Rachel V Salyer's Blog
Air Pollution and Climate Change PRACTICE TEST
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. Lichens can track air pollution to its source because they
|a. |live a long time. |
|b. |stay in one place. |
|c. |widespread. |
|d. |All of these answers. |
|e. |None of these answers. |
____ 2. The atmosphere is divided into spherical layers based upon the
|a. |density of each layer. |
|b. |concentration of ozone in each layer. |
|c. |temperature changes from variations in absorption of solar energy. |
|d. |concentration of oxygen in each layer. |
|e. |precipitation in each layer. |
____ 3. The atmospheric layer containing 75% of the mass of earth's air is the
|a. |thermosphere. |
|b. |mesosphere. |
|c. |stratosphere. |
|d. |troposphere. |
|e. |tropopause. |
____ 4. If the earth were an apple, the lower layer of the atmosphere would be the thickness of
|a. |the core. |
|b. |the part of the apple we eat. |
|c. |the skin. |
|d. |the whole apple. |
|e. |A seed. |
____ 5. Most of earth's weather occurs in the
|a. |troposphere. |
|b. |thermosphere. |
|c. |mesosphere. |
|d. |stratosphere. |
|e. |tropopause. |
____ 6. You send up a weather balloon that monitors temperature changes in the atmosphere. Initially, the temperature drops as the balloon rises. Suddenly, there is a reversal and the temperature starts to rise. This boundary would be the
|a. |the tropopause. |
|b. |the stratopause. |
|c. |the minipause. |
|d. |the mesopause. |
|e. |the thermopause. |
____ 7. The troposphere differs from the stratosphere in that it has
|a. |1,000 times less oxygen by volume. |
|b. |1,000 times more ozone by volume. |
|c. |1,000 times less ozone by volume. |
|d. |1,000 times more nitrogen. |
|e. |1,000 times less moisture by volume. |
____ 8. Human health depends on having
|a. |low amounts of ozone in the troposphere and stratosphere. |
|b. |enough ozone in the stratosphere and little ozone in the troposphere. |
|c. |high amounts of ozone in the troposphere and low amounts in the stratosphere. |
|d. |high amounts of ozone in the stratosphere. |
|e. |high amounts of ozone in the troposphere. |
____ 9. Humans can disrupt earth's gaseous biogeochemical cycles through
|a. |additions of carbon dioxide from combustion. |
|b. |mining limestone. |
|c. |emitting waste heat from air conditioners. |
|d. |using mister systems to water crops. |
|e. |building on the side of streams. |
____ 10. Each of the following is one of the major classes of outdoor pollutants except
|a. |carbon oxides. |
|b. |smog. |
|c. |nitrogen oxides. |
|d. |sulfur oxides. |
|e. |photochemical oxidants. |
____ 11. According to the World Health Organization, one in every ____ persons live in urban areas with air that is unhealthy to breathe.
|a. |two |
|b. |five |
|c. |ten |
|d. |twenty |
|e. |fifty |
____ 12. All of the following are suspended particles except
|a. |dust and soot. |
|b. |pesticides. |
|c. |sulfuric acid. |
|d. |chlorofluorocarbons. |
|e. |PCBs. |
____ 13. Since 1987, the EPA has focused on particulate matter less than 10 microns. If you worked for the air pollution division of EPA, you would be least likely to focus on
