About the Tutorial

[Pages:13]Python Pandas

About the Tutorial

Pandas is an open-source, BSD-licensed Python library providing high-performance, easyto-use data structures and data analysis tools for the Python programming language. Python with Pandas is used in a wide range of fields including academic and commercial domains including finance, economics, Statistics, analytics, etc. In this tutorial, we will learn the various features of Python Pandas and how to use them in practice.

Audience

This tutorial has been prepared for those who seek to learn the basics and various functions of Pandas. It will be specifically useful for people working with data cleansing and analysis. After completing this tutorial, you will find yourself at a moderate level of expertise from where you can take yourself to higher levels of expertise.

Prerequisites

You should have a basic understanding of Computer Programming terminologies. A basic understanding of any of the programming languages is a plus. Pandas library uses most of the functionalities of NumPy. It is suggested that you go through our tutorial on NumPy before proceeding with this tutorial. You can access it from: NumPy Tutorial.

Disclaimer & Copyright

Copyright 2017 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy, distribute or republish any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in any manner without written consent of the publisher. We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely as possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors. Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of our website or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover any errors on our website or in this tutorial, please notify us at contact@.

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Table of Contents

About the Tutorial ............................................................................................................................................ i Audience........................................................................................................................................................... i Prerequisites..................................................................................................................................................... i Disclaimer & Copyright ..................................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................ ii 1. Pandas ? Introduction...............................................................................................................................1 2. Pandas ? Environment Setup ....................................................................................................................2 3. Pandas ? Introduction to Data Structures .................................................................................................3 Dimension & Description................................................................................................................................. 3 Series ............................................................................................................................................................... 4 DataFrame ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 Data Type of Columns ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Panel ................................................................................................................................................................ 5 4. Pandas -- Series........................................................................................................................................6 pandas.Series................................................................................................................................................... 6 Create an Empty Series.................................................................................................................................... 7 Create a Series f............................................................................................................................................... 7 rom ndarray..................................................................................................................................................... 7 Create a Series f............................................................................................................................................... 8 rom dict ........................................................................................................................................................... 8 Create a Series f............................................................................................................................................... 9 rom Scalar........................................................................................................................................................ 9 Accessing Data from Series with Position ..................................................................................................... 10 Retrieve Data Using Label (Index) ................................................................................................................. 11

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5. Pandas ? DataFrame ...............................................................................................................................13 pandas.DataFrame ........................................................................................................................................ 14 Create DataFrame ......................................................................................................................................... 14 Create an Empty DataFrame ......................................................................................................................... 15 Create a DataFrame from Lists ...................................................................................................................... 15 Create a DataFrame from Dict of ndarrays / Lists ......................................................................................... 16 Create a DataFrame from List of Dicts........................................................................................................... 17 Create a DataFrame from Dict of Series ........................................................................................................ 19 Column Selection........................................................................................................................................... 20 Column .......................................................................................................................................................... 20 Addition ......................................................................................................................................................... 20 Column Deletion............................................................................................................................................ 21 Row Selection, Addition, and Deletion .......................................................................................................... 23

6. Pandas ? Panel........................................................................................................................................26 pandas.Panel() ............................................................................................................................................... 26 Create Panel .................................................................................................................................................. 26 Selecting the Data from Panel ....................................................................................................................... 28

7. Pandas ? Basic Functionality ...................................................................................................................30 DataFrame Basic Functionality ...................................................................................................................... 35

8. Pandas ? Descriptive Statistics ................................................................................................................45 Functions & Description ................................................................................................................................ 48 Summarizing Data ......................................................................................................................................... 49

9. Pandas ? Function Application ................................................................................................................53 Table-wise Function Application ................................................................................................................... 53 Row or Column Wise Function Application ................................................................................................... 54

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Element Wise Function Application .............................................................................................................. 55 10. Pandas ? Reindexing ...............................................................................................................................57

