Khadijah, First Woman of Islam-



Name: ____________________________________World HistoryIslam- Changing the Post-Classical Era Standard4.0 3.53.0 Not a 3.0 yetWH.HT4.1.d Analyze historical patterns and developments to understand what changes and stays the same over time55- 60 points 50- 54.5 points 40- 49 points Less than 40Part of assignmentYour gradeMr. Wood’s gradeNote Packet and graphic organizer /10/10Change Over Time Essay /44/444.0 Option /6/6Total score and Standard Grade/60/60Context Lecture325755013144500448627519050Label the following places on the MapMecca Medina Baghdad Ghana and Mali Swahili civilization Malacca 4000020000Label the following places on the MapMecca Medina Baghdad Ghana and Mali Swahili civilization Malacca Part I- The Prophet Muhammad and The Beginning of IslamWorldDefinition Historical Theme with explanation RevelationKaabaPilgrimage The Prophet Muhammad and the Origins of Islam- LifeMuhammad was born into the most powerful tribe in Mecca, the Quraish, around 570 A.D.?The power of the Quraish derived from their role as successful merchants. Several trade routes intersected at Mecca, allowing the Quraish to control trade along the west coast of Arabia, north to Syria, and south to Yemen.Mecca was home to two widely venerated polytheistic cults whose gods were thought to protect its lucrative trade. After working for several years as a merchant, Muhammad was hired by Khadija, a wealthy widow, to ensure the safe passage of her caravans to Syria. They eventually married.Divine RevelationsWhen he was roughly forty, Muhammad began having visions and hearing voices. Searching for clarity, he would sometimes meditate at Mount Hira, near Mecca. On one of these occasions, the Archangel Gabriel (Jibra'il?in Arabic) appeared to him and instructed him to recite "in the name of [your] lord." This was the first of many revelations that became the basis of the Qur'an, the holy book of Islam. These early revelations pointed to the existence of a single God, contradicting the polytheistic beliefs of the pre-Islamic Arabian Peninsula.Initially overwhelmed by the significance of what was being revealed to him, Muhammad found unflinching support in his wife and slowly began to attract followers. His strong monotheistic message angered many of the Meccan merchants. They were afraid that trade, which they believed was protected by the pagan gods, would suffer. From that point forward, Muhammad was ostracized in Mecca. For a time, the influence and status of his wife and his uncle, Abu Talib, the chief of the clan, protected Muhammad from persecution. After they died, however, Muhammad's situation in Mecca became dire.Video-The Life of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) 29:55- Describe the Prophet Muhammad’s experience at the hill of Jabal al-Nour in 610 CE.Why do you think the voice told Muhammad to “read (Iqra)?” 29:55-30:25 - What are these people doing? Why? Where do you think this is? 32:00 – 34:25 What was Muhammad’s reaction to hearing what he believed was God’s revelation at the cave at Hira at Jabel al-Nour? (Khadija- Muhammad’s wife) What happened after he first heard the message from God? 34:25- 35:25 What happened with Muhammad’s revelations? What is Muhammad’s role in the Qur’an? 35:25-36:28 What is the significance of Muhammad not knowing how to read and write? 38:45- 40:35 How did Islam spread from Muhammad to other converts and grow? Who were these people and what did they believe? 41:20- 42:40- What does Islam mean and what is a Muslim? 42:40 – 43:40 - Why did the Quraish go against Muhammad? What was his response? 43:40- 44:55- What happened to Muhammad’s followers in Mecca? Khadijah, First Woman of Islam- women have done remarkable things in every part of the world in every time in history. Most of their accomplishments were not recorded in history books. While just as brilliant, creative, and courageous as men, women in many societies have been valued less, and often their contributions discounted, not recorded at all, or attributed to men. Notable exceptions were women so extraordinary their worth could not be ignored or minimized. One such woman, revered by billions, is Khadijah bint Khuwaylid (Khadijah, daughter of Khuwaylid), born in Mekka in 555 CE.Khadijah was born to a life of privilege. Her family was important in Mekka and quite wealthy; she could have lived a life of ease all her days. Khadijah, however, was an intelligent and industrious young woman who enjoyed business and became very skilled. When her father died, the young woman took charge of the family business, which thrived and grew under her direction. Compassionate as well as hard-working, Khadijah gave a great deal of money to help others—assisting the poor, sick, disabled, widows, orphans, and giving poor couples money to marry.Twice Khadijah married, and