction. 2. Situational context The social or environmental setting of a person’s behavior. 3. Subjective discomfort Emotional distress or emotional pain. 4. Maladaptive Anything that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life. 5. Psychological disorders Any pattern of behavior or thinking that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life. 6. Biological model Model of explaining behavior as caused by biological changes in the chemical, structural, or genetic systems of the body. 7. Cognitive psychologists Area of psychology in which psychologists serve at various levels including individual, group, and community, focusing on promoting social welfare and preventing social problems. 8. Sociocultural perspective Perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture; in psychopathology, perspective in which abnormal thinking and behavior (as well as normal) is seen as the product of learning and shaping within the context of the family, the social group to which one belongs, and the culture within which the family and social group exist. 9. Cultural relativity The need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which behavior takes place. 10. Cultural syndromes Sets of particular symptoms of distress found in particular cultures, which may or may not be recognized as an illness within the culture. 11. Biopsychosocial model Perspective in which behavior is seen as the result of the combined and interacting forces biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences. 12. DSM-5 The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. 9.02 Anxiety, Somatoform, and Dissociative Disorders13. Psychology Student Syndrome (lesson) Students self-diagnose with all the disorders they learn. 14. Free-floating anxiety (e-text) Anxiety that is unrelated to any specific and known cause. 15. Phobia An irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity. 16. Social Anxiety Disorder Fear of interacting with others or being in social situations that might lead to a negative evaluation. 17. Social phobia 18. Specific phobia Anxiety disorder characterized by irrational and persistent fear of particular object or situation, along with compelling desire to avoid it. 19. Claustrophobia Fear of being in a small, enclosed space. 20. Acrophobia Fear of heights 21. Agoraphobia Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible. 22. Panic attack Sudden onset of intense panic in which multiple physical symptoms of stress occur, often with feelings that one is dying. 23. Panic disorder Disorder in which panic attacks occur more than once or repeatedly, and cause persistent worry or changes in behavior. 24. Generalized anxiety disorder Disorder in which a person has feelings of dread and impending doom along with physical symptoms of stress, which lasts 6 months or more. 25. Obsessive-compulsive disorder Disorder in which intruding, recurring thoughts, or obsessions create anxiety that is relieved by performing a repetitive, ritualistic behavior or mental act (compulsion). 26. Acute stress disorder (ASD) A disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, dissociation, recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, problems in concentration, and moments in which people seem to “relive” the event in dreams and flashbacks for as long as 1 month following the event. 27. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) A disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, dissociation, nightmares, poor sleep, reliving the event, and concentration problems, lasting for more than 1 month; symptoms may appear immediately, or not occur until 6 months or later after the traumatic event. 28. Magnification The tendency to interpret situations as far more dangerous, harmful, or important than they actually are. 29. All-or-nothing thinking The tendency to believe that one’s performance must be perfect or the result will be a total failure. 30. Overgeneralization Distortion of thinking in which a person draws sweeping conclusions based on only one incident or event and applies those conclusions to events that are unrelated to the original; the tendency to interpret a single negative event as a neverending pattern of defeat and failure. 31. Minimization The tendency to give little or no importance to one’s successes or positive events and traits. 32. Dissociative disordersDisorders in which there is a break in conscious awareness, memory, the sense of identity, or some combination. 33. Fugue A rare psychiatric disorder characterized by amnesia of personal identity and travel is generally involved, without memory of how they arrived. 34. Dissociative identify disorder (DID) Disorder occurring when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body. 35. Anxiety disorders (lesson) Class of disorders in which the primary symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety. 36. Somatoform disorders Psychological disorder in which the symptoms take somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. 37. Hypochondriasis A somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease. 38. Somatization disorder A psychological disorder involving combinations of multiple physical complaints with no medical explanation. 39. Conversion disorder A somatoform disorder in which a person displays blindness, deafness, or other symptoms of sensory or motor failure without a physical cause. 