Forest Hills High School



New Visions Global History Regents Exam Question Bank for Unit 10.2 Section 3 (NYS 10.4)Table of Contents:Unit 10.2 Section 110.2a Enlightenment thinkers developed political philosophies based on natural laws, which included the concepts of social contract, consent of the governed, and the rights of citizens.10.2b Individuals used Enlightenment ideals to challenge traditional beliefs and secure people’s rights in reform movements, such as women’s rights and abolition; some leaders may be considered enlightened despots.10.2c Individuals and groups drew upon principles of the Enlightenment to spread rebellions and call for revolutions in France and the Americas.10.2d Cultural identity and nationalism inspired political movements that attempted to unify people into new nation-states and posed challenges to multinational states.Unit 10.2 Section 210.3a Agricultural innovations and technologies enabled people to alter their environment, allowing them to increase and support farming on a large scale.10.3b Factors including new economic theories and practices, new sources of energy, and technological innovations influenced the development of new communication and transportation systems and new methods of production. These developments had numerous effects.10.3c Shifts in population from rural to urban areas led to social changes in class structure, family structure, and the daily lives of people.10.3d Social and political reform, as well as new ideologies, developed in response to industrial growth.Unit 10.2 Section 310.4a European industrialized states and Japan sought to play a dominant role in the world and to control natural resources for political, economic, and cultural reasons.10.4b Those who faced being colonized engaged in varying forms of resistance and adaptation to colonial rule with varying degrees of success.10.4c International conflicts developed as imperial powers competed for control. Claims over land often resulted in borders being shifted on political maps, often with little regard for traditional cultures and commerce (e.g., Berlin Conference).Back to the NV Global History Regents Exam Question Bank Main Table of Contents10.4a European industrialized states and Japan sought to play a dominant role in the world and to control natural resources for political, economic, and cultural reasons.JapanWhich geographic factor had the most influence on the development of Inca society and Japanese society? (1) frequent monsoons (2) large deserts (3) mountainous topography (4) tropical climateWhich statement regarding the impact of geography on Japan is most accurate? (1) Large plains served as invasion routes for conquerors. (2) Arid deserts and mountains caused isolation from Asia. (3) Lack of natural resources led to a policy of imperialism. (4) Close proximity to Africa encouraged extensive trade with Egypt.A primary reason for Japan’s involvement in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War was to (1) acquire natural resources in Manchuria and Korea (2) control trade and markets in Southeast Asia (3) end Japan’s policy of isolationism (4) remove foreign invaders from Japanese soilThe annexation of Korea and Japan’s invasion of Manchuria were attempts by Japan to (1) spread Shinto beliefs (2) protect human rights (3) acquire natural resources (4) establish theocratic governmentsWhich geographic characteristic of Japan most influenced its decision to engage in imperialism in the early to mid-20th century? (1) mountainous terrain (2) lack of natural resources (3) abundance of rivers (4) island locationOne way in which the rule of Peter the Great in Russia and the rule of Emperor Meiji in Japan are similar is that both leaders (1) emancipated serfs (2) granted equality to women (3) encouraged modernization (4) ruled according to a constitutionA major reason for Japan’s foreign policy in Asia during the early 20th century was to (1) promote democracy (2) spread Shinto beliefs (3) obtain natural resources (4) reduce military expenses? Sino-Japanese War 1894–1895 ? Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905 ? Annexation of Korea 1910 These events in the history of Japan reflect its (1) resistance to trade (2) abundance of natural resources (3) vulnerability to attack by neighbors (4) emergence as an imperialistic countryWhat is one reason for Japan’s involvement in the first Sino-Japanese War and the annexation of Korea? (1) pursuit of imperialistic goals (2) reaction to foreign invasions (3) institution of five-year plans (4) need for a warm-water portJapan’s policy of expansion in the early 20th century was motivated by (1) a lack of natural resources (2) a plan to end unequal treaties (3) the need to increase cultural diffusion (4) the desire to spread communismJapan began an aggressive policy of imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries because Japan (1) needed raw materials for its factories (2) hoped to spread Shinto (3) sought Western technology (4) wanted revenge for the Opium WarsDuring the late 19th century, Japan’s lack of natural resources was one reason for implementing a policy of (1) collectivization (2) free trade (3) socialism (4) imperialismBase your answer to question 35 on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.Growth of the Japanese Empire, 1931–41Source: Historical Maps on File, Revised Edition, Volume II, Facts on File (adapted) from NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June 2013. Based on the information provided by this map, how did the growth of the Japanese Empire affect China? (1) China acquired Japanese military technology. (2) China invaded French Indochina. (3) China was forced to adopt Korean culture. (4) China lost control of many of its eastern seaports.Base your answers to questions 28 and 29 on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.Source: Henry Brun et al., Reviewing Global History and Geography, AMSCO (adapted) from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, August 2006. What was a basic cause of the political changes shown on this map? (1) Russia and Japan formed an alliance. (2) Korea defeated Japan in the Sino-Japanese War. (3) The Japanese people wanted to spread the beliefs of Shinto. (4) Japan needed raw materials for industrialization.What was one effect of the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905)? (1) Japan emerged as a major world power. (2) Korea gained its independence. (3) Czar Nicholas II gained power in Russia. (4) Russia formed a military alliance with Japan.Document 8Source: Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis and Anthony Esler, World History Connections to Today: The Modern Era, Prentice-Hall (adapted) from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2003. Based on the information provided by this map, state one reason Japan would want to acquire Korea and Manchuria. Which event is associated with the changes shown on this map? (1) Opium War (2) Meiji Restoration (3) Chinese Nationalist Revolution (4) rise of the Soviet UnionThe British government took control of the Suez Canal and Singapore during the 19th century in order to (1) sell petroleum to these territories (2) gain more converts to Christianity (3) ensure safe passage on strategic waterways (4) transport laborers directly to the AmericasBase your answer to question 26 on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.Eastern Asia in 1914Source: Robert Feeney et al., Brief Review in Global Studies, Prentice Hall (adapted) from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, August 2007. This map illustrates the concept of (1) ethnocentrism (2) socialism (3) containment (4) imperialismBase your answer to question 27 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of social studies.Which phrase correctly completes this diagram? (1) Chinese exports of tea to Europe (2) Spread of Confucian principles (3) Failure of the Boxer Rebellion (4) Expanding power of Mao ZedongThe Opium Wars in China and the expedition of Commodore Matthew Perry to Japan resulted in (1) the economic isolation of China and Japan (2) an increase in Chinese influence in Asia (3) the beginning of democratic governments in China and Japan (4) an increase in Western trade and influence in AsiaEarly exploration of Africa by Europeans was hindered by the (1) lack of natural resources in Africa (2) alliances between African kingdoms (3) isolationist policies of European monarchs (4) many different physical features of AfricaThe White Man’s Burden.“Take up the White Man’s burden— ??Send forth the best ye breed— Go, bind your sons to exile ??To serve your captives’ need;To wait, in heavy harness, ??On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught sullen peoples, ??Half devil and half child. . . .”— Rudyard Kipling, 1899 from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2005This stanza from Kipling’s poem is most closely associated with the belief that it was the duty of Western colonial powers to (1) learn from the people they conquered (2) teach their colonies how to produce manufactured goods (3) civilize the people they controlled (4) welcome less developed countries as equalsBase your answer to question 29 on the excerpt below and on your knowledge of social studies.The White Man’s Burden.Take up the White Man’s burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives’ need;To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. . . .”— Rudyard Kipling, 1899 from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June 2003. The message of this poem was used by many Europeans to justify (1) industrialism (2) feudalism (3) imperialism (4) fascismDuring the late 19th century, which geographic factor helped attract European investors to southern Africa and southeast Asia? (1) smooth coastlines (2) navigable rivers (3) natural resources (4) temperate climatesWhich statement best expresses the Western perspective regarding Rudyard Kipling’s “white man’s burden”? (1) Europeans should preserve traditional cultures in Africa and Asia. (2) Europeans must protect existing African and Asian economies. (3) Europeans suffered great hardships in exploring new trade routes to Asia. (4) Europeans had a duty to introduce the benefits of their civilization to non-European peoples.Which statement would Social Darwinists most likely support? (1) Universal suffrage is a basic human right. (2) Political equality strengthens the effectiveness of government. (3) Stronger groups have the right to rule and control weaker groups. (4) Public education should be guaranteed to all members of a societyThe Portuguese control of Macao and the British control of Hong Kong in China are examples of (1) collectivization (2) imperialism (3) self-determination (4) containmentThe 19th-century ideas of Social Darwinism and the “White Man’s Burden” were often used to justify (1) isolationism (2) appeasement (3) imperialism (4) disarmamentBase your answer to question 25 on the poem below and on your knowledge of social studies.Colonizer’s Logic These natives are unintelligent — We can’t understand their language. Chinweizu (Nigeria) — Voices from Twentieth-Century Africa: Griots and Towncriers from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, August 2014.The “logic” of the colonizers described in this Nigerian poem reflects their (1) utopian plan (2) educational goals (3) militaristic behavior (4) ethnocentric attitude Which factor contributed to the success of the Hanseatic League, the Kingdom of Songhai, and the British East India Company? (1) location in the Middle East (2) imperialism in Europe (3) development of trade with other regions (4) growth of the Ottoman EmpireWhich description of trade patterns best represents the relationship between Africa and Europe during the late 19th century? (1) Trans-Saharan trade caravans led by Europeans were the most profitable. (2) South Africa was of no interest to European traders. (3) Raw materials were shipped from Africa to European industries. (4) Rivers were the key highways connecting Europeans to much of the African interior.Base your answer to question 27 on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.This cartoon suggests that political power is often acquired through (1) the inheritance of land (2) market demands (3) religious conversion (4) the use of technologyWhich statement about railroad systems in the 19th and early 20th centuries is accurate? (1) Imperialists rejected the use of railroads in their colonies. (2) European governments opposed the development of railroads. (3) Railroads helped promote the factory system and urbanization. (4) Railroads made transportation of goods less efficient.One major reason European countries engaged in imperialism in the late 19th century was to (1) gain a better understanding of unknown territories (2) ease tensions with their rivals (3) develop treatments for diseases (4) obtain markets for their manufactured goodsWhat was a major reason European nations competed for control of Africa during the second half of the 1800s? (1) Africa had a wealth of natural resources. (2) Slave labor was needed in the Americas. (3) African nations offered religious and political freedom. (4) Europeans needed land for their excess population.What was a principal reason for the success of European colonialism in Asia in the late 1800s? (1) Asians respected Europeans as representatives of an advanced civilization. (2) Europe was able to dominate military and commercial relations with Asia. (3) Europeans respected Asian laws and customs. (4) Many Asians adopted European religious practices.The terms spheres of influence, extraterritoriality, and mandates are most closely associated with (1) collective security (2) militarism (3) imperialism (4) self-sufficiencyBase your answer to question 28 on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.China, 1895–1914Source: Historical Maps on File (adapted) from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June 