Latin American Peoples Win Independence



Chapter 24.1 Latin American Peoples Win Independence

Objectives, I will be able to…

• Describe how Haiti achieved independence

• Identify influences in Latin America’s independence struggle

• Describe how Bolivar and San Martin ended Spanish rule

• Show the negative effects of independence

|Revolution in Haiti |[pic] |

|Saint-Domingue = Haiti – majority of population = slaves |Toussaint L’Ouverture [pic] |

|1791, enslaved Africans revolt – Toussaint L’Ouverture, ex-slave, becomes leader |Jose de San Martin |

|1804 – Haiti is an independent country – 1st black colony to gain independence |[pic] |

| |Simon Bolivar the “liberator” |

|Latin America Sweeps to Freedom |[pic] |

|Society was divided into classes |Father Hidalgo launches |

|Peninsulares – Spanish born, highest class |Mexico's independence struggle |

|Creoles – Spaniards born in Latin America, |against Spain in 1810- O'Gorman|

|second highest | |

|Mestizos – mixed European and Indian ancestry | |

|Mulattos – mixed European and African ancestry | |

|Indians | |

|Peninsulares hold most land, make up least population. | |

|Indians are most oppressed, make up greatest part of | |

|population | |

|Creoles lead fight for Latin American independence | |

|Napoleon angers Creoles when he invades Spain and puts | |

|his brother on the throne | |

|[pic] | |

|The Libertadores End Spanish Rule | |

|Simon Bolivar wins independence for Venezuela | |

|Jose de San Martin defeats Spanish forces in Chile & turns his army over to Bolivar | |

|Bolivar defeats the Spanish in Peru, winning freedom for the Spanish colonies in America | |

| | |

|Mexico Ends Spanish Rule | |

|Padre Hidalgo then Padre Morelos lead Indian & Mestizo rebellion against Spanish rule, but both are captured and executed by Spain | |

|Liberals take over Spain, Iturbide declares independence from Spain and himself emperor | |

|Iturbide is overthrown, Central America separates from Mexico | |

| | |

| | |

|Brazil’s Royal Liberator | |

|Napoleon invades Portugal, Portuguese royal family escapes to Brazil | |

|King returns to Portugal, son stays in Brazil & declares independence from Portugal | |

| | |

|Independence Brings Disunity | |

|Destruction caused by independence leaves Latin America poor and disunited | |

[pic]

|Where? |Who Rebelled? |Why? |What Happened? |

|Hati | | | |

|Spanish | | | |

|South America | | | |

|Mexico | | | |

| | | | |

|Brazil | | | |

| | | | |

Chapter 24.2- Revolutions Disrupt Europe

Objectives, I will be able to…

• Define nationalism and describe how the nationalist spirit affected the Balkans

• Describe how revolutions and reforms affected Europe, especially France and Russia

|Nationalism Changes Europe | |

|After Congress of Vienna, 3 forces try to struggle for power | |

|Conservatives – wealthy nobility, wanted traditional monarchies back | |

|Liberals – middle class, give more power to elected parliaments | |

|Radicals – lower class, favored drastic change | |

|Nationalism starts to become popular – loyalty to nation, not empire | |

|Nation = people who share common culture & history | |

|Nation with independent gov’t = Nation State | |

|Greeks were the first to win self rule | |

|Ottoman Empire controlled the Balkans – Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Yugoslavia. | |

|Greece felt proud of its ancient culture and history – Europe sympathized and did not want Greece to be controlled by Muslims, | |

|joins the fight against Ottoman Turks | |

|1830 – Europe recognizes full independence of Greece | |

| | |

|The Tide of Reform in Western Europe | |

|In the 1830s and again in the 1848, revolutions sweep Europe but are unsuccessful | |

|More revolts in France lead to another overthrow of the king | |

|Louis-Napoleon, Napoleon’s nephew is elected and helps France economically | |

|Russia - weaker than other European countries because they were not industrialized | |

|Russia tries to take over parts of the Ottoman Empire but are unsuccessful because of their lack of industrial power – Crimean | |

|War | |

|Alexander II, czar, decides to bring Russia into the “modern world” – industrialization | |

|1881, Alexander II is assassinated | |

|Alexander III tightens political control and moves Russia towards industrial nation | |

|Nationalism = driving force | |

Section 2 – Revolutions Disrupt Europe p.609-612 Due________

Objective: Explain the three schools of political thought and trace the spread of nationalist movements throughout Europe

