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Heng-Te Lung (Hunter)Doctor E. Anthony CollinsAM 3041 October 2018Points of Consideration 31) Explain in layperson’s terms how chemical photography works. Chemical photography was developed in the early 19th century—what is the technical process from start to finish? How is film photography possible? Feel free to include original, informative visuals to enhance your written response. Upload to your WP site. Integrate into your TIMELINEs. Basically, the method of chemical photography is to prepare a light-sensitive surface and making it been exposed to light through a camera obscura. Then, the surface is covered with particular chemical elements to fix and process the image in a dark room without any unnecessary light interference, so the details of the image are able to stand out more. Louis Daguerre was the first person to figure out a way to fix the image. He used a highly polished silver plate, and having it exposed to iodine fumes. When the plate was exposed to light through a camera, he used mercury to cover the plate. Later, he used sodium thiosulfate to fix the image, and he called it a heliograph, the public called it Daguerreotype. After he shared his innovation in the French Academy of Sciences, many people started to improve his method. Frederick Scott Archer invented the wet plate collodion process and it replaced the Daguerreotype in 1851. It could produce a detailed glass plate negative that could generate thousands of positive prints; furthermore, it did not require much time for exposure because it was more light-sensitive. Film photography was possible through the technique of stop-motion in the 19th century. A photographer would use a series of cameras to take pictures of a moving object, and then put the images in a chronological order in a projector or a scope, such as a Magic Lantern. The operator would flash the images to create an illusion of the object moving to the human eyes. 2) Identify at least two war photographers in the 19th century. I recommend Matthew Brady and Roger Fenton, but you are free to choose others. QUESTION: What were some conflicts (where, when) captured by war photographers (who) in the nineteenth century (when, up to 1900)? Describe your thoughts about an image or images by each photographer? Print and post. Matthew Brady captured the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, and Roger Fenton captured the Crimean War in the 1850s. An image by Matthew Brady displayed the dead being recovered on the field at Gettysburg, and I found it unbelievable. I knew what the Civil War looked like through modern media such as videogames, movies, and television shows, but I never thought I would see the real visual documentations of the battlefields. A traveling darkroom was captured by Roger Fenton in 1854, and it showed a wagon was loaded with the equipment for photography. His gigantic passion for photography could be seen in this photo because it was rare that someone would risk his life and carry the whole equipment merely to capture the scenes of wars, especially during a time when photography was not as common as today.3) Describe–how did George Eastman’s Kodak (“Brownie”) camera help democratize photography? First of all, the price of a Kodak camera was only one dollar and it became affordable to the public. Secondly, the camera was easy to use because the user only needed to press a button to capture a scene without too much professional knowledge. Furthermore, the camera store took care of the photographic processing and the printing. 4) What is digital photography? How does it work? Describe the emergence of digital photography that began in the 1970s. Digital photography is computer-based and the basic technology to turn photons into digital images was through a charge-coupled device. Digital photography does not need films to store the images. The images were stored in computer languages. The invention of digital photography was originally developed for a secret U.S. government satellite surveillance program by Bell Laboratories in Princeton, New Jersey. Fairchild Semi-conductor and Texas Instruments started to build the digital devices. Steven Sasson, a Kodak engineer, started to design digital cameras for the public in 1975.5) Building on question 3, with reference to the text, how has digital photography democratized the access and participation of amateurs in making photographs? Since having a computer became common to most people, people were able to store images on the computer and the Internet without the need to go to a camera store to acquire their photos and the professional knowledge of photographic processing. Moreover, with the rise of cell phone cameras, it became easier and quicker for people to take pictures without carrying a heavy camera.6) How do fakes undermine the authenticity of photography? Before digital photography came out, some people used cut-and-paste techniques to alter photographs. For example, during the 19th century, there were spirit photographers who superimposed fake ghosts on photos. With the appearance of digital photography and computers, it became more difficult for people to detect fake photos because it became easier to manipulate pictures with the help of photographic software such as Adobe Photoshop. People can easily alter colors, shapes, and many other details of a photo.7) In a few sentences describe what is significant about Matthew Brady’s photographic work in the 19th century during the Civil War? Matthew Brady captured one of the most important wars in the United States, and the images showed the reality of wars to the public. He did not risk his life to take these photos for fame, art, or money, rather, he did it for capturing and documenting the histories. 8) Who was Edward S. Curtis? What is significant about his photographic and other field work? He was an American photographer and ethnologist. He traveled around the United States to take pictures of many Native American tribes and documented their daily lifestyles. Staged photography was used in some of his works. Vocabulary (define in complete sentences)Camera obscura: A dark room with a pinhole opening in the wall, allowing light through from the outside.La cour du domain du gras: The first surviving photograph in history by Nicephore Niepce.Celluloid: The first early form of plastic made by combining cellulose with nitric acid for film rolls. It was highly flammable. Matthew Brady: One of Samuel Morse’s students and he was famous for his U.S. Civil War photography. He had a portrait studio in New York called “Brady of Broadway” in the 1840s. Dean Worcester, Bukidnon, Mindanao: Dean Conant Worcester was an American zoologist who traveled to the Philippines to took pictures of Filipinos and their lifestyles. Bukidnon is a province in the Philippines. Mindanao is one of the major islands in the Southern Philippines.Visual anthropology: It is a method of ethnographic study, which involves using videos, films, or photographs as additional data.Sitting Bull: He was a Teton Dakota Indian chief, and his name was Takanka Iyotake. He was famous for his resistance against the U.S. government for the lands of his tribe.Crimean War: It was a war between the alliance of Britain, France, Turkey and Sardinia, and Russia in the 1850s. Roger Fenton: A British photographer who traveled to the Russian Crimean region with British troops in 1855 to take photos of the Crimean War. Daguerrotype: A method of producing images which was to use a highly polished silver plate, exposed to iodine fumes, and once the plate was exposed to light through a camera, it was covered with mercury and then the image was fixed with sodium thiosulfate. Negative and positive exposure: Negative exposure is when the lightest areas in an image is the darkest. Positive exposure is when the darkest areas in an image is the lightest, which is what a human usually sees. Wet collodion process: A photographic process invented by Frederick Scott Archer in 1851, which produced a detailed glass plate negative that could generate thousands of positive prints. It was far more light-sensitive, and required only a few seconds of exposure compared to Daguerreotype. Edward Muybridge: A San Francisco photographer, who used glass plate photos to sequence images. He used a series of cameras in 1877 to take pictures of a galloping horse. Kinetograph: The first camera to take motion pictures, and it was invented by Thomas Edison.Kinetoscope: A one-person, and hand-cranked machine for viewing short films by Thomas Edison, and it cost a penny for each viewer. Nickelodeons: A series of halls lined with Kinetoscopes where people could watch short films.Edward Curtis: An American photographer and ethologist who photographed many Native American tribes. ................
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