2012.What is the primary focus of this map? (1) population density (2) resource distribution (3) imperialism (4) urbanization Which statement best reflects an effect of imperialism in Africa? (1) Land was distributed equally between social classes. (2) Territorial divisions were primarily established using tribal boundaries. (3) Natural resources were exploited for the benefit of European powers. (4) Timbuktu became the center of great learning.The Opium Wars of the mid-19th century marked the beginning of the (1) rivalry between China and Taiwan (2) domination of China by foreign powers (3) decline of European influence in East Asia (4) global effort to combat drug useThe theory of Social Darwinism was sometimes used to justify (1) the establishment of communist governments in Asia (2) Latin American revolutions in the early 19th century (3) the independence movement in India (4) European imperialism in the late 19th centuryThe primary reason France and Japan were interested in controlling parts of Indochina in the 20th century was to (1) dominate the Indian Ocean (2) obtain valuable natural resources (3) stop the spread of communism (4) prevent Spanish colonizationOne of the most important motives for the European “Scramble for Africa” in the late 1800s was that Africa provided a source of (1) raw materials used in industry (2) religious inspiration(3) free labor for the Americas (4) technologically innovative practicesWhich policy is most directly associated with the terms spheres of influence, extraterritoriality, and protectorate? (1) collectivization (2) containment (3) isolationism (4) imperialismA primary reason the Mongols and the British were able to expand their empires through conquest was because of (1) a knowledge and command of advanced technologies (2) a rejection of democratic policies and practices (3) the development of religious and cultural reforms (4) an extended period of peaceful trade and commerceDuring the 19th century, European nations established spheres of influence in China mainly to (1) profit from the ivory trade (2) introduce Islam to the Chinese people (3) gain commercial advantages in China (4) obtain human rights for Chinese citizensBase your answer to question 20 on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.Source: Punch, 1892 (adapted) from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2007. Which slogan best reflects the point of view of Cecil Rhodes as shown in this cartoon? (1) “Imperialism is a Glorious Pursuit.” (2) “Embrace African Diversity.” (3) “Unite All Africans.” (4) “Connecting Constantinople to Cairo.”Document 7aSource: Ashok K. Dutt et al., India in Maps, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company (adapted) from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June 2013. Document 7bThe age of railroads played a role in and supported the growth of a new period of imperialism.… Thus, colonial railways were part of this process of the spread of empire, its economic patterns, its ideas and its institutions. The process was essentially the same throughout the world: production of new commodities to feed the burgeoning [quickly growing] industries of the West; new populations to produce them; new patterns of land ownership, often involving the dispossession of previous inhabitants; new legal codes to make the conquered lands safe for investment and exploitation. Such was the story everywhere empires expanded.…Source: Robert Lee, “Potential Railway World Heritage Sites in Asia and the Pacific,” Institute of Railway Studies and Transport History, The University of York from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June 2013. Based on these documents, what do railroads enable colonial powers to do? An enduring monument to British imperialism in India is the Indian railway system, which at the time of independence in 1947 had more track mileage than that of any European state and less than only the United States, Canada, and the Soviet Union. The first railway track was laid in India in 1850, and by 1915 India had better than forty thousand miles of track and approximately one hundred million railroad passengers per year. Indian railway building was supported by several powerful groups: British cotton manufacturers, for whom railways were a cheap and efficient way to get cotton to the coast for shipment to England; British industrialists, who supplied India with most of its rails, locomotives, moving stock [railroad cars], and equipment; colonial officials, who saw railroads as a way to move troops quickly to trouble spots and an essential part of the Indian postal system; and millions of Indians, who, rather to the surprise of the British, took to rail travel with great alacrity [enthusiasm]….Source: Andrea and Overfield, The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Houghton Mifflin from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2012.According to Andrea and Overfield, what were two ways the British used railroads in India? Document 9...In tropical Africa the French were for a time the most enthusiastic railroad builders. In 1879, soon after beginning their penetration of the Western Sudan, they laid plans for a railroad from Senegal inland. Their first line was inaugurated in 1885 between Saint-Louis and Dakar, a distance of 163 miles. Another line, from Kayes on the Senegal River to Koulikoro on the upper Niger, was begun in 1881 and completed in 1906; this was primarily a military line whose purpose was to transport troops through unconquered territory. Yet another line, linking Konakry in French Guinea to the upper Niger, was built between 1899 and 1914, mostly for the export of natural rubber. After that the French did relatively little railroad building….Source: Daniel R. Headrick, The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century, Oxford University Press (adapted) from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2012.According to Daniel R. Headrick, what was one reason the French built railroads in tropical Africa? Document 7… The cotton industry commanded the central role in Britain’s early industrialization. Cotton, as a fiber, had characteristics relatively easy to mechanize; it broke less often than wool and, particularly, linen. Further, cotton was a new product line in Europe, more open to innovation. It had been widely used in India, and an Asian market for cotton cloth already existed. In England, however, its novelty facilitated the introduction of new machines, though the raw fiber had to be imported. Workers were displaced indirectly by the rise of cotton because traditional linen production declined. The lack of a large established labor force in cotton obviated [made unnecessary] the need to prompt many traditional workers to change their ways directly, and this fact limited resistance. At the same time, cotton had great appeal as a product: It could be brightly colored for a population increasingly eager to make a statement through clothing, and it was easily washed, which appealed to people who were developing more stringent [demanding] notions of personal cleanliness. Cotton was in demand, and this invited new techniques to produce the cloth in quantity.