40. Dissociative amnesiaA type of dissociative disorder that involves inability to recall important personal information that would not typically be lost with ordinary forgetting. It is usually caused by trauma or stress. Diagnosis is based on history after ruling out other causes of amnesia. Treatment is psychotherapy, sometimes combined with hypnosis or drug-facilitated interviews. 41. Dissociative fugue A dissociative disorder involving sudden loss of memory and the assumption of a new identity in a new locale. 42. Depersonalization disorder Feeling of detachment from one's own body and believes that the external world is unreal. 9.03 Mood Disorders43. Affect In psychology, a term indicating “emotion” or “mood.” 44. Mood disordersDisorders in which mood is severely disturbed. 45. Major Depressive DisorderSevere depression that comes on suddenly and seems to have no external cause or is too severe for current circumstances. 46. Manic Having the quality of excessive excitement, energy, and elation or irritability. 47. Bipolar Disorder Periods of mood that may range from normal to manic, with or without episodes of depression (Bipolar 1 disorder), or spans of normal mood interspersed with episodes of major depression and episodes of hypomania (Bipolar II disorder). 48. Dysthymia (lessons) A mood disorder involving a pattern of comparatively mild depression that lasts for at least two years. 49. Cyclothemia Mood disorder characterized by a chronic pattern of relatively mild mood swings. 50. Major depressive Disorder Severe Depression that comes on suddenly and seems to have no external cause or is too severe for current circumstances. 9.04 Schizophrenia51. Schizophrenia Severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, hallucinations, and inability to distinguish between fantasy and reality. 52. PsychoticRefers to an individual’s inability to separate what is real and what is fantasy. 53. DelusionsFalse beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness. 54. Hallucinations False sensory perceptions, such as hearing voices that do not really exist. 55. Flat effect A lack of emotional responsiveness. 56. Catatonia Disturbed behavior ranging from statue-like immobility to bursts of energetic, frantic movement, and talking. 57. Positive symptoms Symptoms of schizophrenia that are excesses of behavior or occur. In addition to normal behavior, hallucinations, delusions, and distorted thinking. 58. Negative symptoms Symptoms of schizophrenia that are less than normal behavior or an absence of normal behavior; poor attention, flat affect, and poor speech production. 59. Stress-vulnerability model Explanation of disorder that assumes a biological sensitivity, or vulnerability, to a certain disorder will result in the development of that disorder under the right conditions of environment or emotional stress. 60. Paranoid Schizophrenia A type of schizophrenia that is dominated by delusions of persecution along with delusions of grandeur. 61. Disorganized SchizophreniaType of schizophrenia characterized by severely disturbed thought processes, frequent incoherence, disorganized behavior, and inappropriate affect. 62. Catatonic SchizophreniaType of schizophrenia characterized either by displays of excited or violent motor activity or by stupor. 63. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia A schizophrenic disorder that is characterized by a mixture of symptoms and does not meet the diagnostic criteria of any one type. 64. Residual Schizophrenia A schizophrenic disorder in which the person exhibits inappropriate affect, illogical thinking, and/or eccentric behavior but seems generally in touch with reality. 9.05 Personality Disorders65. Personality disordersDisorders in which a person adopts a persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social infractions. 66. Antisocial personality disorderDisorder in which a person uses other people without worrying about their rights or feelings and often behaves in an impulsive or reckless manner without regard for the consequences of that behavior. 67. Borderline personality disorder Maladaptive personality pattern in which the person is moody, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others with a pattern of self-destructiveness, chronic loneliness, and disruptive anger in close relationships. 68. Histrionic Personality disorder (lessons) A class of psychological disorders involving physical ailments with no authentic organic basis that are due to psychological factors. 69. Paranoid Personality disorder Type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others 70. Schizoid Personality disorder Personality disorder in which they have no interest in relationships with other people, lack emotional responsiveness. 71. Schizoptypal Personality Disorder A personality disorder characterized by detachment from, and great discomfort in, social relationships, odd perceptions, thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors. 72. Avoidant Personality Disorder A personality disorder defined by a pervasive pattern of orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control. 73. Dependent Personality Disorder A personality disorder characterized by helplessness, excessive need to be taken care of, submissive and clinging behavior; difficulty in making decisions. 74. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality disorder Disorder in which intruding, recurring thoughts, or obsessions create anxiety that is relieved by performing a repetitive, ritualistic behavior or mental act (compulsion) 9.06 Therapy and Evaluation75. Therapy Treatment methods aimed at making people feel better and function more effectively. 76. Eclectic Approach to therapy that results from combining elements of several different approaches or techniques. 77. Psychotherapy Therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem talks with a psychological professional. 78. Insight therapies Therapies in which the main goal is helping people to gain insight with respect to their behavior, thoughts, and feelings. 79. Biomedical therapies Therapies that direct affect the biological functioning of the body and brain; therapies for mental disorders in which a person with a problem is treated with biological or medical methods to relieve symptoms. 80. Action Therapy Therapy in which the main goal is to change disordered or inappropriate behavior directly. 9.07 Psychoanalysis and Humanistic Therapy81. Psychoanalysis An insight therapy based on the theory of Freud, emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts; Freud’s term for both the theory of personality and therapy based on it. 82. Manifest content According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream. 83. Latent content According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). Freud believed that a dream’s latent content functions as a safety valve. 84. Free association Psychoanalytic technique in which a patient was encouraged to talk about anything that came to mind without fear of negative evaluations. 85. Resistance Occurring when a patient becomes reluctant to talk about a certain topic, by either changing the subject or becoming silent. 86. Transference In psychoanalysis, the tendency for a patient or client to project positive or negative feelings for important people from the past onto the therapist. 87. Directive Therapy in which the therapist actively gives interpretations of a client’s statements and may suggest certain behavior or actions. 88. Psychodynamic therapy A newer and more general term for therapies based on psychoanalysis with an emphasis on transference, shorter treatment times, and more direct therapeutic approach. 89. Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) Form of therapy for depression which incorporates multiple approaches and focuses on interpersonal problems. 90. Nondirective Therapy style in which the therapist remains relatively neutral and does not interpret or take direct actions with regard to the client, instead remaining a calm, nonjudgemental listener while the client talks. 91. Person-centered therapy A non-directive therapy based on the work of Carl Rogers in which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens. 92. Authenticity The genuine, open, and honest response of the therapist to the client. 93. Unconditional positive regard Referring to the warmth, respect, and accepting atmosphere created by the therapist for the client in person-centered therapy; positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached. 94. Empathy The ability of the therapist to understand the feelings of the client. 95. Reflection Therapy technique in which the therapist restates what the client says rather than interpreting those statements. 96. Gestalt therapy Form of directive insight therapy in which the therapist helps clients to accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences, using leading questions and planned experiences such as role-playing. 97. Dream Interpretation (lessons) The analysis of elements within a person’s reported dream. Freud believed dreams were a glimpse into a person’s unconscious. 9.08 Behavioral, Cognitive, and Group Therapy98. Behavior Therapies Action therapies biased on the principles of classical and operant conditioning and aimed at changing disordered behavior without concern for the original causes of such behavior. 99. Behavior modification or applied behavior analysis The use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior. 100. Systematic desensitization Behavior technique used to treat phobias, in which a client is asked to make a list of ordered fears and taught to relax while concentrating on those fears. 101. Aversion therapy Form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior. 102. Exposure therapies Behavioral techniques that expose individuals to anxiety – or fear-related stimuli, under carefully controlled conditions, to promote new learning. 103. Flooding Technique for treating phobias and other stress disorders in which the person is rapidly and intensely exposed to the fear-provoking situation or object and prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response. 104. Modeling Learning through the observation and imitation of others. 105. Participant modeling Technique in which a model demonstrates the desired behavior in a step-by-step, gradual process while the client is encouraged to imitate the model. 106. Token economy The use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges. 107. Contingency contract A formal, written agreement between the therapist and client (or teacher and student) in which goals for behavioral change, reinforcements, and penalties are clearly stated. 