1. What is nationalism and how did the nationalist spirit affect the Balkans?

2. How did revolutions and reforms affect Europe, especially France and Russia?

Chapter 24.3- Nationalism: Italy & Germany

Objectives, I will be able to…

• Identify the links that bind people into a nation-state

• Explain how nationalism weakened empires

• Summarize how Cavour unified Italy

• Describe how Prussia led the unification of Germany

• Explain the shift in the balance of power among nations

|The Ideal of Nationalism | |

|Nationalists not loyal to kings but to their people |[pic] |

|Nation, like a person, has the right to independence | |

|Bonds That Create a Nation State | |

|Nationality – common ethnic ancestry | |

|Language – national language | |

|Culture – a shared way of life (food, dress, behavior, ideals) | |

|History – a common past, common experiences | |

|Religion – a religion shared by all or most of the people |[pic] |

|Territory – land that belongs to an ethnic group |Mazzini |

|Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires | |

|Nationalism a force that led to the breakup and unity of nations in the 1800s |[pic] |

|Multi-ethnic group nations could cause conflict | |

|Nationalist sprit of France inspired rulers to unify and increase their nations power |Garibaldi |

|People unified by nationalism – empires cannot control their people | |

|Austro-Hungarian Empire – Prussia starts nationalist movement, ends with WWI |[pic] |

|Russian Empire – diverse cultures unable to be controlled by czar – Bolshevik Rev. |Bismarck |

|Ottoman Empire – tries to reform but collapses after WWI | |

|Cavour Unites Italy | |

|Italy ruled by foreign monarchs- dissonant towards the foreigners | |

|Giuseppe Mazzini – “Young Italy” – nationalist group, no one over 40 allowed in | |

|Mazzini-Nation-state= the best hope for social justice, democracy and peace | |

|1848, Mazzini fails in his rebellion to unify Italy and is exiled | |

|Camillo di Cavour gets control of Northern Italy from Austria & then turns his sights on all of Italy | |

|Garibaldi, nationalist rebel (Red Shirts) – join forces with Cavour and unites all of Italy | |

|[pic] | |

|Challenges after Unification | |

|Problems- rivalries between Italian provinces, geographic differences disorganized political parties and thinking that caused | |

|political instability | |

|20th century- Italy was a poor country | |

|The Rise of Prussia | |

|1862, King Wilhelm I of Prussia appoints Bismarck as Prime Minister | |

|realpolitik – politics of reality – “Great questions will be settled by blood and iron” | |

|Bismarck goes to war with Denmark to win two provinces | |

|Bismarck defeats Austria to gain control of a North German Confederation | |

|The Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871, Bismarck defeats France, Wilhelm is crowned Kaiser | |

|Second Reich begins | |

|[pic] | |

|The Balance of Power Shifts | |

|1815, Congress of Vienna establishes Great Powers – Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, Russia | |

|Mid 1800s, Great Powers are equal in strength | |

|1871 – Britain & Germany clearly the strongest | |

|Balance of power that Congress of Vienna set up had broken down | |

Chapter 24. 4- Revolutions in the Arts

Objectives, I will be able to…

• Define romanticism and give examples of romantic literature and music

• Explain the shift to realism and give examples of realistic art and literature

|The Romantic Movement | |

|Romanticism = deep interest both in nature and in the thoughts and feelings of individuals | |

|Emphasis on inner feelings, imagination, emotion | |

|Focus on the mysterious & supernatural – odd, exotic, grotesque, horrifying | |

|Beauty of nature | |

|The past = simpler time | |

|Heroes & heroic action | |

|Folk traditions, music, stories | |

|Common people & individual | |

|Promoted radical change in democracy | |

|ex) The Brothers Grimm – collected German fairy tales & created a dictionary of German language ( NATIONALISM – celebrated German spirit | |

|Victor Hugo – The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Les Miserables – individual vs. society | |

|Mary Shelley – Frankenstein – supernatural, grotesque, horrific | |

|Beethoven – 9th Symphony | |

| | |

|The Sift to Realism | |

|Industrialization = dreams of the Romantics seem pointless | |

|Realism = life as it was, not as it should be | |

|Stories about a worker’s suffering | |

|The Human Comedy – novel details the lives of 2000 people after the French Rev. | |

|Charles Dickens – A Tale of Two Cities, A Christmas Carol – gloom of working class life | |

|Photographs – realism at its best, Louis Daguerre – Daguerreotype = 1st photographs | |

|Talbot – light sensitive paper, improved photographs ( mass distribution | |

|Impressionists react against realists – Manet, Monet, Degas, Renoir – more positive view of the urban society than realists | |

|Wanderer above the Sea of FogCaspar David |Jean-François Millet. The Gleaners. |The Scream (The Cry) by Edvard Munch |

|Friedrich | | |

|[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |

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