when each of her husbands died, she overcame her grief and continued to rear her small children and run her successful caravan business by herself. Khadijah had many employees, including the important position of her agent, who traveled with her caravans, negotiated deals in other cities, and took charge of the large amounts of money involved in the trading business.When Khadijah was 40 years old, she was widely known in Arabia as a powerful, smart, independent woman, and many men wanted to work for her. However, when she needed to hire an agent, she did not hire any of the men who eagerly sought the job. Instead, she selected a hard-working young man named Muhammad who had the reputation of being honest and diligent. Muhammad was only 25 years old when he accepted the job, but he proved to be an excellent employee and a courteous and ethical man. Within a fairly short time Khadijah concluded he would be a suitable partner in life, as well, and so she, Khadijah, proposed marriage to Muhammad.The difference in their ages was 15 years, but there was never a question of their complete devotion to each other. Muhammad continued to work for Khadijah's caravan business, and they had six children together, although only one of the children, a girl named Fatimah, lived to adulthood. Khadijah and Muhammad lived happily in this busy, productive way for 15 years, but when Muhammad was 40 their lives took a radical turn.Muhammad meditated in a cave outside Mecca from time to time, and one afternoon he returned home from the cave exhausted and frightened, calling to Khadijah for help. He told her the angel Gabriel had spoken to him with a message from God, but he did not know what it meant. Khadijah believed Muhammad. She assured him he was sane and that this news was good, not fearful. Khadijah became the first convert to Islam, and remained Muhammad's most staunch believer, ally, and friend through the trials that lay ahead.Khadijah encouraged Muhammad to leave the business and preach full time. She financially supported him so he could preach with all his heart and energy; she sustained him in this way for the rest of her life. When necessary, she supported his followers, too. In the early years, when the growth of Islam was slow and increasingly dangerous, Khadijah protected Muhammad with her political power and influence. As time passed, Muhammad's compelling word gained followers, and just as steadily, city leaders became more alarmed and wanted Muhammad arrested. Eventually, when the authorities could not be kept away and finally came for him, Khadijah left her comfortable home to join her husband, Muhammad, in hiding. Three years of rugged living followed, during which Khadijah depleted her entire large fortune supporting the followers of Islam. Her wealth was gone and her health strained to the breaking point by deprivation. However, her spirits remained high and her devotion never flagged. Finally, the brave, honorable, and faithful Khadijah became ill and died.The year Khadijah died was 619 CE. She was 65 years old, and she and Muhammad had been partners for 25 years. Muhammad's uncle Abu Talib also died that year, and Muhammad called 619 the Year of Sorrow. It is known in Islamic history as the Year of Sorrow to this day.Khadijah is recognized as a great woman. Muhammad revered Khadijah's memory the rest of his life, and consistently held her up to both men and women as a model of intelligence, virtue, courage, and devotion to family and to God. During the 25 years of their marriage, Muhammad remained married only to Khadijah. After Khadijah died, Muhammad had numerous wives at once as was the custom of that time.Khadijah is revered by Muslims worldwide, honored with the titles First Believer and Mother of Believers. Muslims believe Islam is the true faith, originating with Adam and Eve, so the work of Muhammad did not create Islam. However, its success is in great part due to Khadijah's unwavering support in its formative years.Introduction to?Islam- 's divine recitations form the Qur'an and are organized into books (surahs) and verses (ayat). Because these revelations focused on a form of monotheism considered threatening to Mecca's ruling tribe (the Quraysh), which Muhammad was a part of, the early Muslims faced significant persecution.?Eventually in 622, Muhammad and his followers fled Mecca for?the city of Yathrib, which is known as Medina today, where his community was welcomed. This event is known as the Hijra, or emigration. 