The beamer class - CTAN
The beamer class
User Guide for version 3.70.
\begin{frame} \frametitle{There Is No Largest Prime Number} \framesubtitle{The proof uses \textit{reductio ad absurdum}.} \begin{theorem} There is no largest prime number. \end{theorem} \begin{proof} \begin{enumerate} \item Suppose $p$ were the largest prime number. \item Let $q$ be the product of the first $p$ numbers. \item Then $q+1$ is not divisible by any of them. \item Thus $q+1$ is also prime and greater than $p$.\qedhere \end{enumerate} \end{proof}
\end{frame}
There Is No Largest Prime Number
The proof uses reductio ad absurdum.
Results
There Is No Largest Prime Number
The proof uses reductio ad absurdum.
Theorem There is no largest prime number.
Proof. 1 Suppose p were the largest prime number. 2 Let q be the product of the first p numbers. 3 Then q + 1 is not divisible by any of them. 4 Thus q + 1 is also prime and greater than p.
Theorem There is no largest prime number.
Proof. 1 Suppose p were the largest prime number. 2 Let q be the product of the first p numbers. 3 Then q + 1 is not divisible by any of them. 4 Thus q + 1 is also prime and greater than p.
1
F?r alle, die die Sch?nheit von Wissenschaft anderen zeigen wollen.
Copyright 2003?2007 by Till Tantau Copyright 2010,2011 by Joseph Wright and Vedran Mileti Copyright 2016,2017 by Joseph Wright Copyright 2017,2018 by Louis Stuart and Joseph Wright Copyright 2019?present by Joseph Wright and samcarter Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify the documentation under the terms of the gnu Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled gnu Free Documentation License. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify the code of the package under the terms of the gnu General Public License, Version 2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled gnu General Public License. Permission is also granted to distribute and/or modify both the documentation and the code under the conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3c of this license or (at your option) any later version. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled LATEX Project Public License.
2
The beamer class
User Guide for version 3.70.
Till Tantau, Joseph Wright, Vedran Mileti
May 15, 2023
Contents
1 Introduction
8
1.1 Main Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4 How to Read this User's Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5 Getting Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
I Getting Started
12
2 Installation
13
2.1 Versions and Dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 Installation of Pre-bundled Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.1 TEX Live and MacTEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2.2 MiKTEX and proTEXt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2.3 Linux distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3 Installation in a texmf Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4 Updating the Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5 Testing the Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.6 Compatibility with Other Packages and Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3 Tutorial: Euclid's Presentation
19
3.1 Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2 Solution Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.3 Title Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.4 The Title Page Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.5 Creating the Presentation PDF File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.6 The Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.7 Sections and Subsections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.8 Creating a Simple Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.9 Creating Simple Overlays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.10 Using Overlay Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.11 Structuring a Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.12 Adding References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.13 Verbatim Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.14 Changing the Way Things Look I: Theming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.15 Changing the Way Things Look II: Colors and Fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3
4 Workflow For Creating a Beamer Presentation
27
4.1 Step One: Setup the Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.2 Step Two: Structure Your Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.3 Step Three: Creating a PDF or PostScript File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.3.1 Creating PDF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.3.2 Creating PostScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.3.3 Ways of Improving Compilation Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.4 Step Four: Create Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.5 Step Five: Test Your Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.6 Step Six: Create a Handout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.6.1 Creating the Handout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.6.2 Printing the Handout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5 Guidelines for Creating Presentations
31
5.1 Structuring a Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.1.1 Know the Time Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.1.2 Global Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.1.3 Frame Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.1.4 Interactive Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.2 Using Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.3 Using Animations and Transitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.4 Choosing Appropriate Themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.5 Choosing Appropriate Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.6 Choosing Appropriate Fonts and Font Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.6.1 Font Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.6.2 Font Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.6.3 Font Shapes: Italics and Small Capitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.6.4 Font Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
6 Solution Templates
41
7 Licenses and Copyright
42
7.1 Which License Applies? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
7.2 The GNU General Public License, Version 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
7.2.1 Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
7.2.2 Terms and Conditions For Copying, Distribution and Modification . . . . . . . . . . . 43
7.2.3 No Warranty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
7.3 The GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
7.3.1 Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
7.3.2 Applicability and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
7.3.3 Verbatim Copying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
7.3.4 Copying in Quantity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
7.3.5 Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
7.3.6 Combining Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
7.3.7 Collection of Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
7.3.8 Aggregating with Independent Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
7.3.9 Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
7.3.10 Termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
7.3.11 Future Revisions of this License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
7.3.12 Relicensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
7.3.13 Addendum: How to use this License for your documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
7.4 The LATEX Project Public License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 7.4.1 Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
7.4.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
7.4.3 Conditions on Distribution and Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
7.4.4 No Warranty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
7.4.5 Maintenance of The Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
7.4.6 Whether and How to Distribute Works under This License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
7.4.7 Choosing This License or Another License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4
7.4.8 A Recommendation on Modification Without Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 7.4.9 How to Use This License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 7.4.10 Derived Works That Are Not Replacements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 7.4.11 Important Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
II Building a Presentation
56
8 Creating Frames
57
8.1 The Frame Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
8.2 Components of a Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
8.2.1 The Headline and Footline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
8.2.2 The Sidebars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
8.2.3 Navigation Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
8.2.4 The Navigation Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
8.2.5 The Logo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
8.2.6 The Frame Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
8.2.7 The Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
8.3 Frame and Margin Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
8.4 Restricting the Slides of a Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
9 Creating Overlays
78
9.1 The Pause Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
9.2 The General Concept of Overlay Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
9.3 Commands with Overlay Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
9.4 Environments with Overlay Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
9.5 Dynamically Changing Text or Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
9.6 Advanced Overlay Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
9.6.1 Making Commands and Environments Overlay Specification-Aware . . . . . . . . . . . 85
9.6.2 Mode Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
9.6.3 Action Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
9.6.4 Incremental Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
10 Structuring a Presentation: The Static Global Structure
91
10.1 Adding a Title Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
10.2 Adding Sections and Subsections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
10.3 Adding Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
10.4 Splitting a Course Into Lectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
10.5 Adding a Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
10.6 Adding a Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
10.7 Adding an Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
11 Structuring a Presentation: The Interactive Global Structure
104
11.1 Adding Hyperlinks and Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
11.2 Repeating a Frame at a Later Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
11.3 Adding Anticipated Zooming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
12 Structuring a Presentation: The Local Structure
110
12.1 Itemizations, Enumerations, and Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
12.2 Highlighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
12.3 Block Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
12.4 Theorem Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
12.5 Framed and Boxed Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
12.6 Figures and Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
12.7 Splitting a Frame into Multiple Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
12.8 Positioning Text and Graphics Absolutely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
12.9 Verbatim and Fragile Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
12.10Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
12.11Verse, Quotations, Quotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5
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