Note: Exam will cover material from both Chapter 3 (Nature ...



Study Guide Outline

Note: Exam will cover material from both Chapter 3 (Nature vs Nurture) and Chapter 4 as well as class notes. This is a very basic outline of material to help organize your studying, it is NOT comprehensive. You must read the chapter to do well on the exam!

Chapter 3: Nature vs. Nurture

Terms to Know:

Genetics

Chromosomes

DNA

Nucleus

Genome

Genotype

Phenotype

Allele

Behavior Genetics

Twin Biology

Monozygotic (identical twins)

Dizygotic (fraternal twins)

Heritability

Temperament

Evolutionary Psychology

Natural Selection

Gender Roles

Gender Identity

Gender Schema Theory

Social Learning Theory

XX/XY

Sexual differentiation

Individualist Culture

Collectivist Culture

Chapter 4: Developmental Psychology

I. Key Issues

A. Nature vs. Nurture

B. Continuity vs. Discontinuity

C. Stability vs. Change

II. Prenatal Development and the Newborn

A. Stages of Prenatal Development

1.Conception

2. Zygote

3. Embryo

4. Fetus

5. Teratogens

6. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

B. Newborn Reflexes

1. Rooting Reflex

2. Sucking Reflex

3. Grasping Reflex

4. Moro Reflex

5. Babinski Reflex

C. The Competent Newborn

1. Habituation

2. Pruning in Brain

3. Maturation

a. Cognitive Development b. Motor Development in the Infant c. Memory

4. Schemas

5. Assimilation

6. Accommodation

III. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development: See IMPORTANT Chart Below

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a. Object Conservation b. Centration c. Irreversibility

d. Theory of Mind

e. Autism

IV. Developing Attachments

A. Harlow Studies

1. bodily contact

2. stranger anxiety

3. familiarity

B. Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Test

1. Child and mother are brought into a room with toys

2. Stranger comes in and then leaves

3. Mother leaves (Separation Phase)

4. Stranger comforts child.

5. Mom returns and stranger leaves. (Reunion phase)

C. Three Categories of Attachment

1. Securely Attached

2. Insecurely Attached- Avoidant Attachment

3. Insecurely Attached- Resistant Attachment

D. Child-Rearing Practices

1. Authoritarian

2. Permissive

3. Authoritative

E. Self-Concept

V. Moral Development

A. Piaget

1. Morality of Constraint

2. Morality of Cooperation

B. Kohlberg’s Moral Development

1. Preconventional Morality

2. Conventional Morality

3. Postconventional Morality

C. Criticisms of Kohlberg

1. Carol Gilligan

VI. Social Development

A. Vygotsky

1. Sociocultural Development

2. Private Speech

3. Scaffolding

B. Erikson

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VII. Adulthood

A. Sensory and Motor Abilities

B. Dementia

C. Alzheimer’s

D. Cross-Sectional Studies

E. Longitudinal Studies

F. Fluid Intelligence

G. Crystallized Intelligence

H. Kubler-Ross: 5 Stages of Death

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