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United States History: Second Semester Exam Review

Chapter 9

Who was elected President in 1796?

John Adams

In what region of the country was his support the strongest?

North, Northeast

Who did he defeat?

Thomas Jefferson

How did the U.S. officially react to the war between France and England in Europe?

Maintained a policy of neutrality

What law set up the structure of the Federal Courts?

Judiciary Act of 1789

What was the main claim made in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions?

A state could declare a Federal law unconstitutional

What was the 1794 rebellion by backcountry Pennsylvania farmers against new Federal taxes known as?

Whiskey rebellion

What were the terms of Jay’s Treaty

- Britain was to pay damages for American ships it had seized

- Americans had to pay old debts owed to British merchants

- Britain agreed to give up forts it still held in the West

What was President Washington’s stance about foreign policy?

To avoid alliances with foreign nations and remain neutral

Why did political parties form in America?

Hamilton and Jefferson both tried to gain support for their political views

During Washington’s presidency, what constituted the greatest challenge to American neutrality?

Both Britain and France seized American commercial ships

What was Alexander Hamilton’s primary goal as Secretary of the Treasury?

Paying off the huge national debt

Chapter 10

Describe Thomas Jefferson’s political views.

` he believed in a small national govt., with most of the power being

retained by the states.

The United States bought the Louisiana Territory from this country.

France

How did the Embargo Act affect the United States?

It hurt American business worse than Britain and France

Define judicial review.

Power of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional

This formed the route most western farmers used to transport goods in the early 1800s.

Mississippi River

Chapter 11

What did Henry Clay’s American System include?

- a new National Bank

- high tariffs to protect American manufacturers

- use of money from tariffs to build roads, bridges, and canals

What was an unintended result of the American System?

Further growth of sectionalism

How did sectionalism affect the Era of Good Feelings?

It made national unity more difficult

What was the Monroe Doctrine?

A proclamation by President Monroe that the Americas were no longer to

Be considered for colonization by European countries, it also warned

Spain no to try to retake any of her lost colonies

What led to the issuance of the Monroe Doctrine?

Fear that Spain would try to reclaim her lost colonies

These were manufactured in the first successful U.S. factory of the Industrial Revolution.

textiles

After the War of 1812, why did Congress raise tariffs on imports?

To protect American manufacturers

Chapter 12

What is the spoils system?

The practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs

This term means the right to vote.

suffrage

Nullification means to do this.

Cancel a law

This group of unofficial presidential advisors got their name from where they met.

Kitchen Cabinet

The number of people constituting more than 50%.

majority

How did Andrew Jackson feel about the Bank of the United States?

He felt it helped only the rich

How did changing democratic values in the 1820’s affect voting rights?

More people gained the right to vote

Andrew Jackson’s political success was due in large part to his popularity among what group of people?

Common people

How did Southern planters feel about the Tariff of 1828? Why?

They hated it because it made the imported goods they used more costly

How did South Carolina protest the Tariff of 1832?

They passed the Nullification Act

Why did Andrew Jackson’s opponents refer to him as “King Andrew”?

Because he expanded the powers of the Presidency

Chapter 13

How was the Oregon Territory added to the United States?

By treaty between the U.S. and Britain

What happened to most of those people who went to California during the Gold Rush?

They failed to strike it rich, stayed on and got jobs in other fields

What role did missionaries play in the settlement of the West by Americans?

They helped create interest in the West

What was a basic difference between Mexican law and American law when it came to property ownership?

Under Mexican law, married women could own their own property

What was the main reason why California developed a diverse population?

Gold seekers came from all over the world and stayed there

Chapter 14

These people wanted to limit or stop immigration.

nativists

These were groups of organized workers formed in an effort to force factory owners to provide higher pay and better working conditions.

Trade unions

What is an artisan?

A skilled craftsman

Why did Southern interest in growing cotton increase so much after 1793?

The cotton gin made growing it extremely profitable

How did railroads affect the Northern economy by the 1850s?

They connected factories directly with towns and opened up new markets

for factory goods

Why did an agricultural economy develop in the South?

The climate there was ideal for agriculture

Who was Nat Turner?

A slave who led one of the biggest slave revolts in U. S. history

Chapter 15

What was the name of the first great meeting of the women’s rights movement in the United States?

Seneca Falls Convention

This was a network of pathways and people that helped slaves escape to freedom.

Underground Railroad

This group of artists were the first to study and paint American landscapes.

Hudson River School

This religious movement stressed the idea of man’s free will rather than predestination.