|a. |tobacco smoke. |
|b. |pollen. |
|c. |insecticide dusts. |
|d. |oil smoke. |
|e. |None of these answers. |
____ 14. In 1948, where was the first documented air pollution disaster in the United States?
|a. |Los Angeles, CA |
|b. |Trenton, NJ |
|c. |Donora, PA |
|d. |Newark, NJ |
|e. |Denver, CO |
____ 15. The most harmful forms of suspended particulate matter (SPM) are typically
|a. |fine particles (PM-10) and ultra fine particles (PM-2.5) |
|b. |coarse particles (PM-15) and fine particles (PM-10) |
|c. |aerosols |
|d. |sea salt nuclei |
|e. |wild fire particles |
____ 16. Toxic lead particles are derived from all but which of the following?
|a. |burning coal |
|b. |leaded gasoline |
|c. |smelting lead ores |
|d. |natural gas processing |
|e. |All of the above emit toxic lead particles |
____ 17. What do all volatile organic compounds have in common?
|a. |all are carbon based |
|b. |all are produced from man made sources |
|c. |all are emitted for processing and/or burning fossil fuels |
|d. |all are colorless, odorless reactive gases |
|e. |all are naturally occurring colorless and odorless gases found in rocks and vegetation |
____ 18. Photochemical smog generally requires the presence of
|a. |nitrogen oxides. |
|b. |sunlight. |
|c. |volatile organic compounds. |
|d. |All of these answers. |
|e. |b and c only. |
____ 19. Photochemical smog is formed when primary pollutants interact with
|a. |sunlight. |
|b. |water vapor. |
|c. |sulfur dioxide. |
|d. |oxygen. |
|e. |carbon. |
____ 20. Photochemical smog is characteristic of urban areas with many vehicles and a climate that is
|a. |cool, wet, and cloudy. |
|b. |cool, dry, and sunny. |
|c. |warm, dry, and sunny. |
|d. |warm, wet, and cloudy. |
|e. |warm, wet and sunny. |
____ 21. Which of the following statements is false?
|a. |Industrial smog consists of a mixture of sulfur dioxide, suspended droplets of sulfuric acid, and a variety of suspended|
| |solid particles. |
|b. |Industrial smog is primarily a problem in the winter. |
|c. |In the United States, gray-air smog was a greater problem 30 years ago than it is now. |
|d. |All industrial countries now use modern technologies to prevent industrial smog. |