…Source: Peter N. Stearns, The Industrial Revolution in World History, Westview Press from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2013. According to Peter N. Stearns, what was one effect of the cotton trade on Great Britain? According to Peter N. Stearns, what was one reason cotton was in demand in England?Document 8aPrior to the British Industrial Revolution, India was a major producer of textiles.… India had not only a large and inexpensive workforce, but also centuries of expertise with cotton textiles. The assembly of millions of short, fragile cotton fibers into a durable thread is no mean [ordinary] task. Before 1750, English spinners could not produce cotton thread strong enough to use in the lengthwise fabric warp, so domestically made cloth was usually a mix of linen or wool warp and cotton weft; only the more highly skilled Indian spinners manufactured thread adequate for bolts of pure cotton fabric. Thus, before the invention of practical spinning machines in the eighteenth century, almost all of the West’s cotton cloth came from thread spun in India.…Source: William J. Bernstein, A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World, Grove Press from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2013. According to William J. Bernstein, what was one reason the West imported cotton cloth from India before 1750? Document 8bThe British desire for raw cotton from India influenced the development of the British textile industry and Great Britain’s relationship with India.… Inevitably, Indian cotton had the makings of a contentious [controversial] political issue. By depriving India of the fruits of its own labor, England all but guaranteed that the crop would one day come to symbolize colonial subjugation [control] and provide a rallying point against it. When that day finally arrived in the early 1900s, a frail warrior with the heart of a lion, Mahatma Gandhi, intertwined the destinies of homespun cotton and self-rule so adroitly [skillfully] that he made one indistinguishable from the other. Freedom became the cotton cloth you wove and wore, a tangible [visible] protest against tyranny from abroad.…Source: Stephen Yafa, Cotton: The Biography of a Revolutionary Fiber, Penguin Books from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2013. According to Stephen Yafa, what effect did the British cotton textile industry have on India? Document 9Source: Jack Abramowitz, World History Study Lessons, Follett Publishing Company (adapted) from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2013. Based on this image, state one impact the importation of cotton had on Great Britain. Document 1We must look this matter in the face, and must recognise that in order that we may have more employment to give we must create more demand. Give me the demand for more goods and then I will undertake to give plenty of employment in making the goods; and the only thing, in my opinion, that the Government can do in order to meet this great difficulty that we are considering, is so to arrange its policy that every inducement [encouragement] shall be given to the demand; that new markets shall be created, and that old markets shall be effectually developed. You are aware that some of my opponents please themselves occasionally by finding names for me—and among other names lately they have been calling me a Jingo [extreme nationalist]. I am no more a Jingo than you are. But for the reasons and arguments I have put before you tonight I am convinced that it is a necessity as well as a duty for us to uphold the dominion [power] and empire which we now possess. For these reasons, among others, I would never lose the hold which we now have over our great Indian dependency—by far the greatest and most valuable of all the customers we have or ever shall have in this country. For the same reasons I approve of the continued occupation of Egypt; and for the same reasons I have urged upon this Government, and upon previous Governments, the necessity for using every legitimate opportunity to extend our influence and control in that great African continent which is now being opened up to civilisation and to commerce; and, lastly, it is for the same reasons that I hold that our navy should be strengthened—until its supremacy is so assured that we cannot be shaken in any of the possessions which we hold or may hold hereafter. . . .Source: Joseph Chamberlain, Foreign and Colonial Speeches, George Routledge & Sons, 1897 from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2006. Based on this document, state one reason Joseph Chamberlain believed colonies were valuable to Great Britain. Document 2. . . The value of the Industrial mission, on the other hand, depends, of course, largely on the nature of the tribes among whom it is located. Its value can hardly be over-estimated among such people as the Waganda, both on account of their natural aptitude and their eager desire to learn. But even the less advanced and more primitive tribes may be equally benefited, if not only mechanical and artisan work, such as the carpenter’s and blacksmith’s craft, but also the simpler expedients [ways] of agriculture are taught. The sinking of wells, the system of irrigation, the introduction and planting of useful trees, the use of manure, and of domestic animals for agricultural purposes, the improvement of his implements [tools] by the introduction of the primitive Indian plough, etc. — all of these, while improving the status of the native, will render [make] his land more productive, and hence, by increasing his surplus products, will enable him to purchase from the trader the cloth which shall add to his decency, and the implements and household utensils which shall produce greater results for his labour and greater comforts in his social life. . . .Source: Frederick D. Lugard, The Rise of Our East African Empire, Frank Cass & Co., 1893 from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2006. Based on this document, state two ways British imperialism would benefit Africans. Document 3. . . Let it be admitted at the outset [beginning] that European brains, capital, and energy have not been, and never will be, expended [spent] in developing the resources of Africa from motives of pure philanthropy [goodwill]; that Europe is in Africa for the mutual benefit of her own industrial classes, and of the native races in their progress to a higher plane; that the benefit can be made reciprocal [equivalent], and that it is the aim and desire of civilised administration to fulfil this dual mandate. By railways and roads, by reclamation [recovery] of swamps and irrigation of deserts, and by a system of fair trade and competition, we have added to the prosperity and