Drugs for the Cardiovascular System
Drugs for the Cardiovascular System
-Cardiovascular disorders
-Congestive heart failure- the inability of the heart to pump adequately enough to meet the body’s metabolic needs
-Treatment include use of
-ACE inhibitors, vasodilators of choice
-Digoxin (lanoxin), a cardiac glycoside
-Diuretic, help the kidneys eliminate excess fluids
-Amrione (inocor), is another drug given for its vasodilaoting effect; when patients do not respond to the usual therapy of lanoxin, diuretics, and vasodilators
-Dysrhythmias- any deviation from the normal rhythm of the heartbeat
-Examples of such drugs are quinidine, norpace, and inderal
-Blood vessel diseases
-Thrombophlebitis- inflammation of a vein blocked by a thrombus, treatment include use of an anticoagulant
-Arteriosclerosis- thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification of arterial walls, analgesics are given for pain control
-Hypertension- high blood pressure, treated with anti-hypertensive drugs
-Shock- decreased blood flow to the body’s tissue that causes organs to fail; blood transfusions are treatment of choice, vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine or norepinephrine can be given
-Diseases of the blood and lymph
-Anemia- decrease in the number of erythrocytes, treatment can include iron supplements and possibly a transfusion of blood
-Leukemia- group of malignant disorders that affect the bone-forming tissues in the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph system; there are an elevated number of white blood cells, because they do not go through the normal cell life cycle. Refer to chapter 18 for treatment
-Hodgkin’s disease- malignant disorder characterized by the growth of abnormal giant, multinucleated cells called Reed-Sternberg cells, which are located in the lymph nodes. Treatment includes chemotherapeutic drugs
-Non-hodgkin’s lymphoma- malignant disorder of the immune system. Treatments consists of chemotherapy drugs and radiation
-Drugs for cardiovascular and blood disorders
-Adrenergics- also known as vasoconstrictors, raise the blood pressure by causing the blood vessels to contract. Drugs in this category are norepineprhine, phenylephrine, dopamine, and dobutamin
-Vasodilators (nitrates)- relax or dilate the walls of the arteries, so that less force is needed to push the blood through them. Drugs in this category are nitroglycerin and isobride
-Diuretics- drugs that increase the output of water from the body.
-Thiazides- act primarily by inhibiting reabsorption of sodium in the distal tubules of the nephrons. Examples are chlorothiazides and hydrochlorothiazide.
-Potassium-sparing diuretics- prevent the loss of potassium. Examples are spironolactone and triamterene.
-“Loop” diuretics- inhibits the reapsorption of sodium and chloride. Examples are furosemide and bumetanide.
-Antihypertensives- drugs used to control high blood pressure. Some of the drugs in this category are hydralazine, captopril, propranolol, methyldopa, and metoprolol
-Calcium channel blockers- inhibits the transport of calcium into the myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cells, which decreases myocardial contractibility and the demand for oxygen. Drugs in this category are amlodipine, bepridil, diltiazem, felodipine, isradipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, and verapamil.
-Antilipemics- lipid lowering agent. Drugs in this category are fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, pravastatin, simvastatin, clofibrate, cholestyramine, atorvastatin, colestipol, niacin, colesevelam, and lovastatin
-Cardiac glycosides- strengthens the myocardium, increase the force of the contraction, slow the heart, and improve the muscle tone of the myocardium. The primary drug in this category is digoxin
-Antiarrhythmics- used to treat dysrhyhmias. Examples of drugs in this category are quinidine, propanolol, procainamide, mexiletine, and disopyramide
-Anticoagulants- prevents blood from clotting. Examples include warfarin, enoxaparin, and heparin.
-Thrombolytics- dissolves clots. Examples are streptokinase, urokinase, alteplase, and anistreplase.
-Hemostatics- helps the formation of clots. Examples are vitamin k, phytonadione, protamine sulfate, and aminocaproic acid.
-Hematinica- help in the production of red blood cells. Examples are cyanocobalamis, ferrous sulfate, and iron.
-Refer to pages 200-202 for representative drugs of the cardiovascular system
-Refer to pages 203-204 on how to properly administer oral sublingual, and buccal medications
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