|e. |None of these answers. |
____ 22. Primary pollutants from burning coal include all of the following except
|a. |carbon monoxide. |
|b. |sulfur dioxide. |
|c. |soot. |
|d. |ozone. |
|e. |carbon dioxide. |
____ 23. The frequency and severity of smog in an area depends least upon the
|a. |local climate and topography. |
|b. |fuels used in industry, heating, and transportation. |
|c. |size of the ozone hole over the Arctic. |
|d. |density of the population. |
|e. |open fires. |
____ 24. A temperature inversion is the result of
|a. |precipitation. |
|b. |cold air drainage. |
|c. |a lid of warm air on top of cooler, stagnant air. |
|d. |a cold blanket of air that prevents warm air from rising. |
|e. |mixing of cool and warm air. |
____ 25. Which of the following areas would be least likely to have a temperature inversion?
|a. |an area near the coast |
|b. |an area in the central plains |
|c. |a valley surrounded by mountains |
|d. |the leeward side of a mountain range |
|e. |None of these answers. |
____ 26. Tall chimneys
|a. |are expensive ways to disperse pollution. |
|b. |cannot carry the pollutants above any local inversion layer. |
|c. |are an output approach to pollution. |
|d. |increase pollution in upwind areas. |
|e. |All of these answers. |
____ 27. Acid deposition is properly defined as the ____ deposition of ____ pollutants onto earth's surface.
|a. |wet . . . secondary |
|b. |dry . . . secondary |
|c. |wet and dry . . . primary |
|d. |wet and dry . . . secondary |
|e. |dry . . . primary |
____ 28. Typical rain in the eastern United States has a pH of
|a. |3.6. |
|b. |4.6. |
|c. |5.6. |
|d. |6.6. |
|e. |7.6. |
____ 29. Acid deposition is best classified as a
|a. |local problem. |
|b. |state problem. |
|c. |regional problem. |
|d. |national problem. |
|e. |international problem. |
____ 30. Western and eastern Europe are the source of most of the acid deposition in
|a. |Israel. |
|b. |Iran. |
|c. |Canada. |
|d. |Austria. |
|e. |Germany. |
____ 31. Experts rate acid rain as a
|a. |high-risk ecological and human health problem. |
|b. |medium-risk ecological problem and high-risk human health problem. |
|c. |high-risk ecological and low-risk human health problem. |
|d. |medium-risk ecological and human health problem. |
|e. |high-risk ecological problem and no-risk human health problem. |
____ 32. In general, acid deposition has harmful effects for terrestrial ecosystems when it falls below a pH level of
|a. |3.6. |
|b. |4.6. |
|c. |5.6. |
|d. |6.6. |
|e. |7.6. |
____ 33. Acid deposition has been linked to
|a. |contamination of fish with highly toxic methylmercury. |
|b. |excessive soil nitrogen levels. |
|c. |reduced nutrient uptake by tree roots. |
|d. |weakening trees so they become more susceptible to other types of damage. |
|e. |All of these answers. |
____ 34. Approximately ____% of China's cropland suffers from excess acidity.
|a. |10 |
|b. |20 |
|c. |30 |
|d. |40 |
|e. |50 |
____ 35. Of the following strategies to reduce acid deposition, the least effective is probably
|a. |removing sulfur from coal before it is burned. |
|b. |reducing energy use. |
|c. |switching to natural gas. |
|d. |adding lime to neutralize the acids. |
|e. |improving energy efficiency. |
____ 36. Experts rate indoor air pollution as a
|a. |high-risk health problem for humans. |
|b. |medium-risk health problem for humans. |
|c. |low-risk health problem for humans. |
|d. |high-risk ecological problem. |
|e. |None of these answers. |
____ 37. Sick Building Syndrome is linked to all of the following except
|a. |headaches. |
|b. |coughing and sneezing. |
|c. |lung cancer. |
|d. |chronic fatigue. |
|e. |burning eyes. |
____ 38. All of the following are on EPA's "four most dangerous indoor air pollutants list" except
|a. |asbestos |
|b. |radon-222 |
|c. |sulfur dioxide |
|d. |cigarette smoke |
|e. |formaldehyde |
____ 39. Formaldehyde is used in
|a. |particle board. |
|b. |paneling. |
|c. |plywood. |
|d. |foam insulation. |
|e. |All of these answers. |
____ 40. Exposure to indoor formaldehyde pollution is least likely to cause
|a. |ulcers. |
|b. |headaches. |
|c. |chronic breathing problems. |
|d. |dizziness. |
|e. |sore throat. |
____ 41. Respiratory illnesses in developing countries are most likely to be caused by
|a. |formaldehyde. |
|b. |cigarette smoke. |
|c. |particulate matter. |
|d. |asbestos. |
|e. |chloroform. |
____ 42. In 1988, the EPA and the U.S. Surgeon General recommended that everyone living in a detached house or the first three floors of an apartment building test for radon. By 2004, ____% of all households had tested for radon.
|a. |6 |
|b. |12 |
|c. |24 |
|d. |48 |
|e. |36 |
____ 43. Humans are protected from air pollution by
|a. |sneezing and coughing. |
|b. |mucus capturing small particles. |
|c. |nasal hairs filtering out large particles. |
|d. |tiny mucus-coated hairlike structures called cilia. |
|e. |All of these answers. |
____ 44. Years of smoking and exposure to air pollutants can contribute to the incidence of
|a. |emphysema. |
|b. |chronic bronchitis. |
|c. |lung cancer. |
|d. |asthma. |
|e. |All of these answers. |
____ 45. The people least vulnerable to air pollution are
|a. |infants. |
|b. |elderly people. |
|c. |adult males. |
|d. |people with heart and respiratory disease. |
|e. |pregnant women. |
____ 46. Which of the following would you expect to show the least damage from air pollution?
|a. |clothing |
|b. |plastic swimming pool |
|c. |marble statue |
|d. |exterior paint on a car |
|e. |roofing material |
____ 47. International trade is increasing air pollution in the United States by
|a. |permitting pollution emitting chemicals into the U.S. due to free trade agreements. |
|b. |increased economic activity and associated pollution being transported to the U.S. |
|c. |Increasingly larger cargo ships coming into harbors and emitting massive pollution from diesel engines |
|d. |Lax air pollution standards in other countries. |
|e. |All of the above. |
____ 48. The effectiveness of the pollution prevention approach is best illustrated by the sharp drop in atmospheric
|a. |ozone. |
|b. |sulfur dioxide. |
|c. |lead. |
|d. |carbon monoxide. |
|e. |nitrogen oxide. |
____ 49. Environmentalists criticize the Clean Air Act of 1990 for all of the following except
|a. |failing to establish primary ambient air quality standards. |
|b. |failing to increase the fuel-efficiency standards for cars and light trucks. |
|c. |doing too little to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. |
|d. |relying primarily on pollution cleanup rather than pollution prevention. |
|e. |not adequately regulating emissions from inefficient, two-cycle gasoline engines. |