wealth of these lands, and [have] checked famine and disease. We have put an end to the awful misery of the slavetrade and inter-tribal war, to human sacrifice and the ordeals of the witch-doctor. Where these things survive they are severely suppressed. We are endeavouring [trying] to teach the native races to conduct their own affairs with justice and humanity, and to educate them alike in letters and in industry. . . .Source: Lord [Frederick D.] Lugard, The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa, Archon Books, 1922 from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2006. According to this document, what were two ways the British improved the lives of Africans? Document 4Document 8The Devilfish in Egyptian WatersSource: The British Empire in the Nineteenth Century, Highsmith, 2000 (adapted) from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June 2006.Which effect of the Industrial Revolution is implied by this cartoonThe Growth of the Japanese Empire 1872–1918Source: Geoffrey Barraclough, ed., Hammond Concise Atlas of World History, Hammond, 1998 (adapted) from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2006. Based on the information in this map, state one change that occurred in Asia as a result of the expansion of the Japanese empire.Document 5. . . The Chief business of the East India Company in its early period, the very object for which it was started, was to carry Indian manufactured goods—textiles, etc., as well as spices and the like—from the East to Europe, where there was a great demand for these articles. With the developments in industrial techniques in England a new class of industrial capitalists rose there demanding a change in this policy. The British market was to be closed to Indian products and the Indian market opened to British manufactures. The British parliament, influenced by this new class, began to take a greater interest in India and the working of the East India Company. To begin with, Indian goods were excluded from Britain by legislation, and as the company held a monopoly in the Indian export business, this exclusion influenced other foreign markets also. This was followed by vigorous attempts to restrict and crush Indian manufactures by various measures and internal duties which prevented the flow of Indian goods within the country itself. British goods meanwhile had free entry. The Indian textile industry collapsed, affecting vast numbers of weavers and artisans. The process was rapid in Bengal and Bihar; elsewhere it spread gradually with the expansion of British rule and the building of railways. It continued throughout the nineteenth century, breaking up other old industries also, shipbuilding, metalwork, glass, paper, and many crafts. . . .Source: Jawaharlal Nehru, The Discovery of India, John Day Company, 1946 from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2006. According to Jawaharlal Nehru, what were two ways Great Britain exploited the Indian economy?Document 6Amount of African Land Controlled by EuropeansSource: World History, Connections to Today, Core Support, Prentice Hall, 2001 (adapted) from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2006. Based on these graphs, state one change that occurred in Africa between 1850 and 1914. Document 7. . . When the great scramble for Africa began in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, colonies had become a necessary appendage [extension] for European capitalism, which had by then reached the stage of industrial and financial monopoly that needed territorial expansion to provide spheres for capital investment, sources of raw materials, markets, and strategic points of imperial defence. Thus all the imperialists, without exception, evolved the means, their colonial policies, to satisfy the ends, the exploitation of the subject territories for the aggrandizement [enhancement] of the metropolitan [imperialistic] countries. They were all rapacious [greedy]; they all subserved the needs of the subject lands to their own demands; they all circumscribed [limited] human rights and liberties; they all repressed and despoiled [violated], degraded and oppressed. They took our lands, our lives, our resources, and our dignity. Without exception, they left us nothing but our resentment, and later, our determination to be free and rise once more to the level of men and women who walk with their heads held high. . . .Source: Kwame Nkrumah, Africa Must Unite, International Publishers, 1970 from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2006. According to the document, what is one criticism made about the European imperialist? Document 8Japanese Treatment of Koreans during World War II. . . In order to make Koreans just like the Japanese, the Korean people were forced to change their family names into Japanese names. In religion [religious] life, Japan forced the Korean people to worship the Japanese gods as a part of their duty. This policy was aimed at erasing the Korean nation [cultural identity] from the earth forever and to nurture [treat] them as colonial subjects and slaves obedient only to the Japanese. Ultimately, the Japanese drew countless Korean youths and women to the battle fields, factories, and mines to aid in their conquests and wars. . . .— Radio Korea International, 2003 Source: ?from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2006. Based on this document, state two effects of Japanese occupation on the Korean people.Document 1. . . The Malay States are not British Territory, and our connection with them is due to the simple fact that 70 years ago [1757] the British Government was invited, pushed, and persuaded into helping the Rulers of certain States to introduce order into their disorderly, penniless, and distracted households [departments of government], by sending trained British Civil Servants to advise the Rulers in the art of administration and to organize a system of government which would secure justice, freedom, safety for all, with the benefits of what is known as Civilization; and, of course, to provide an annual revenue sufficient to meet all the charges of a government which had to introduce railways, roads, hospitals, water supplies, and all the other requirements of modern life. Of nine States south of Siam, four asked for or accepted this help; four others, threatened by Siam, came later under direct British influence; while Johore, nearest neighbour to Singapore had, ever since the occupation of that island by Sir Stamford Raffles in 1819, depended for its development on the wealth and enterprise of Singapore Chinese. . . .Source: Sir Frank Swettenham, British Malaya: An Account of the Origin and Progress of British Influence in Malaya, George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1906 from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June 2004. Based on this document, state two reasons that help from Britain was needed in the Malay States. Document 2When the missionaries came to Africa they had the Bible and we had the land. They said ‘Let us pray’. We closed our eyes. When we opened them, we had the Bible and they had the land.