622, the year of the Hijra (A.H.), marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar, which is still in use today.The?Hijra- became the only hope for Muhammad and his followers' survival. In 622, they headed to Medina, another oasis town, where they were promised freedom to practice their religion. The move from Mecca to Medina is known as the?hijra—the flight—and marks year 1 of the Islamic, or?hijri, calendar.Spreading the Message of IslamIn Medina, Muhammad continued to receive divine revelations and built an ever-expanding community around the new faith. The conflict with the Quraish continued, but after several years of violent clashes, Mecca surrendered. Muhammad and his followers soon returned and took over the city, destroying all its pagan idols and spreading their belief in one God. 625-630 C.E., there were a series of battles fought between the Meccans and Muhammad and the new Muslim community. Eventually, Muhammad was victorious and reentered Mecca in 630.One of Muhammad's first actions was to purge the Kaaba of all of its idols (before this, the Kaaba was a major site of pilgrimage for the polytheistic religious traditions of the Arabian Peninsula and contained numerous idols of pagan gods). The Kaaba is believed to have been built by Abraham (or Ibrahim as he is known in Arabic) and his son, Ishmael. The Arabs claim descent from Ishmael, the son of Abraham and Hagar. The Kaaba then became the most important center for pilgrimage in Islam.In 632, Muhammad died in Medina. Muslims believe that he was the final in a line of prophets, which included Moses, Abraham, and Jesus.Take notes on Mr. Wood’s Lecture on the Qur’an and the Five Pillars of Islam26479504127500Part II- Islam spreads to in the Middle East and AfricaWorldDefinition Historical Theme and explanation CaliphateDar al-IslamEarly Islamic World- . Early Islamic World was a period of rapid expansion for both the Islamic Empire and the religion of Islam. While Europe was languishing in the dark ages, the Middle East was experiencing a time of economic prosperity and scientific advancement. In this section, we cover the Islamic Empire from the start of Islam (610 CE) to the fall of the Ottoman Empire (1924). Islam The religion of Islam was founded in 610 CE by the Prophet Muhammad in the city of Mecca (modern day Saudi Arabia). The religion soon spread throughout the region and had a major impact on the culture of the Middle East and North Africa throughout the Middle Ages.Caliphate After Muhammad died, the Islamic government was called the "Caliphate" and was ruled by a "Caliph." The first four Caliphs were all taught Islam by Muhammad and were called the "Rightly Guided" Caliphs. They were followed by the first Islamic dynasty called the Umayyad Caliphate. In 750 CE, the Abbasid Caliphate took control and ruled for 500 years. The Islamic Golden Age took place during the Abbasid Caliphate. Expanse of the Empire The Islamic Empire expanded throughout the Middle Ages to become one of the largest empires in the history of the world. It controlled the Middle East, northern Africa, the Iberian peninsula (Spain), and parts of Asia into India. Islamic Golden Age The Islamic Golden Age was a period when science, culture, technology, education, and the arts flourished throughout the Islamic Empire. This period lasted from around 790 CE to 1258 CE. The cultural center during this time was the city of Baghdad which also served as the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate.?THE ISLAMIC STATES?A distinctive feature of the post classical period is the rapid rise of Islamic civilization, or the?Dar al-Islam. A unified civilization seemed an unlikely prospect for the area in which Islam was born. The nomads of the Arabian peninsula (Bedouins) were polytheistic and organized by powerful tribal identities. Conversion to the monotheistic teachings of Muhammad meant that these issues were less likely to hinder cooperation between tribes. One’s ancestral bloodline—once the unifying bond within a tribe—gave way to a new loyalty based on a common faith in one god that brought individuals together regardless of their tribe. As a result, Islam facilitated the rise of empires in areas once characterized by bands of feuding nomadic tribes.Soon after the death of Mohammed a dispute erupted over who should be the leader of this new religion. Since the idea of another prophet was inconceivable, a "deputy" or?Caliph?was chosen to lead the Muslim community. Disagreement over the qualifications of the Caliph led to the split of Muslims into?Shia?and?Sunni?factions. Nevertheless, the Caliph--a leader who presides over the political, religious and military affairs of the Dar al-Islam--became a central feature of Islamic civilization for the majority of Muslims. By bringing these separate components of civilization under a single leader, the?Caliphate?(the office of the Caliph) had a unifying effect on Islamic civilization.?The?Umayyad Caliphate?(661-750) pushed the boundaries of Islam far outside the Arabian peninsula. Umayyad armies conquered the Middle East, spread across North Africa, and into Iberia. Their conquests in Europe were limited to Spain by the?Battle of Tours?