____ 50. Which of the following is a scientifically recognized deficiency to the Clean Air Act?
|a. |Regulations on carbon monoxide are too lax. |
|b. |The United States relies too heavily on pollution prevention |
|c. |Emission regulations for motorcycles is too strict compared with regulations for cars. |
|d. |Airports are exempt from many air pollution regulations. |
|e. |Oceangoing ships are not required to be regulated for fuel efficiency. |
____ 51. Of the following strategies to reduce emissions of pollutants from stationary sources, the one which is least likely to help over the long run is
|a. |burning low-sulfur coal. |
|b. |removing sulfur from coal. |
|c. |dispersing pollutants above the thermal inversion layer. |
|d. |shifting to less polluting fuels. |
|e. |convert coal to a liquid or gaseous fuel. |
____ 52. Particulates can be removed from stack exhaust gases by all of the following methods except
|a. |baghouse filters. |
|b. |wet scrubbers. |
|c. |mini-incinerators. |
|d. |cyclone separators. |
|e. |electrostatic precipitator. |
____ 53. Which of the following is an output pollution reduction approach?
|a. |electrostatic precipitator |
|b. |coal gasification |
|c. |fluidized bed combustion |
|d. |burning low sulfur coal |
|e. |energy conservation |
____ 54. Which of the following would function as a pollution cleanup method for motor vehicles?
|a. |Improve motor efficiency. |
|b. |Rely on mass transit and bicycles. |
|c. |Use emission-control devices. |
|d. |Add a charge to new cars based on the amount of pollution they produce. |
|e. |All of these answers. |
____ 55. Which of the following best describes the earth's average surface temperature for the past 900,000 years?
|a. |a steady warming trend |
|b. |fairly steady temperatures until recently |
|c. |many fluctuations of several °C |
|d. |fairly steady with occasional cool spells |
|e. |fairly steady with a recent cooling trend. |
____ 56. Over the last million years, glacial periods lasting about ____ years have alternated with interglacial periods lasting about ____.
|a. |10,000 . . . 100,000 |
|b. |1,000 . . . 10,000 |
|c. |10,000 . . . 10,000 |
|d. |1,000 . . . 100,000 |
|e. |10,000 . . . 1,000 |
____ 57. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the troposphere around 1900 was closest to
|a. |280 ppm |
|b. |290 ppm |
|c. |300 ppm |
|d. |310 ppm |
|e. |320 ppm |
____ 58. The major greenhouse gases include all of the following except
|a. |methane. |
|b. |carbon dioxide. |
|c. |sulfur dioxide. |
|d. |water vapor. |
|e. |nitrous oxide. |
____ 59. Which of the following statements about the greenhouse effect is false?
|a. |The amount of heat trapped in the troposphere depends on concentrations of greenhouse gases. |
|b. |The greenhouse effect is a new theory that explains the warming of the atmosphere. |
|c. |Heat trapped by greenhouse gases keeps the planet warm enough for life. |
|d. |The two predominant greenhouse gases are water vapor and carbon dioxide. |
|e. |It has been confirmed by numerous lab experiments and measurements of atmospheric temperatures at different altitudes. |