— Bishop Desmond Tutu, 1984 Source: South Africa Sunday Times, November 26, 2000 from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June 2004. Based on this document, state one effect of British colonial rule on Africa. Document 3a. . . First and foremost among the active imperialist groups come certain business interests. Not the whole so-called “capitalist class,” as many an earnest Socialist would have us believe, but only a minority of business interests are directly interested in imperialism. They are easily identified. To begin with, there are the exporters and manufacturers of certain goods used in colonies. The following figures of English exports to India tell the story. English Exports to India (Average 1920–1922) Cotton goods and yarn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?53,577,000 Iron and steel, tools, machinery, and locomotives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37,423,000 Wagons, trucks, and automobiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,274,000 Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,858,000 Brass goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1,813,000 Woolens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,600,000 Tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,023,000 No other item over ?1,000,000. . . .Source: Parker T. Moon, Imperialism and World Politics, Macmillan Co., 1926 from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June 2004. Document 3b. . . Of late years this group of import interests [British merchants] has been enormously strengthened by the demand of giant industries for colonial raw materials—rubber, petroleum, iron and coal, cotton, cocoa. The oil trusts of England and the United States have enlisted the aid of naval and diplomatic officials in their world-wide rivalry. The cotton industry of Germany hoped to obtain from Asiatic Turkey, under German imperialist control, raw cotton for German spindles; the cotton interests of England have been striving for a generation to develop plantations in British colonies; their French and Italian rivals have been hardly less interested in colonial potentialities. The European cotton industry, it may be remarked, as an export business and as an import business, is doubly imperialist. . . .Source: Parker T. Moon, Imperialism and World Politics, Macmillan Co., 1926 from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June 2004. According to these documents, what were two reasons for imperialism? Document 4aSource: Andrea and Overfield, The Human Record, Houghton Mifflin, 2001 from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June 2004. What does this advertisement show about British interests in Ceylon? Document 4bWhat does this cartoon show about British interest in Africa? Document 5Transforming the Face of India. . . Failure to answer, nay, refusal to tackle that question has rendered wholly academic the discussion of abandonment. Even were it otherwise we could still look back proudly. British brains, British enterprise, and British capital have, in a material sense, transformed the face of India. Means of communication have been developed: innumerable bridges, over 40,000 miles of railway, 70,000 miles of metalled roads, testify to the skill and industry of British engineers. Irrigation works on a stupendous [huge] scale have brought 30,000,000 acres under cultivation, and thus greatly added to the agricultural wealth of a country which still lives mainly by agriculture. But, on the other hand, the process of industrialization has already begun. The mills of Bombay have become dangerous competitors to Lancashire, and the Indian jute [rope] industry is threatening the prosperity of Dundee. Thanks to improved sanitation (much resented by the more ignorant beneficiaries), to a higher standard of living, to irrigation, to canalization, to the development of transport, and to carefully thought-out schemes for relief work, famines, which by their regular recurrence formerly presented a perennial [continuing] problem to humane administrators, have now virtually disappeared. To have conquered the menace of famine in the face of greater longevity, of diminished death-rate, and the suppression of war, is a remarkable achievement for which India is wholly indebted to British administration. . . .Source: Sir John A. R. Marriott, The English in India, Oxford University Press, 1932 from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June 2004. According to this document, what were two ways that India changed under British rule? Document 6. . . The condition of Africa when Europe entered the continent, which Isaiah so graphically describes as “the land shadowing with wings, which is beyond the rivers of Ethiopia . . . a people scattered and peeled,” was deplorable. On the East Coast, Arabs and half-castes were engaged in a lucrative trade in slaves for export to Arabia and to Turkish possessions. In the west, powerful armies of Moslem States depopulated large districts in their raids for slaves. Europe had failed to realise that throughout the length and breadth of Africa inter-tribal war was an ever-present condition of native life, and that extermination and slavery were practised by African tribes upon each other. It was the task of civilisation to put an end to slavery, to establish Courts of Law, to inculcate in [teach] the natives a sense of individual responsibility, of liberty, and of justice, and to teach their rulers how to apply these principles; above all, to see to it that the system of education should be such as to produce happiness and progress. I am confident that the verdict of history will award high praise to the efforts and achievements of Great Britain in the discharge of these great responsibilities. For, in my belief, under no other rule—be it of his own uncontrolled potentates [rulers] or of aliens [foreigners]—does the African enjoy such a measure of freedom and of impartial justice, or a more sympathetic treatment, and for that reason I am a profound believer in the British Empire and its mission in Africa. . . .Source: Lord Lugard, The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa, Archon Books, 1965 from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June 2004. According to Lord Lugard, what were two ways the British helped Africa? Document 7In his book Indian Home Rule, Gandhi asked the question, “Why do you want to drive away the English?” He replied with the following statement:. . . “Because India has become impoverished by their Government. They take away our money from year to year. The most important posts are reserved for themselves. We are kept in a state of slavery. They behave insolently [insultingly] towards us and disregard our feelings. . . .”Source: Mohandas Gandhi, Indian Home Rule, Navajivan Publishing, 1938, reprinted in 1946 (adapted) from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June 2004. Based on this document, state two reasons Gandhi wanted to drive away the English.Document 8. . . Socially, the ogre [monster] of racial segregation and discrimination makes it extremely difficult for the colonial to develop his personality to the full. Education is obtainable but limited to the privileged. Hospitals are not available to the great number of the people but only to a negligible [small] minority. Public services are lacking in many respects; there are not sufficient water supplies, surfaced roads, postal services and communications systems in most communities of Nigeria. The prisons are medieval, the penal [criminal] code is oppressive, and religious freedom is a pearl of great price. . . .