Reindex to Align with Other Objects ............................................................................................................. 58 Filling while ReIndexing ................................................................................................................................. 58 Limits on Filling while Reindexing.................................................................................................................. 60 Renaming....................................................................................................................................................... 61 11. Pandas ? Iteration...................................................................................................................................62 Iterating a DataFrame.................................................................................................................................... 62 iteritems() ...................................................................................................................................................... 63 iterrows() ....................................................................................................................................................... 64 itertuples() ..................................................................................................................................................... 64 12. Pandas ? Sorting .....................................................................................................................................66 By Label ......................................................................................................................................................... 66 Sorting Algorithm .......................................................................................................................................... 70 13. Pandas ? Working with Text Data ...........................................................................................................71 14. Pandas ? Options and Customization ......................................................................................................82 get_option(param) ........................................................................................................................................ 82 set_option(param,value) ............................................................................................................................... 83 reset_option(param) ..................................................................................................................................... 83 describe_option(param)................................................................................................................................ 84 option_context()............................................................................................................................................ 84 15. Pandas ? Indexing and Selecting Data .....................................................................................................86 .loc()............................................................................................................................................................... 86 .iloc() .............................................................................................................................................................. 90 .ix()................................................................................................................................................................. 92

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Use of Notations............................................................................................................................................ 93 16. Pandas ? Statistical Functions .................................................................................................................96

Percent_change............................................................................................................................................. 96 Covariance ..................................................................................................................................................... 97 Correlation..................................................................................................................................................... 98 Data Ranking.................................................................................................................................................. 98 17. Pandas ? Window Functions .................................................................................................................100 .rolling() Function ........................................................................................................................................ 100 .expanding() Function.................................................................................................................................. 101 .ewm() Function .......................................................................................................................................... 101 18. Pandas ? Aggregations ..........................................................................................................................103 Applying Aggregations on DataFrame ......................................................................................................... 103 19. Pandas ? Missing Data ..........................................................................................................................108 Cleaning / Filling Missing Data..................................................................................................................... 111 Replace NaN with a Scalar Value ................................................................................................................. 111 Fill NA Forward and Backward .................................................................................................................... 112 Drop Missing Values .................................................................................................................................... 113 Replace Missing (or) Generic Values ........................................................................................................... 114 20. Pandas ? GroupBy.................................................................................................................................116 Split Data into Groups ................................................................................................................................. 117 View Groups ................................................................................................................................................ 117 Iterating through Groups............................................................................................................................. 119 Select a Group ............................................................................................................................................. 120 Aggregations................................................................................................................................................ 121 Transformations .......................................................................................................................................... 123

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Filtration ...................................................................................................................................................... 124 21. Pandas ? Merging/Joining.....................................................................................................................125

Merge Using 'how' Argument...................................................................................................................... 127 22. Pandas ? Concatenation........................................................................................................................131

Concatenating Objects ................................................................................................................................ 131 Time Series .................................................................................................................................................. 136 23. Pandas ? Date Functionality..................................................................................................................139 24. Pandas ? Timedelta...............................................................................................................................141 25. Pandas ? Categorical Data.....................................................................................................................144 Object Creation ........................................................................................................................................... 144 26. Pandas ? Visualization ..........................................................................................................................150 Bar Plot ........................................................................................................................................................ 151 Histograms................................................................................................................................................... 153 Box Plots ...................................................................................................................................................... 154 Area Plot ...................................................................................................................................................... 155 Scatter Plot .................................................................................................................................................. 155 Pie Chart ...................................................................................................................................................... 156 27. Pandas ? IO Tools..................................................................................................................................157 read.csv ....................................................................................................................................................... 157 28. Pandas ? Sparse Data............................................................................................................................161 29. Pandas ? Caveats & Gotchas .................................................................................................................164 30. Pandas ? Comparison with SQL.............................................................................................................169

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1. Pandas ? Introduction Python Pandas

Pandas is an open-source Python Library providing high-performance data manipulation and analysis tool using its powerful data structures. The name Pandas is derived from the word Panel Data ? an Econometrics from Multidimensional data. In 2008, developer Wes McKinney started developing pandas when in need of high performance, flexible tool for analysis of data. Prior to Pandas, Python was majorly used for data munging and preparation. It had very less contribution towards data analysis. Pandas solved this problem. Using Pandas, we can accomplish five typical steps in the processing and analysis of data, regardless of the origin of data -- load, prepare, manipulate, model, and analyze. Python with Pandas is used in a wide range of fields including academic and commercial domains including finance, economics, Statistics, analytics, etc.

Key Features of Pandas

Fast and efficient DataFrame object with default and customized indexing. Tools for loading data into in-memory data objects from different file formats. Data alignment and integrated handling of missing data. Reshaping and pivoting of date sets. Label-based slicing, indexing and subsetting of large data sets. Columns from a data structure can be deleted or inserted. Group by data for aggregation and transformations. High performance merging and joining of data. Time Series functionality.

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