____ 60. All of the following greenhouse gases have increased in recent decades except
|a. |carbon dioxide. |
|b. |methane. |
|c. |water vapor. |
|d. |nitrous oxide. |
|e. |CFCs. |
____ 61. Since 1861, mean global temperature has risen ____ degree(s) Centigrade.
|a. |0.1-0.3 |
|b. |0.6-0.8 |
|c. |0.8-1.1 |
|d. |1.0-1.5 |
|e. |1.5-2.0 |
____ 62. Correspondence between climate models and the real world depends upon
|a. |chaos. |
|b. |the design and assumptions of the model. |
|c. |negative feedbacks. |
|d. |positive feedbacks. |
|e. |All of these answers. |
____ 63. The greatest uncertainty in current climate models comes from
|a. |measurements of air pressure. |
|b. |measurements of wind speed and direction. |
|c. |patterns of variation in solar radiation. |
|d. |effects of clouds and ecosphere on climate. |
|e. |measurements of air temperature. |
____ 64. Major climate models project all of the following except
|a. |a 2.4 to 5.4-degree centigrade rise in earth's mean surface temperature by 2100. |
|b. |an earth warmer than at any time in the last 10,000 years. |
|c. |the falling of global sea levels. |
|d. |more warming in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere. |
|e. |human responsibility for the changes in temperature. |
____ 65. We have the most certainty about
|a. |variations in solar output. |
|b. |the role the oceans will play in global warming. |
|c. |patterns of glacial and interglacial periods in earth's history. |
|d. |the role of polar ice in global warming. |
|e. |how changes in the earth's reflectivity will affect atmospheric temperature. |
____ 66. We are uncertain about how
|a. |carbon dioxide will affect the rate of photosynthesis. |
|b. |increased temperatures will affect insect populations. |
|c. |gas trapped in the permafrost will affect global warming. |
|d. |how air pollution might affect climate. |
|e. |All of these answers. |
____ 67. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the troposphere around 2000 was closest to
|a. |280 ppm |
|b. |320 ppm |
|c. |360 ppm |
|d. |400 ppm |
|e. |440 ppm |
____ 68. If climate belts move faster than trees migrate, there could be
|a. |a large increase of forest area. |
|b. |mass extinctions of species that couldn't migrate. |
|c. |an increase in forest diversity. |
|d. |tropical forests in New England. |
|e. |All of these answers. |
____ 69. A warmer world is least likely to result in
|a. |decreased food production. |
|b. |reductions in biodiversity. |
|c. |a rise in sea level. |
|d. |more moderate weather. |
|e. |spread of tropical diseases. |
____ 70. In a warmer world, we would expect more
|a. |droughts. |
|b. |hurricanes. |
|c. |prolonged heat waves. |
|d. |desert expansion. |
|e. |All of these answers. |
____ 71. Which of the following niches is likely to be most effected by global warming?
|a. |generalist |
|b. |specialist |
|c. |keystone |
|d. |indicator |
|e. |spectator |
____ 72. Scientists who claim the global climate system is so complex we will never have the level of certainty wanted by decision makers urge
|a. |take no action now because global warming is all hype. |
|b. |take action now based on the precautionary principle. |
|c. |take no action until we get more data. |
|d. |continuing monitoring of the data. |
|e. |take no action until we see a greater effect. |
____ 73. The quickest, cheapest, and most effective way to reduce the buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is to
|a. |switch from fossil fuels to nuclear fuels. |
|b. |increase the efficiency of energy use. |
|c. |plant trees to trap more carbon dioxide. |
|d. |stop deforestation. |
|e. |slow population growth. |
____ 74. The threat of global warming can be addressed by
|a. |using energy more efficiently. |
|b. |halting deforestation. |
|c. |slowing population growth. |
|d. |shifting to renewable resources. |
|e. |All of these answers. |
____ 75. Prevention approaches to global warming include all of the following except
|a. |increase beef production to strengthen public health. |
|b. |reduce deforestation. |
|c. |switch to sustainable agriculture. |
|d. |slow population growth. |
|e. |improve energy efficiency. |
____ 76. It has been suggested that the threat of global warming can be addressed by all of the following "technofixes" except
|a. |adding iron to the oceans. |
|b. |using foil-surfaced sun shields in space. |
|c. |injecting sulfate particulates into the stratosphere. |
|d. |covering the oceans with Styrofoam chips. |
|e. |releasing billions of helium-filled reflective balloons into the atmosphere. |
____ 77. Which of the following statements is false?
|a. |The formation of the ozone layer enabled life on land to evolve. |
|b. |CFCs are odorless and stable. |
|c. |CFCs are nonflammable, nontoxic, and noncorrosive. |
|d. |Fluorine atoms are most responsible for the breakdown of ozone to molecular oxygen. |
|e. |CFCs are cheap to produce. |
____ 78. The story of the discovery of the effects of CFCs and the political response to that knowledge best illustrates which of the following components of complex systems?