Second Great Awakening

Define the following terms:

Women’s rights movement- campaign attempting to gain equal rights for women,

especially the right to vote

Social reform- organized attempt to improve something in society

Temperance movement- campaign against alcohol abuse

Abolitionist movement- campaign to end slavery

In what region of the United States were the free states located? – the North

Slave states? – in the South

Where did most of the slaves who escaped along the Underground Railroad ultimately settle? Why?

In Canada, because they could be caught and returned to the South

if they stayed in the United States

Who wrote Walden?

Henry David Thoreau

To what literary group did the author of Walden belong?

transcendentalists

Which member of this same group taught people to follow their inner light?

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Why did many people in both the North and the South oppose the abolition of slavery?

They feared free blacks would compete for jobs that many of them held

In the United States in the 1800’s, what was a married woman unable to do under the law with regard to property?

Own it

What social reforms did Dorothea Dix help to bring about?

Prison reform and better treatment for the mentally ill

Experiences in what reform movement led many women to join the crusade for women’s rights?

The abolitionist movement

Chapter 16

What 1854 act divided the lands in the northern part of the Louisiana Territory into 2 territories?

Kansas – Nebraska Act

What did the Missouri Compromise say about the land in the northern part of the Louisiana Territory?

That slavery was not allowed there.

Who proposed the Missouri Compromise?

Henry Clay

What were the provisions of the Missouri Compromise?

- Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave state

- Maine was admitted to the Union as a free state

- slavery was prohibited in future territories carved from the Louisiana that were

north of latitude 36 30’

How did the Missouri Compromise affect the balance of power between slave states and free states?

It helped maintain a balance of power for almost 30 years

What is popular sovereignty?

Issues are decided by a vote of the people

Who Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin?

Harriet Beecher Stowe

How did Uncle Tom’s Cabin affect public opinion in the United States?

It influenced many Northerners who were neutral to become abolitionists

It also angered Southerners who felt it was not a true depiction of slavery

What did the Whigs and the Democrats do that led to the formation of the Republican Party in 1854?

They failed to take a strong stand against the spread of slavery

How did the Lincoln-Douglas debates in 1858 affect the political futures of the 2 men?

Douglas- he lost much of the Southern support he had gained with the Kansas-

Nebraska Act when Lincoln got him to admit that popular sovereignty

could work against slavery; he lost any chance he had of becoming

President

Lincoln- he became nationally known as an opponent of slavery, he used this

popularity in the North to win the Presidency in 1860

How did Southern states react to Lincoln’s election in 1860?

South Carolina, followed by 6 others, seceded in protest

When, where, and under what circumstances did the Civil War begin?

April 11, 1861, when Confederate forces began bombarding

Fort Sumter in South Carolina

What was similar about the Free-Soil Party and the Republican Party?

Both wanted to stop the spread of slavery to the territories

Chapter 17

The North’s only official goal at the start of the war was this.

To keep the Union together

What was the Emancipation Proclamation?

Lincoln’s executive order effective January 1, 1863, that temporarily freed

slaves in the rebelling states

What event added the goal of the abolition of slavery to the North’s war goals?

The issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation

Explain General Grant’s concept of total war.

He said that civilians should be subjected to the same hardships as

Confederate soldiers. He instructed General Sherman to destroy anything

and everything that might be useful to the enemy.

How did Lincoln wish to treat the South after they were defeated?

With kindness and forgiveness, so the nation could be healed

Who was the president of the Confederacy during the Civil War?

Jefferson Davis

Why was the slavery issue handled cautiously at the beginning of the war?

Lincoln did not want to anger the border states and perhaps force

them into the Confederacy

Who was most angered by the Emancipation Proclamation?

Southern planters

What caused the greatest number of casualties during the Civil War?

Diseases and infections

How did the Civil War change the thinking of most Americans when it came to national unity?

Most people began to view the United States as 1 nation, rather than as

a collection of separate states

Chapter 18

Legal separation of people by race is known as what?

Segregation

These were laws passed in the South that severely limited the rights of former slaves.

Black Codes

This term means official government pardon.

amnesty

Many southern states required the payment of this fee in order for a person to be able to vote.

Poll tax

Define the following terms:

Freedman- a former slave

Carpetbagger- a Northerner who went to the South after the Civil War

Sharecropper- a person who rented and farmed a piece of land

Scalawag- a white Southern Republican

Jim Crow Laws- laws passed in the Southern states that made segregation legal

and deprived former slaves of their rights

Civil War Amendments – 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments, which abolished

and spelled out the rights of citizens

How was the disputed presidential election of 1876 resolved?

Rutherford B. Hayes promised to remove all Federal troops from

the South in return for the disputed Southern votes

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