(732) in which the Franks routed the Muslim armies and turned them back across the Pyrenees Mountains. Under the Umayyads the Dar al-Islam was dominated by Arab military elites, and their preferential treatment of Arab Muslims brought them into conflict with the growing non-Arab population of Islamic civilization.[8]In 750 the Umayyads were overthrown by the Abbasids and a new Caliphate was established. Under the?Abbasid Caliphate?(750-1258) a wider variety of cultural influences made their way into Islamic civilization, the most prominent of which was Persian. From the Abbasid capital of?Baghdad, the Caliph ruled with absolute authority which he claimed to have received directly from God.[9]?Rather than depend on a Arab military aristocracy like the Umayyads, the Abbasids used a salaried bureaucracy; bureaucrats could be promoted or dismissed at the whim of the caliph. They ended the racial policies of the Umayyads; Arabs were no longer favored in the administration of the caliphate and the Arab militias were replaced by a professional Abbasid army of paid soldiers. The nature of the caliph itself was dramatically transformed during the reign of the Abbasids. Rather than the "warrior" caliph of the Umayyads, the Abbasid Caliph lived in splendor and surrounded himself with wealth and elaborate ceremonies. He was an absolute ruler presiding over a centralized bureaucratic state and supported by military force.[10]Islam Empire of Faith Part 2 The Awakening full PBS Documentary- - 5:00 Describe what the city of Baghdad was like in the Post-Classical era5:00- 9:40 - What made Baghdad the “Jewel of the World?” Describe what was the House of Wisdom and the educational advances that were made there.9:40 – 13:15 - What new contributions did Muslims make from places like the House of Wisdom in Baghdad? 13:15- 15:05 Explain how paper was important and used in the Muslim world.Life in the East According to the historian Will Durant, the Muslim East flourished from 700 to 1200 A.D./C.E. They led the world in power, order, extent of government, refinement of manner, standards of living, humane legislation and religious tolerance, literature, scholarship, science, medicine and philosophy. They showed mercy to those they defeated and were seldom guilty of brutality. The world of Islam at the onset of the Crusades represented a civilization much more advanced than its Western counterpart. Many Muslims were concentrated in cities unrivaled in their day in both size and splendor. The cities throughout the region were laid out along the same design with a mosque and markets in the center of the town. In the principal cities, the ruler’s palace was surrounded by ramparts and crowned by a citadel. These cities were centers for trade. Most of the Muslims were Arabs. "East Meets West: Effects of the Crusades." Ohio Department of Education, n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2013.The blending of Islam- was the first continent, outside of Arabia that Islam spread to in the early 7th centurywhen Muhammad advised a number of his early disciples, who were facing persecution by the pre-Islamic inhabitants of the Mecca, to seek refuge across the Red Sea in Axum. In the Muslim tradition, this event is known as the?first Hijra?or migration.Trading has a big part to play in the spread of Islam. Pastoral North Africans called Berbers had long traded with West Africans. The Berbers offered salt in exchange for West African gold. That may seem like a bad deal until you consider that without salt, we die.The Berbers were early converts to Islam and Islam spread along those pre-existing trade routes between North and West Africa. The first converts in Mali were traders who benefited from having a religious as well as a commercial connection to their trading partners in the North and the rest of the Mediterranean. Then the kings followed the traders possibly because sharing the religion of more established kingdoms in the north and east would give them prestige not to mention access to scholars and administrators who would help them cement their power.Islam became the religion of the elites in West Africa which meant that Muslim kings were trying to extend their power over largely non-Muslim populations which worshipped traditional African gods and spirits.To appear more acceptable and less foreign, these African Muslim kings would often blend traditional religion with Islam like for instance, giving women more equality than was seen in Islam’s birthplace.The first kings we have a record of adopting Islam were from Ghana which is recorded as the first empire in West Africa. Historians believe that a group of people called the Soninke founded Ghana as early as the year 300 and it thrived until around 1200. Ghana became known for its rich culture, wealth, organisation, and