|a. |negative feedback loop |
|b. |positive feedback loop |
|c. |synergistic interaction |
|d. |lag time |
|e. |All of these answers. |
____ 79. Which of the following statements is false?
|a. |Over 44 years passed from the first production of CFCs until the first awareness that they could cause environmental |
| |damage. |
|b. |CFCs are stable, odorless, nonflammable, nontoxic, and noncorrosive chemicals. |
|c. |CFCs are found in bubbles in Styrofoam and insulation. |
|d. |CFCs are important because they help screen out ultraviolet radiation from reaching earth's surface. |
|e. |CFCs remain in the troposphere because they are insoluble in water and chemically unreactive. |
____ 80. Which of the following statements is false?
|a. |CFCs are relatively unreactive compounds. |
|b. |CFCs are heavy molecules that will sink in the atmosphere. |
|c. |Ultraviolet radiation will cause CFCs to break down and release chlorine. |
|d. |One chlorine molecule may convert 100,000 molecules of ozone to molecular oxygen. |
|e. |All the statements are true. |
____ 81. All of the following chemicals are ozone-eaters except
|a. |methyl bromide. |
|b. |PCBs. |
|c. |halons. |
|d. |methyl chloroform. |
|e. |CFCs. |
____ 82. CFCs take ____ years to reach the stratosphere.
|a. |1−2 |
|b. |5−10 |
|c. |10−20 |
|d. |20−30 |
|e. |30−50 |
____ 83. CFCs are used for all of the following except
|a. |coolants in refrigerators and air conditioners. |
|b. |propellants in aerosol spray cans. |
|c. |sterilants in hospitals. |
|d. |fuels in camp stoves. |
|e. |cleaners for electronic parts. |
____ 84. CFCs are released into the atmosphere by all of the following except
|a. |spray cans. |
|b. |discarded refrigerators. |
|c. |burning of artificial logs in fireplaces. |
|d. |leaking of air conditioners. |
|e. |cleaning computer chips. |
____ 85. The single greatest contributor to CFC emissions in the United States is
|a. |spray cans. |
|b. |discarded refrigerators. |
|c. |burning of artificial logs in fireplaces. |
|d. |leaking air conditioners. |
|e. |cleaning computer chips. |
____ 86. In the 1980s, researchers discovered a ____% loss of ozone in the upper stratosphere over the Antarctic during the Antarctic springtime.
|a. |5−10 |
|b. |20−25 |
|c. |40−50 |
|d. |70−80 |
|e. |80−90 |
____ 87. The lack of sodium in the lower stratosphere leads to the conclusion that
|a. |sodium is primarily found in the form of salt in the oceans. |
|b. |chlorine from evaporation of sea spray does not play a large role in ozone depletion. |
|c. |Earth is moving away from the sun. |
|d. |humans will need to find other sources to maintain healthy nervous systems. |
|e. |None of these answers. |
____ 88. Human health problems closely associated with ozone depletion include all of the following except
|a. |skin cancer. |
|b. |eye cataracts. |
|c. |increased incidence of heart disease. |
|d. |suppression of the immune response. |
|e. |neurological damage. |
____ 89. The fact that increased skin cancer rates may not show up for 15-40 years following ozone depletion illustrates the concept of
|a. |positive feedback. |
|b. |negative feedback. |
|c. |lag time. |
|d. |suppression of the immune system. |
|e. |synergistic interaction. |
____ 90. Damage to the ecological structure and function of lakes because of deeper penetration of UV light is cause by
|a. |ozone depletion only. |
|b. |acid deposition only. |
|c. |global warming only. |
|d. |a synergistic interaction among ozone depletion, acid deposition, and global warming. |
|e. |a and b only. |
____ 91. To help protect the ozone layer, individuals should do all of the following except
|a. |avoid purchasing products that contain CFCs. |
|b. |buy halon fire extinguishers. |
|c. |pressure legislators to ban all uses of CFCs, halons, and methyl bromide by 1995. |
|d. |buy new refrigerators that use vacuum insulation and helium as a coolant. |
|e. |encourage all countries to ban all ODCs. |
Completion
Complete each statement.
92. ____________________ are manmade compounds that have been widely used as refrigerants and in spray propellants and foam blowing.
93. Sunlight, the production of oxides of nitrogen, and the production of volatile organic compounds must be present to develop ____________________.
94. London is world famous for its episodes of ____________________.
95. Natural causes of ____________________ include volcano emissions, lightning, and microbial processes.
96. The ____________________ approach to global warming cleanup involves plants storing CO2.
97. The eruption of ____________________ in 1991 resulted in a tropospheric cooling effect that lasted some 15 months.
98. Past planetary temperature changes can be estimated by a variety of methods, one of which involves the analysis of ____________________ in rocks and fossils.
