EAST ASIA-II
EAST ASIA-II
(CHAPTER 9: 440-464)
CHINA’S POPULATION
1.306 BILLION
ANNUAL NATURAL INCREASE 0.7% (1970S - 3%)
DOUBLING TIME: 100 YEARS
LIFE EXPECTANCY: 70 (MALES), 73 (FEMALES)
TFR 1.8 BORN/WOMEN (1997)
ARITHMETIC DENSITY: 353 PEOPLE/SQ MI
PHYSIOLOGICAL DENSITY: 3,524 PEOPLE/SQ MI
* ONLY 10% OF THE LAND IS ARABLE AND 69% OF THE POPULATION LIVES ON THIS LAND
DISTRIBUTION: WESTERN 2/3s IS SPARSELY POPULATED (MINORITIES)
POPULATION DENSITY (MAP)
POPULATION PROFILE
URBAN CHINA (INCLUDES MAP)
38% URBANIZED
LARGEST CITIES ARE INSIGNIFICANT ON A GLOBAL SCALE
URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
* AIR POLLUTION
* CONGESTION
* WATER POLLUTION
SHANGHAI (MAP)
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS STEMMED FROM THE STATE CONTROLLED ECONOMY.
SERIOUS ENERGY SHORTAGE
TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE POORLY DEVELOPED
POPULAR RESISTANCE AND CHANGES IN CENTRAL POLICY HAVE WEAKENED CHINA’S POPULATION CONTROL PROGRAM.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
REORGANIZATION UNDER COMMUNISM
1950s- 1976 COMMUNIST REGIME LAUNCHED MASSIVE PROGRAMS OF RECONSTRUCTION AND REFORM
BASED ON THE SOVIET MODEL
LAND WAS EXPROPRIATED.
FARMING WAS COLLECTIVIZED.
INDUSTRIES WERE REORGANIZED AS STATE-OWNED COMMUNAL ENTERPRISES.
EMPHASIS ON “HEAVY INDUSTRY”
DRAMATIC SOCIAL CHANGES- EDUCATION, RELIGION, POPULATION GROWTH
AGRICULTURAL REGIONS (MAP)
ENERGY RESOURCES (MAP)
DENG XIAOPING ERA
TOOK POWER IN 1979 AS A “PRAGMATIC MODERATE”
ATTEMPTED TO WED COMMUNIST POLITICAL RULE WITH CAPITALIST ECONOMIC PRACTICES
OPENED CHINA TO FOREIGN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
PERMITTED STUDENTS TO STUDY ABROAD
DENG XIAOPING
INTRODUCED ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION MEASURES
DECENTRALIZED DECISION-MAKING
SHIFTED TO THE RESPONSIBILITY SYSTEM IN AGRICULTURE
CREATED SEZs, OPEN CITIES, OPEN COASTAL AREAS
ATTEMPTED TO CREATE A “SOCIALIST MARKET ECONOMY”
ECONOMIC INITIATIVES
SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES
* 5 SEZs ESTABLISHED; 3 IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE
* INVESTMENT INCENTIVES: LOW TAXES, IMPORT/EXPORT REGULATIONS EASED, LAND LEASES SIMPLIFIED, ETC
OPEN CITIES
* INCLUDED 14 COASTAL CITIES
* SCALED BACK TO 4 CITIES
* NATIONAL INVESTMENT FOCUSED ON SHANGHAI
OPEN COASTAL AREAS
* ALSO DESIGNED TO ATTRACT FOREIGN INVESTMENTS
* CONCENTRATED ALONG PACIFIC COAST DELTAS AND PENINSULAS
SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES
INVESTOR INCENTIVES
LOW TAXES
EASING OF IMPORT AND EXPORT REGULATIONS
SIMPLIFIED LAND LEASES
HIRING OF CONTRACT LABOR PERMITTED
PRODUCTS MAY BE SOLD IN FOREIGN MARKETS AND IN CHINA (UNDER CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS)
LOCATION WAS PRIME CONSIDERATION
CHINA’S ECONOMIC ZONES (MAP)
OPEN CITIES
SIZE
OVERSEAS TRADING HISTORY
LINKS TO “OVERSEAS CHINESE”
LEVELS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
POOL OF LOCAL TALENT AND LABOR
CONFINED TO COASTAL AREAS
XIZANG (TIBET)
A HARSH PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
SPARSELY POPULATED
CAME UNDER CHINESE CONTROL DURING THE MANCHU DYNASTY IN 1720
GAINED SEPARATE STATUS IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY
CHINA’S COMMUNIST REGIME TOOK CONTROL IN THE 1950s
BUDDHISM, THE DALAI LAMA, AND MONASTERIES
FORMALLY ANNEXED IN 1965 AND ADMINISTERED AS AN AUTONOMOUS REGION
XINJIANG
COMPRISES ONE-SIXTH OF CHINA’S TOTAL LAND AREA
A REGION OF HIGH MOUNTAINS AND BASINS
CHINESE ONLY ACCOUNT FOR 40% OF THE POPULATION
MUSLIM UYGHURS ACCOUNT FOR HALF OF THE POPULATION
BOASTS EXTENSIVE RESERVES OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS
UNRESOLVED BOUNDARY DISPUTES
HONG KONG
MEANS “FRAGRANT HARBOR”- AN EXCELLENT DEEP WATER PORT
BOOMED DURING THE KOREAN WAR
6 MILLION PEOPLE WITHIN 400 SQ MILES
ECONOMY IS LARGER THAN HALF OF THE WORLD’S COUNTRIES
1 JULY 1997- BRITISH TRANSFERRED CONTROL TO CHINA
HONG KONG RENAMED XIANGGANG
ACQUIRED A NEW STATUS AS CHINA’S ONLY SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION (SAR)
MONGOLIA
STEPPE AND DESERT PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
SPARSELY POPULATED WITH AN ESTIMATED 2.5 MILLION INHABITANTS
PART OF THE CHINESE EMPIRE FROM LATE 1600s UNTIL 1911
BECAME A PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC IN THE 1920s
FUNCTIONS AS A BUFFER STATE
ECONOMY IS FOCUSED ON HERDING AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS
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