— Nnamdi Azikiwe, speech on British colonialism in Africa, 1947 Source: ZIK: A Selection from the Speechs of Nnamdi Azikiwe, Cambridge University Press, 1961 from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June 2004. Based on this document, state two ways British colonialism harmed Africa. Document 4Source: Roger Beck and Linda Black et al., World History: Patterns of Interaction, McDougal Littell (adapted) from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2003. What does this map show about the extent of the British Empire in 1910?10.4b Those who faced being colonized engaged in varying forms of resistance and adaptation to colonial rule with varying degrees of success.“. . . But after a long period of commercial intercourse [trade], there appear among the crowd of barbarians both good persons and bad, unevenly. Consequently there are those who smuggle opium to seduce the Chinese people and so cause the spread of the poison to all provinces. Such persons who only care to profit themselves, and disregard their harm to others, are not tolerated by the laws of heaven and are unanimously hated by human beings. His Majesty the Emperor, upon hearing of this, is in a towering rage. He has especially sent me, his commissioner, to come to Kwangtung [Guangdong Province], and together with the governor-general and governor jointly to investigate and settle this matter. . . .”— “Letter of Advice to Queen Victoria” from Lin Zexu (Lin Tse-Hsü), Chinese Commissioner of Canton, 1839This letter to Queen Victoria relates most directly to the outbreak of the (1) Chinese civil war (2) Sino-Japanese War (3) Communist Revolution (4) Opium WarsThe Sepoy Rebellion is considered an important event in Indian history because it was one cause of the (1) independence movement in India (2) secession of Bangladesh from Pakistan (3) establishment of French colonies in India (4) creation of the Mughal Empire by MuslimsOne result of the Opium War was that China (1) adopted democratic reforms (2) gained control of Hong Kong (3) regained control of Manchuria (4) was divided into spheres of influenceThe Sepoy Rebellion was to India as the Boxer Rebellion was to (1) Russia (2) China (3) Japan (4) ItalyOne way in which the Sepoy Rebellion in India and the Boxer Rebellion in China are similar is that both attempted to (1) remove foreign influences (2) restore democracy (3) modernize their economy (4) end religious conflictA major goal of both the Sepoy Mutiny in India and the Boxer Rebellion in China was to (1) rid their countries of foreigners (2) expand their respective territories (3) receive international military support (4) restore an absolute monarch to the throneA major goal of both the Sepoy Mutiny and the Boxer Rebellion was to (1) remove foreign influences (2) restore parliamentary government (3) improve access to civil service examinations (4) outlaw caste systemsThe Sepoy Mutiny in India and the Boxer Rebellion in China were responses to (1) Mongol invasions (2) European imperialism (3) Japanese aggression (4) African slave trading? Opium War (1839–1842) ? Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864) ? Boxer Rebellion (1898–1901) This series of events is most closely associated with the (1) spread of communism to China and Korea (2) growing concerns about the influence of the West in China (3) alliance formed between Vietnam and China (4) increasing expansion of civil and political rights in ChinaWhat was a direct result of the Opium War in 19th-century China? (1) Japan gained control of Hong Kong. (2) Kublai Khan rose to power in China. (3) Chinese ports were opened for trade with European powers. (4) Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) fled to Taiwan.Base your answer to question 30 on the speakers’ statements below and on your knowledge of social studies. Speaker A: The British East India Company does not respect my beliefs. I cannot follow dharma and remain their soldier. I will return to my family in a Tamil village. Speaker B: My rebellious countrymen cannot accept my new religion and so they hate me and my “foreign devil” friends. The missionaries leave Beijing tomorrow for England. I must join them before the church compound is surrounded. Speaker C: The czar’s soldiers came again today, looted our village, drove off our livestock, and trampled anyone in their way. They even burned our synagogue. Our way of life is gone. It is time to emigrate to Palestine. 30 What is the primary focus of these speakers? (1) civil war (2) economic reforms (3) religious persecution (4) colonial oppressionOne similarity between the Sepoy Mutiny and the Boxer Rebellion is that they (1) opposed European imperialism (2) ended an established dynasty (3) resulted in the redistribution of land (4) instituted communist governmentsOne similarity between the Sepoy Rebellion in India and the Boxer Rebellion in China is that both were (1) religious reform movements (2) reactions to the opium trade (3) attempts to end foreign interference (4) successful revolts against absolute monarchsOne way in which the Sepoy Mutiny in India, the Zulu resistance in southern Africa, and the Boxer Rebellion in China are similar is that each resulted from (1) government policies of ethnic cleansing (2) attempts by democratic forces to overthrow the monarchy (3) native reaction to foreign interference in the region (4) government denial of access to fertile farmlandBase your answer to question 24 on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.… Since the beginning of China as a nation, we Chinese have governed our own country despite occasional interruptions. When China was occasionally occupied by a foreign race, our ancestors could always in the end drive these foreigners out, restore the fatherland, and preserve China for future generations of Chinese. Today when we raise the righteous standard of revolt in order to expel an alien race [the Manchus] that has been occupying China, we are doing no more than our ancestors have done or expected us to do. Justice is so much on our side that all Chinese, once familiarizing themselves with our stand, will have no doubt about the righteousness of our cause.