99. In some parts of Alaska trees are dying and buildings, roads, telephone and utility poles are sinking and shifting because the ____________________ underneath them is melting.
100. The ____________________ assumes that efforts to prevent or cleanup global warming will not succeed.
101. Individuals can be more susceptible to ____________________ due to lifestyle choices or gene composition.
Matching
[pic]
____ 102. On the simplified formation of photochemical smog figure, choose the letter that represents substances that can form by the reaction of nitrogen dioxide with organic compounds.
____ 103. On the simplified formation of photochemical smog figure, choose the letter that represents a substance that is formed from the photolysis of nitrogen dioxide but can also result from stratospheric penetrations.
____ 104. On the simplified formation of photochemical smog figure, choose the letter that represents the substance that can result from the addition of water to nitrogen dioxide.
____ 105. On the simplified formation of photochemical smog figure, choose the letter that represents the substance for which formaldehyde is an example.
[pic]
____ 106. On the acid deposition figure, choose the letter that represents the wet acid deposition.
____ 107. On the acid deposition figure, choose the letter that represents the transformation to sulfuric acid and nitric acid.
Other
Exhibit 19-1
[pic]
108. How are secondary pollutants formed?
109. Describe the sources of primary pollutants?
Exhibit 19-2
[pic]
110. Based on this image, which chemicals are primarily responsible for lowering the pH of rain?
111. Based on this figure, which lakes will be mostly affected by acid rain?
Exhibit 20-01
[pic]
112. When has there been the most consistent temperature rise since the 1200s?
113. In the last 10,000 years, when did the temperature reach a maximum?
Exhibit 20-02
[pic]
114. What correlation is there between temperature change and concentration of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere for the last 10,000 years?
115. What processes interact to influence earth's climate?
[pic]
116. How much did the surface temperature of the earth changed from 1950 to 2004?
117. What change of the surface temperature of the earth is projected for 2025?
Air Pollution and Climate Change PRACTICE TEST
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M
2. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M
TOP: Structure and Science of the Atmosphere
3. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: E
TOP: Structure and Science of the Atmosphere
4. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E
TOP: Structure and Science of the Atmosphere
5. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: E
TOP: Structure and Science of the Atmosphere
6. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: E
TOP: Structure and Science of the Atmosphere
7. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E
TOP: Structure and Science of the Atmosphere
8. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: M
TOP: Structure and Science of the Atmosphere
9. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: M
TOP: Structure and Science of the Atmosphere
10. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Air Pollution
11. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Air Pollution
12. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Air Pollution
13. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Air Pollution
14. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Air Pollution
15. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: D TOP: Air Pollution
16. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Air Pollution
17. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Air Pollution
18. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Urban Outdoor Air Pollution
19. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Urban Outdoor Air Pollution
20. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Urban Outdoor Air Pollution
21. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: D TOP: Urban Outdoor Air Pollution
22. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Urban Outdoor Air Pollution
23. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Urban Outdoor Air Pollution
24. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Urban Outdoor Air Pollution
25. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: D TOP: Urban Outdoor Air Pollution
26. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Acid Deposition
27. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Acid Deposition
28. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Acid Deposition
29. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Acid Deposition
30. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Acid Deposition
31. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Acid Deposition
32. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Acid Deposition
33. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: D TOP: Acid Deposition
34. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Acid Deposition
35. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: D TOP: Acid Deposition
36. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Indoor Air Pollution
37. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Indoor Air Pollution
38. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Indoor Air Pollution
39. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Indoor Air Pollution
40. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Indoor Air Pollution
41. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Indoor Air Pollution
42. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Indoor Air Pollution
43. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Health Effects of Air Pollution
44. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Health Effects of Air Pollution
45. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Health Effects of Air Pollution
46. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Health Effects of Air Pollution
47. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Health Effects of Air Pollution
48. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E
TOP: Preventing and Reducing Air Pollution
49. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: D
TOP: Preventing and Reducing Air Pollution
50. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M