108. Time-out An extinction process in which a person is removed from the situation that provides reinforcement for undesirable behavior, usually by being placed in a quiet corner or room away from possible attention and reinforcement opportunities. 109. Cognitive therapy Therapy in which the focus is on helping clients recognize distortions in their thinking and replacing distorted, unrealistic beliefs with more realistic, helpful thoughts. 110. Arbitrary inference Distortion of thinking in which a person draws a conclusion that is not biased on any evidence. 111. Selective thinking Distortion of thinking in which a person focuses on only one aspect of a situation while ignoring all other relevant aspects. 112. Overgeneralization Distortion of thinking in which a person draws sweeping conclusions based on only one incident or even and applies those conclusions to events that are unrelated to the original; the tendency to interpret a single negative event as a neverending pattern of defeat and failure. 113. Magnification and minimization Distortions of thinking in which a person blows a negative event out of proportion to its importance (magnification) while ignoring relevant positive events (minimalization). 114. Personalization Distortion of thinking in which a person takes responsibility or blame for events that are unconnected to the person. 115. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) Action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically, which in turn will impact their behavior. 116. Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) Cognitive behavioral therapy in which clients are directly challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped to restructure their thinking into more rational belief statements. 117. Group Therapy Form of therapy or treatment during which a small group of clients with similar concerns meet together with a therapist to address their issues. 118. Family counseling or family therapy A form of group therapy in which family members meet together with a counselor or therapist to resolve problems that affect the entire family. 119. Self-help groups (support groups) A group composed of people who have similar problems and who meet together without a therapist or counselor for the purpose of discussion, problem solving, and social and emotional support. 120. Therapeutic alliance The relationship between therapist and client that develops as a warm, caring, accepting relationship characterized by empathy, mutual respect, and understanding. 121. Evidence-based treatment Also called empirically supported treatment, refers to interventions, strategies, or techniques that have been found to produce therapeutic and desired changes during controlled research studies. 122. Cybertherapy Psychotherapy that is offered on the internet. Also called online, internet, or web therapy or counseling. 123. Biomedical therapies Therapies that directly affect the biological functioning of the body and brain; therapies for mental disorders in which a person with a problem is treated with biological or medical methods to relieve symptoms. 124. Reinforcement Any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again. 125. Extinction The disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning). 126. Magnification and Minimization Distortions of thinking in which a person blows a negative event out of proportion to its importance (magnification) while ignoring relevant positive events (minimalization). 127. Personalization Distortion of thinking in which a person takes responsibility or blame for events that are unconnected to the person. 9.09 Biomedical Approaches128. Therapeutic Alliances (lessons) The relationship between therapist and client that develops as a warm, caring, accepting relationship characterized by empathy, mutual respect, and understanding. 129. Biomedical Therapies (e-text) Therapies that directly affect the biological functioning of the body and brain; therapies for mental disorders in which a person with a problem is treated with biological or medical methods to relieve symptoms. 130. Psychopharmacology The use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of psychological disorders. 131. Antipsychotic drugs Drugs used to treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and other bizarre behavior. 132. Tardive Dyskinesia Side effect of antipsychotic drugs that produces muscle tremors and stiffness. 133. Antianxiety drugs Drugs used to treat and calm anxiety reactions, typically minor tranquilizers. 134. Antidepressant Drugs used to treat depression and anxiety. 135. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Machine designed to record the electroencephalogram. 136. Psychosurgery Surgery performed on brain tissue to relieve or control severe psychological disorders. 137. Prefrontal lobotomy Psychosurgery in which the connections of the prefrontal cortex to other areas of the brain are severed. 138. Bilateral Anterior Cingulotomy Psychosurgical technique in which an electrode wire is inserted into the interior cingulate gyrus, with the guidance of magnetic resonance imaging, to destroy a very small portion of that brain area with electric current. 9.10 G.A.S.139. Stressors Events that cause a stress reaction. 140. Distress The effect of unpleasant and undesirable stressors. 