… — “A Public Declaration,” 1906Which conclusion can be drawn from this passage? (1) China can no longer remain isolated from its neighbors. (2) The Chinese people are happy with the rule of the Manchu. (3) The Chinese people wanted to end foreign occupation. (4) China has prospered under the rule of foreign powers.A similarity between the Sepoy Rebellion in India and the Boxer Rebellion in China is that both were (1) attempts to remove foreign influence (2) movements to establish communist governments (3) efforts to restore trade monopolies (4) struggles to westernize culturesBase your answer to question 28 on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies. . . . Our celestial empire [China] rules over ten thousand kingdoms! Most surely do we possess a measure of godlike majesty which ye cannot fathom! Still we cannot bear to slay or exterminate without previous warning, and it is for this reason that we now clearly make known to you the fixed laws of our land. If the foreign merchants of your said honorable nation desire to continue their commercial intercourse, they then must tremblingly obey our recorded statutes, they must cut off for ever the source from which the opium flows, and on no account make an experiment of our laws in their own persons! Let then your highness [Queen Victoria] punish those of your subjects who may be criminal, do not endeavor to screen or conceal them, and thus you will secure peace and quietness to your possessions, thus will you more than ever display a proper sense of respect and obedience, and thus may we unitedly enjoy the common blessings of peace and happiness. What greater joy! What more complete felicity [harmony] than this! . . . — Chinese High Commissioner Lin Zexu’s letter to Queen Victoria 28 Which event is most directly related to the 19th century situation described in this passage? (1) signing of the Treaty of Nanjing (2) Russo-Japanese War (3) annexation of Korea (4) Sepoy RebellionDocument 4…The Chinese had long been opposed to the opium trade. The drug had been introduced into China by Dutch traders during the seventeenth century. As early as 1729, there were imperial decrees forbidding the sale and smoking of this “destructive and ensnaring vice.” In 1796, Jiaqing, the new emperor, placed a complete ban on its importation, but he was a weak administrator and soon pirates and opium merchants were bribing officials to look the other way. By 1816, the [British] East India Company had imported 3,000 chests of opium from its poppy fields in the north Indian state of Punjab. By 1820, this had risen to 5,000 and by 1825 to almost 10,000. As more and more Chinese became addicts, and silver flowed out of the economy to British coffers, the Chinese government moved toward confrontation. The emperor Daoguang, who came to the throne in 1821 was a reformer, and, supported by his advisor Lin Zexu (1785–1850), the emperor banned opium in 1836 and ordered the decapitation of “foreign barbarians” who concealed and traded the drug.…Source: Perry M. Rogers, ed., Aspects of World Civilization: Problems and Sources in History, Volume II, Prentice Hall (adapted) from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June 2014. According to Perry Rogers, what was one reason the Chinese were unsuccessful in halting the opium trade? According to Perry Rogers, what was one effort made by the Chinese to halt the European trade in opium? Document 5 The Treaty of Nanjing was signed by Great Britain and China following the Opium War (1839–1842).An Excerpt from the Treaty of NanjingARTICLE III. It being obviously necessary and desirable, that British Subjects should have some Port whereat they may careen and refit their Ships, when required, and keep Stores for that purpose, His Majesty the Emperor of China cedes [gives] to Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain, etc., the Island of Hongkong, to be possessed in perpetuity [forever] by Her Britannic Majesty, Her Heirs and Successors, and to be governed by such Laws and Regulations as Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain, etc., shall see fit to direct.Source: “Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking), 1842,” USC-UCLA Joint East Asian Studies Center from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June 2014. What did the British gain as a result of the Treaty of Nanjing? Document 6aTHE REAL TROUBLE WILL COME WITH THE “WAKE.”Source: Joseph Keppler, Puck, August 15, 1900 (adapted) from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June 2014. Document 6bSource: MapWorks, on the Portsmouth Peace Treaty website (adapted) from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June 2014. Based on this 1900 Joseph Keppler cartoon and the information on this map, state one problem China faced after the Treaty of Nanjing took effect. 10.4c International conflicts developed as imperial powers competed for control. Claims over land often resulted in borders being shifted on political maps, often with little regard for traditional cultures and commerce (e.g., Berlin Conference).The Berlin Conference is most closely associated with the colonialization of (1) South Asia (2) East Asia (3) Latin America (4) AfricaAs a result of the Russo-Japanese War, Japan came to be seen by Europeans as (1) a likely area for colonization (2) the strongest of the imperialist countries (3) a leader in the movement for nonalignment (4) an emerging global threatWhich area of the world was most directly affected by the decisions made at the Berlin Conference? (1) Africa (2) China (3) India(4) South AmericaThe Berlin Conference in 1884 was significant because it (1) promoted Belgium as a world power (2) established rules for the European division of Africa (3) called for a war against England (4) ensured ethnic harmony in the Middle EastWhich situation was a result of the 1884 Berlin Conference? (1) Africa was divided without regard to ethnic groups. (2) Monarchies were restored throughout Europe. (3) The slave trade with South America was eliminated. (4) The League of Nations was formed.Which of these developments in Africa was a cause of the other three? (1) Rival tribal groups fought wars. (2) The Berlin Conference of 1884 influenced colonial boundaries. (3) Traditional territories and culture groups were permanently fragmented. (4) African economies became dependent on the sale of cash crops and raw materials.Base your answer to question 27 on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.Source: Les Rowntree et al., Diversity Amid Globalization, Prentice Hall (adapted) from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June 2009. Many of the political divisions shown on this map were directly related to the (1) Meiji Restoration (2) Opium Wars (3) Berlin Conference (4) Boer WarWhich region was most affected by decisions made at the Berlin Conference of 1884? (1) Latin America (2) South Asia (3) East Asia (4) Africa ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download