Mendel and Heredity Study Guide



Mendel and Heredity Study GuideVocabulary: Trait, Genetics, Purebred, Cross, Law of SegregationWhat is genetics?Whose early work is the basis for much of our current understanding of genetics?In designing his experiments, Mendel made three important choices that helped him see patterns of inheritance. In the table below, list Mendel’s explanations and write why these are important to understanding his question.Mendel’s ExplanationsImportant3.4.5.6.7. Why did Mendel use pea plants?8. Fill in the sequence diagram below to summarize Mendel’s experimental process.Bred flowers resulting in F1 generation with dominant phenotype.Resulted in F2 generation with both dominant and recessive phenotypes.9. Mendel concluded that traits are inherited as “discrete units”. What do we call these discrete units today?10. What two conclusions make up Mendel’s law of segregation?11. Segregation means “separation”. What is “segregated” in Mendel’s law of segregation?12. What does “purebred” mean?Traits, Genes, and Alleles Study GuideVocabulary: Gene, Allele, Homozygous, Heterozygous, Genome, Genotype, Phenotype, Dominant, RecessiveWhat is the relationship between a gene and a protein? What is an allele?What term describes a pair of alleles that are the same? That are different?Write a definition of homologous chromosomes using the terms “gene” and “allele”.In the space below, draw a pair of homologous chromosomes. Label the chromosomes with two sets of genes, one with homozygous alleles (Gene A, Gene A) and one with heterozygous alleles (Gene B, Gene b)4762508572500Write an analogy to show the difference between genotype and phenotype.How are alleles represented on paper?Fill in the table below with the missing genotype, phenotype (dominant or recessive), or alleles (TT, Tt, tt).GenotypePhenotypeAllelesHomozygous dominantRecessiveTtIf an organism has a recessive trait, can you determine its genotype for that trait?What factors besides alleles affect phenotype?What type of alleles are present in an organism with a QQ genotype?What is the opposite of homozygous? Of dominant?Traits and Probability Study GuideVocabulary: Punnett Square, Monohybrid Cross, Testcross, Dihybrid Cross, Law of Independent Assortment, ProbabilityIdentify what of each of the numbered parts represents in the Punnett Square below. Then draw lines from each of the parents’ alleles to the corresponding alleles in the offspring.3269615130175002. 1. 329565094488000339026538417500153543099695003. Why does each parent contribute only one alleles to the offspring?You know a ratio is a comparison that tells how two or more things relate. What is a genotypic ratio? A phenotypic ratio?What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring in the figure above?What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring above?What is a dihybrid cross (you will need to look this up)?Meiosis and Genetic Variation Study GuideVocabulary: Crossing over, Genetic linkageWhat are two ways that sexual reproduction helps create and maintain genetic diversity?Which does sexual reproduction create, new alleles or new combinations of alleles?How is the production of unique genetic combinations an advantage to organisms and species?Are chromosomes in a duplicated or an unduplicated state when crossing over occurs?Use sketches to illustrate how crossing over contributes to genetic diversity. Draw a cell with four chromosomes in the first box. Make one pair of chromosomes large and the other pair small. Color in one large chromosome and one small chromosome. Leave the other two chromosomes white.In the next box, draw the cell in prophase I. Have each pair of homologous chromosomes line up together – large with large, small with small.In the third box, show crossing over between each pair of homologous chromosomes.In the last box, show what the chromosomes look like as a result of crossing over. You will use this sketch in the next exercise.Refer to your cell sketch in the last box in the diagram above. In the first box below, show what your cell would look like at the end of meiosis I. Remember, the result will be two cells that have one duplicated chromosome from each homologous pair.In the second box, show what your cell would look like at the end of meiosis II. Remember, the result will be four cells that have one (unduplicated) chromosomes from each homologous pair.175260075565001638309652000260350889000260350946785001851025889000185102594678500The exchange of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes is called Choose the situation that most closely relates to each vocabulary word.Fertilization: a) union of gametesb) division of chromosomesPurebred: a) a scruffy muttb) a sleek Labrador retrieverDiploid: a) a dollarb) 50 centsSexual Reproduction: a) produces genetically identical offspringb) produces genetically unique offspring.Trait: a) inheriting your father’s eyesb) inheriting your father’s watchHomologous chromosomes: a) code for the same traitb) carry identical genesDNA: a) like a computer hard driveb) like a computer screenMeiosis: a) preserves chromosome numberb) reduces chromosome numberFor each pair of words listed, list one way they are similar and one way they are different.SimilarityWord PairDifferenceAutosomeSex chromosomeSpermEggHomozygousHeterozygousDominantRecessiveDiploidHaploidIntroduction: Cells in the ovaries of a woman and the testes of a man divide by the process of meiosis. Meiosis creates the reproductive cells that we call gametes. Male gametes are sperm cells and female gametes are egg cells. Please describe the process of meiosis by writing the complete sentences in the spaces below. For each blank area, fill in the appropriate word or words.__ is the process of creating __ like the male’s __ and the female’s __.Before __, the cell copies its __ in a process called __.At the beginning of __, the nuclear __ dissolves and the __ condense.Simultaneously, __ chromosomes pair up and __ occurs to mix up the __ from each of the parents.Next, the __ attach to the __ and begin to pull them to the __ of the cell.Later, the __ cells divide to form two __ cells, each having one allele for every __.Subsequently, each of the two cells __ again in order to separate sister __.In total, __ forms four genetically __ haploid __.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.plex Patterns of Inheritance Study GuideVocabulary: Incomplete Dominance, Codominance, Polygenic TraitHow is incomplete dominance different from a dominant and recessive relationship?How is codominance different from dominant and recessive relationship?What is a multiple allele trait?In the table below, describe how phenotypes appear in incomplete dominance and codominance. Then sketch examples of each.InteractionPhenotypeExampleIncomplete Dominance4.5.Codominance6.7. ................
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