Key Stage 3 Science - Cambridge University Press & Assessment
Key Stage 3 Science
Series editors Consultant Authors
Andy Cooke Jean Martin
Sam Ellis Doug Wilford
David Acaster Derek Baron Trevor Bavage Andy Cooke David Fagg Kevin Frobisher Jean Martin Mick Mulligan Doug Wilford
PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarc?n 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa
? Cambridge University Press 2004
First published 2004
Printed in Dubai by Oriental Press
Typeface Delima MT System QuarkXPress?
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0 521 54922 1 paperback
Material in this book was previously published in Spectrum Year 7 Class Book (pp. 53?104), Spectrum Year 8 Class Book (pp. 51?96) and Spectrum Year 9 Class Book (pp. 50?106).
Cover design by Blue Pig Design Co Page make-up and illustration by Hardlines Ltd, Charlbury, Oxford
NOTICE TO TEACHERS It is illegal to reproduce any part of this work in material form (including photocopying and electronic storage) except under the following circumstances: (i) where you are abiding by a licence granted to your school or institution by the Copyright Licensing Agency; (ii) where no such licence exists, or where you wish to exceed the terms of a licence, and you have gained the written permission of Cambridge University Press; (iii) where you are allowed to reproduce without permission under the provisions of Chapter 3 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Contents
Introduction
Unit 7E Acids and alkalis
7E.1 What acids and alkalis are like 7E.2 Telling acids and alkalis apart 7E.3 Universal indicator and the pH scale 7E.4 Neutralisation and the rainbow experiment 7E.5 Where neutralisation is important
Unit 7F Simple chemical reactions
7F.1 Chemical reactions 7F.2 Reactions between acids and metals 7F.3 Reactions between acids and carbonates 7F.4 Reactions when substances burn 7F.5 Reactions when fuels burn 7F.6 Looking at a candle burning
Unit 7G Particle model: solids, liquids and gases
7G.1 Looking at and thinking about substances 7G.2 Thinking about theories 7G.3 A closer look at solids, liquids and gases 7G.4 Some evidence for the particle theory 7G.5 Using the particle model 7G.6 More uses of the particle model
Unit 7H Solutions
7H.1 Mixing solids and liquids 7H.2 Salt of the Earth 7H.3 The mystery of the disappearing solute! 7H.4 Separating solvents from solutes 7H.5 Chromatography 7H.6 Solubility
Unit 8E Atoms and elements
8E.1 Materials 8E.2 What the elements are like 8E.3 How we get all the other materials 8E.4 Representing the changes
Unit 8F Compounds and mixtures
8F.1 Elements and compounds 8F.2 Looking at compounds 8F.3 Compounds and some of their reactions 8F.4 What is a mixture?
Page vii
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1 5 7 9 11
15
15 16 17 18 20 22
25
25 26 28 29 32 36
39
39 42 43 45 47 49
53
53 55 60 62
65
65 67 68 69
v
Unit 8G Rocks and weathering
77
8G.1 Rocks vary
77
8G.2 Rock and rain
78
8G.3 Rocks and temperature changes
81
8G.4 Moving weathered pieces of rock
83
8G.5 Why sediments form layers
84
Unit 8H The rock cycle
89
8H.1 How sedimentary rocks form
89
8H.2 Limestones are not all the same
91
8H.3 Rocks are sometimes changed
92
8H.4 Rocks formed from molten magma
94
8H.5 Recycling rocks
97
Unit 9E Reactions of metals and metal compounds 99
9E.1 Why are metals useful?
99
9E.2 Reacting metals with acids
102
9E.3 Reacting metal carbonates with acids
104
9E.4 Reacting metal oxides with acids
105
9E.5 More about salts
106
Unit 9F Patterns of reactivity
111
9F.1 What happens to metals?
111
9F.2 Metals and water
112
9F.3 Reactivity of metals with acids
114
9F.4 Metals and oxygen
115
9F.5 Displacement reactions
116
9F.6 Sources and uses of metals
119
9F.7 Investigating metals and acids further
123
Unit 9G Environmental chemistry
9G.1 Are soils different from each other? 9G.2 Acid rain 9G.3 What causes acid rain 9G.4 Can we reduce the amount of acid in the rain? 9G.5 Is global warming really happening?
126
126 128 131 132 137
Unit 9H Using chemistry
9H.1 What chemical reactions take place when fuels burn? 9H.2 Chemical reactions as energy resources 9H.3 What new materials can chemical reactions make? 9H.4 Atoms and molecules in new materials
141
141 146 149 151
Scientific investigations
156
Glossary/Index
164
Acknowledgements
174
vi
7E
Acids and alkalis
In this unit we shall be finding out about acids and alkalis and how to recognise them. We shall also look at some uses of acids and alkalis and at neutralisation reactions.
7E.1 What acids and alkalis are like
Acids are all around us
It is amazing how many things around us contain acids. Some acids are in the food we eat. We use acids to make things work properly and to make all sorts of useful items. Some acids are harmless, but others are very dangerous.
Fruit or drinks made from fruit often contain acids. They have a tangy, sharp taste. We say acids taste sour.
1 Look at the picture. Write down a list of substances that contain acids.
2 Write down:
Limes and lemons taste sour because they contain citric acid. Lemons and limes prevent scurvy because they contain vitamin C. Vitamin C is also an acid, but it is
a very weak acid.
a one word that best describes the acid taste of lemon juice;
b the name of the acid that gives lemon juice this taste.
3 a What is the name of the other acid in limes and lemons?
b What disorder does this acid help to prevent?
KEY WORDS
acid sour hydrochloric acid hazard corrosive dilute harmful irritant risk alkali sodium hydroxide extract indicator full-range universal
indicator pH scale neutral react neutralisation salt indigestion
Unit 7E 1
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