BIOL 112 – COMPILED KEY CONCEPTS



BIOL 112 – COMPILED KEY CONCEPTSDarwinian EvolutionEvidence for evolutionDarwin’s theoryThe Modern SynthesisEvolution of PopulationsThe Modern SynthesisPopulations and the Gene PoolThe Hardy-Weinberg EquilibriumMicro-evolutionSources of Genetic VariationNatural SelectionPreservation of Genetic VariationOrigin of SpeciesSpecies conceptsDevelopment of reproductive isolationPatterns of speciationMacroevolutionHuman evolutionEvolution continues…..Plant Structure, Growth and DevelopmentWhat is a kingdom?What makes a plant a plant?The hierarchy of structure – plant cells, tissues and organsPrimary growth – elongationSecondary growth – diameter expansionMorphogenesis occurs during growthPlant TransportThe importance of waterWater potential: Ψ = P - sHow water moves – gradients, mechanisms and pathwaysTranspiration – water movement from soil to plant to atmosphereThe pressure flow model of phloem transportPlant Nutrition and SoilsResourcesWhich are requiredHow they are used Essential elementsWhat they areWhat they doSoils and soil forming factorsThe rhizosphereSome alternate methods to acquire nutrientsAngiosperm ReproductionLife Cycles – the alternation of generationsThe structure of a flowerDevelopment of the male gametophytePollination in all its gloriesDevelopment of the female gametophyteFertilizationEmbryos, seeds and fruitAsexual reproductionIntroduction to Animal Structure and FunctionWhat separates animals from other organisms?Introduction to structure and function relationshipsExchanges with the external environmentHierarchical organization in animalsCells and tissuesOrgan systemsHomeostasis and thermoregulationAnimal Nutrition and DigestionAnimals are heterotrophic!Nutritional needsEnergyCarbon skeletonsEssential nutrientsFood processingThe human digestive systemAnimal Circulation and Gas Exchange SystemsCirculation and gas exchangeHow we circulate – spanning diversityHearts – the evolution of double circulationBlood circulation and capillary exchangeBlood structure and functionGas exchange – spanning diversityBreathing – spanning diversityRespiratory pigmentsAnimal OsmoregulationWater and metabolic wasteThe osmotic challenges of different environmentsThe sodium/potassium pump and ion channelsNitrogenous waste Osmoregulation and excretion in invertebrates Osmoregulation and excretion in vertebratesAnimal Immune SystemsInnate immunity provides broad-spectrum defense against many pathogensAcquired immunity is very specific, develops over time, and relies on B and T cellsAntigen recognition properties of B and T cellsB and T cell binding sites develop randomly!Integrated B and T cell functionWhen the immune system goes wrong…Animal Nervous SystemsEvolution of organization in nervous systemsNeuron structure and functionNeuron communication at synapsesOrganization of the vertebrate nervous systemsBrain structure and functionThe cerebral cortexNervous system injuries and diseases ................
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