141. Eustress The effect of positive events, or the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being. 142. Catastrophe An unpredictable, large-scale event that creates a tremendous need to adapt and adjust as well as overwhelming feelings of threat. 143. Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) Assessment that measures the amount of stress in a person’s life over a 1-year period resulting from major life events. 144. Hassles The daily annoyances of everyday life. 145. Pressure The psychological experience produced by urgent demands or expectations for a person’s behavior that come from an outside source. 146. Frustration The psychological experience produced by the blocking of a desired goal or fulfillment of a perceived need. 147. Aggression Actions meant to harm or destroy, behavior intended to hurt or destroy another person. 148. Displaced aggression Taking out one’s frustrations on some less threatening or more invaluable target. 149. Escape or withdrawal Leaving the presence of a stressor, either literally or by a psychological withdrawal into fantasy, drug abuse, or apathy. 150. Approach-approach conflict Conflict occurring when a person must choose between two desirable goals. 151. Avoidance-avoidance conflicts Conflict occurring when a person must choose between two undesirable goals. 152. Approach-avoidance conflicts Conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects. 153. Double approach-avoidance conflict Conflict in which the person must decide between two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects. 154. Multiple approach-avoidance conflicts Conflict in which the person must decide between more than two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects. 155. General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) The three stages of the body’s physiological reaction to stress, including alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. 156. Immune system The system of cells, organs, and chemicals of the body that responds to attacks from diseases, infections, and injuries. 157. Psychoneuroimmunology The study of the effects of psychological factors such as stress, emotions, thoughts, and behavior on the immune system. 158. Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) The buildup of a waxy substance called plaque in the arteries of the heart. 159. Type 2 Diabetes Disease typically occurring in middle adulthood when the body either becomes resistant to the effects of insulin or can no longer secrete enough insulin to maintain normal glucose levels. 160. Natural Killer (NK) cell Immune-system cell responsible for suppressing viruses and destroying tumor cells. 161. Health Psychology Area of psychology focusing on how psychical activities, psychological traits, stress reactions, and social relationships affect overall health and rate of illnesses. 162. Primary Appraisal The first step in assessing stress, which involves estimating the severity of a stressor and classifying it as either a threat or a challenge. 163. Secondary Appraisal The second step in assessing a stressor, which involves estimating the resources available to the person for coping with the threat. 164. Type APerson who is ambitious, time conscious, extremely hardworking, and tends to have high levels of hostility and anger as well as being easily annoyed. 165. Type B Person who is relaxed and laid-back, less driven and competitive than Type A and slow to anger. 166. Type C Pleasant but repressed person, who tends to internalize his or her anger and anxiety and who finds expressing emotions difficult. 167. Hardy Personality A person who seems to thrive on stress but lacks the anger and hostility of the Type A personality. 168. Optimists People who expect positive outcomes. 169. Burnout Negative changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a result of prolonged stress or frustration, leading to feelings of exhaustion. 170. Acculturative stress Stress resulting from the need to change and adapt a person’s ways to the majority culture. 171. Social-support system The network of family, neighbors, coworkers, and others who can offer support, comfort, or aid to a person in need. 172. Coping Strategies Actions that people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize the effects of stressors. 173. Problem-focused coping Coping strategies that try to eliminate the source of a stress or reduce its impact through direct actions. 174. Emotion-focused coping Coping strategies that change the impact of a stressor by changing the emotional reaction to the stressor. 175. Meditation Mental series of exercises meant to refocus attention and achieve a trancelike state of consciousness. 176. Concentrative meditation Form of mediation in which a person focuses the mind on some repetitive or unchanging stimulus so that the mind can be cleared of disturbing thoughts and the body can experience relaxation. The People of Psychology (for each person listed, explain who they are and what they are known for. Write in complete sentences. Everything should be in your own words.)177. David Rosenhan178. Phillippe Pinel179. Sigmund Freud180. Carl Rogers181. Fritz Perls182. Mary Cover Jones183. Aaron Beck184. Albert Ellis185. Hans Eysenck186. Shigeru Iwakabe ................
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