Chapter 8: Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular ...
Chapter 8: Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
What is Glucose Metabolism?
Answer: The breakdown of glucose to release energy from its chemical bonds
Photosynthesis:
6 CO2
+
6 H2O
+
Light Energy
=
C6H12O6
+
6 O2
Carbon Dioxide
Water
Glucose
Oxygen
Glucose Metabolism:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
Glucose
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Water
Chemical (40%) Heat (60%)
Complete breakdown of Glucose:
? Almost all free energy released as heat
breakdown by burning (combustion)
1
But burning is not useful in cells...
? Cellular respiration is needed in cells to obtain energy. Occurs in steps
Some free energy conserved as ATP
? The resulting ATP is later used in other metabolic functions.
Major Steps of Glucose Metabolism
Mitochondria
Glucose
Cytoplasm 1) Glycolysis (2 ATP)
Oxygen present (Aerobic)
Pyruvate
No oxygen present (Anaerobic)
(36 ATP) 3) Cellular Respiration
2) Fermentation (2 ATP)
Carbon Dioxide Water
Ethanol Lactate
Major Steps in Glucose Metabolism:
1. Glycolysis
Always occurs in healthy cells 2. Fermentation Occurs only if oxygen is NOT present. 3. Krebs cycle/Cellular respiration Occurs only if oxygen IS present.
(Figure 8.1)
2
1) Glycolysis (Greek: "To break down a sweet") ? Ancient biochemical pathway (all organisms do it...) ? Occurs in the cytoplasm; Does not require oxygen
Two Major Components: A) Glucose Activation: Initiate the reaction (takes energy)
2 ATP
2 ADP
CCCCCC
Glucose
(Activation Energy)
C C C x2 P
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
1) Glycolysis (Greek: "To break down a sweet") ? Ancient biochemical pathway (all organisms do it...) ? Occurs in the cytoplasm; Does not require oxygen
Two Major Components: A) Glucose Activation: Initiate the reaction (takes energy) B) Energy Harvesting: Complete the reaction (makes energy)
4 ADP
C C C x2 P
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
2 NAD+
4 ATP 2 NADH
C C C x2
Pyruvate
Glycolysis in Review:
Net ATP Gain = 2 ATP Makes 4 ATP, but uses 2 ATP in reaction
(similar to Figure 8.2)
3
Major Steps of Glucose Metabolism
Glucose
1) Glycolysis (2 ATP)
Oxygen present (Aerobic)
Pyruvate
(36 ATP) 3) Cellular Respiration
No oxygen present (Anaerobic)
2) Fermentation
Carbon Dioxide Water
Ethanol OR Lactate
2) Fermentation: Process for regenerating NAD+ for glycolysis ? Occurs in organisms which live where oxygen is rare ? Intestines / stomach; soils / sediments / bogs
Two Types of Fermentation: A) Lactate Fermentation: Pyruvate converted to lactate (lactic acid)
2 NADH C C C x2
Pyruvate
2 NAD+ (Back to glycolysis) C C C x2
Lactate
Lactate Fermentation:
4
2) Fermentation: Process for regenerating NAD+ for glycolysis
? Occurs in organisms which live where oxygen is rare ? Intestines / stomach; soils / sediments / bogs
Two Types of Fermentation: A) Lactate Fermentation: Pyruvate converted to lactate (lactic acid) B) Alcoholic Fermentation: Pyruvate converted to ethanol and CO2
2 NADH C C C x2
Pyruvate
2 NAD+ (Back to glycolysis)
C C x2 + C x2
Ethanol
Carbon Dioxide
Alcohol Fermentation:
5
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