TOP: Preventing and Reducing Air Pollution
51. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M
TOP: Preventing and Reducing Air Pollution
52. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M
TOP: Preventing and Reducing Air Pollution
53. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: E
TOP: Preventing and Reducing Air Pollution
54. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M
TOP: Preventing and Reducing Air Pollution
55. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M
TOP: Past climate Changes and the Greenhouse Effect
56. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: E
TOP: Past climate Changes and the Greenhouse Effect
57. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: M
TOP: Past climate Changes and the Greenhouse Effect
58. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E
TOP: Past climate Changes and the Greenhouse Effect
59. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: D
TOP: Past climate Changes and the Greenhouse Effect
60. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E
TOP: Climate Change and Human Activities
61. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: E
TOP: Climate Change and Human Activities
62. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: M
TOP: Climate Change and Human Activities
63. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M
TOP: Climate Change and Human Activities
64. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M
TOP: Climate Change and Human Activities
65. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: D
TOP: Factors Affecting the Earth's Temperature
66. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: D
TOP: Factors Affecting the Earth's Temperature
67. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M
TOP: Factors Affecting the Earth's Temperature
68. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Effects of Global Warming
69. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: D TOP: Effects of Global Warming
70. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Effects of Global Warming
71. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: E TOP: Effects of Global Warming
72. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Dealing with Global Warming
73. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: M TOP: Dealing with Global Warming
74. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: D TOP: Dealing with Global Warming
75. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: D TOP: Dealing with Global Warming
76. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: D TOP: Dealing with Global Warming
77. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: D
TOP: Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
78. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M
TOP: Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
79. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: D
TOP: Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
80. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: D
TOP: Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
81. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: E
TOP: Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
82. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E
TOP: Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
83. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M
TOP: Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
84. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M
TOP: Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
85. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: E
TOP: Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
86. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E
TOP: Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
87. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: M
TOP: Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
88. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M
TOP: Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
89. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M
TOP: Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
90. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M
TOP: Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
91. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: D TOP: Protecting the Ozone Layer
COMPLETION
92. ANS: Chlorofluorocarbons
PTS: 1 DIF: E
93. ANS: photochemical smog
PTS: 1 DIF: M
94. ANS: industrial smog
PTS: 1 DIF: D
95. ANS: acid deposition
PTS: 1 DIF: D
96. ANS: soil sequestration
PTS: 1 DIF: M
97. ANS: Mount Pinatubo
PTS: 1 DIF: M
98. ANS: radioisotopes
PTS: 1 DIF: M
99. ANS: permafrost
PTS: 1 DIF: E
100. ANS: adaptionist strategy
PTS: 1 DIF: M
101. ANS: malignant melanoma
PTS: 1 DIF: M
MATCHING
102. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: M OBJ: Labeling
103. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: M OBJ: Labeling
104. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: M OBJ: Labeling
105. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M OBJ: Labeling
106. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: E OBJ: Labeling
107. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: E OBJ: Labeling
OTHER
108. ANS:
Primary air pollutants react with one another or with other chemicals in the atmosphere and form secondary pollutants.
PTS: 1 DIF: M OBJ: Critical Thinking
109. ANS:
Mobile exhaust, natural pollutants (volcanic ash, etc.), and stationary pollutants from refineries and processing plants.
PTS: 1 DIF: E OBJ: Critical Thinking
110. ANS:
Sulfuric acid and nitric acid are primarily responsible for lowering the pH of rain.
PTS: 1 DIF: E OBJ: Critical Thinking
111. ANS:
Lakes in shallow soil in limestone will be mostly affected by acid rain
PTS: 1 DIF: E OBJ: Critical Thinking
112. ANS:
Since 1930.
PTS: 1 DIF: D OBJ: Critical Thinking
113. ANS:
About 1,000 years ago.
PTS: 1 DIF: D OBJ: Critical Thinking
114. ANS:
As the temperature has risen, so have the carbon dioxide levels.
PTS: 1 DIF: M OBJ: Critical Thinking
115. ANS:
Describe all the emissions that warm up the troposphere and all the factors that remove heat from the troposphere.
PTS: 1 DIF: M OBJ: Critical Thinking
116. ANS:
The temperature increased by 0.5 degrees Celsius.
PTS: 1 DIF: E OBJ: Critical Thinking
117. ANS:
The temperature is expected to increase by 0.6 degrees Celsius.
PTS: 1 DIF: E OBJ: Critical Thinking
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