power.As with all empires and also everything else, Ghana rose and then fell and it was replaced by Mali. The kings of Mali especially?Mansa Musa, but also Musa’s brother and successor, Mansa Suleyman, tried to increase the knowledge and practice of Islam in their territory.Mansa Musa brought back from a pilgrimage to Mecca the architect al-Sahili, who is often credited with the creation of the Sudano-Sahelian building style. Mansa Suleyman followed his path and encouraged the building of mosques, as well as the development of Islamic learning.Islam in East AfricaOn the other side of Africa, there was an alternative model of civilizational development. The eastern coast of Africa saw the rise of Swahili Civilisation which was not an empire or a kingdom but a collection of city states like Zanzibar and Mombasa and Mogadishu. All of which formed a network of trade ports. Each of these cities was autonomously ruled usually, but not always, by a king.There were three things that linked these city states so that we can consider them a common culture: language, trade and religion. The Swahili language is part of a language group called Bantu and its original speakers were from West Africa. Their migration to East Africa changed, not only the linguistic traditions of Africa but everything else because they brought with them ironwork and agriculture. Until then, most of the people living in the East had been hunter-gatherers or herders but once introduced, agriculture took hold.Swahili cities trade had been going on since the first century CE but Swahili Civilisation didn’t begin its rapid development until the 8th century when Arab traders arrived seeking goods that they could trade on the vast Indian Ocean network.Just like in West Africa these merchants brought Islam with them which, which was adopted by the elites who wanted religious as well as commercial connections to the rest of the Mediterranean world.In many of the Swahili states these Muslim communities started out quite small but at their height between the 13th and 16th century, most of the cities boasted large mosques like one in?Kilwa.Although the majority of Muslims in Africa are Sunni or Sufi, the complexity of Islam in Africa is revealed in the various schools of thought, traditions, and voices that constantly contend for dominance in many African countries. Islam in Africa is not static and is constantly being reshaped by prevalent social, economic and political conditions.318094521318400Take notes here on Mr. Wood’s Lecture on Islam in West Africa 317949919431000The Spread of Islam in West Africa: Containment, Mixing, and Reform from the Eighth to the Twentieth CenturyTop of FormBottom of FormMargari Hill, Stanford University , January 2009Around the eighth century, Arab documents mentioned ancient Ghana and that Muslims crossed the Sahara into West Africa for trade. North African and Saharan merchants traded salt, horses, dates, and camels from the north with gold, timber, and foodstuff from regions south of the Sahara…From the eighth to the thirteenth century, contact between Muslims and Africans increased and Muslim states began to emerge in the Sahel. Eventually, African kings began to allow Muslims to integrate…Emerging from the ruins of the Mali Empire, the Mande Songhay Empire (1430s to 1591) ruled over a diverse and multi-ethnic empire. Although Islam was the state religion, the majority of the population still practiced their traditional belief systems. Many rulers, however, combined local practices with Islam… The Songhay state patronized Islamic institutions and sponsored public buildings, mosques and libraries. One notable example is the Great Mosque of Jenne, which was built in the 12th or 13th century. The Great Mosque of Jenne remains the largest earthen building in the world. By the 16th century there were several centers of trade and Islamic learning in the Niger Bend region, most notably the famed Timbuktu. Arab chroniclers tell us that the pastoral nomadic Tuareg founded Timbuktu as a trading outpost. The city’s multicultural population, regional trade, and Islamic scholarship fostered a cosmopolitan environment. In 1325, the city’s population was around 10,000. At its apex, in the 16th century, the population is estimated to have been between 30,000 and 50,000. Timbuktu attracted scholars from throughout the Muslim world.?S- SpeakerWhat’s the speaker’s POV? C- ContextHow does this document fit into the era we are studying? A- Audience- Who is the speaker writing for? Does the audience “side” with the speaker? P- Purpose Can you summarize in one sentence, the main idea, argument, or persuasion in the doc?For each question, you will earn 1 point for your evidence that has to come from the stimulus and/or your packet (at least 2-3 details and 1 point for having the correct answer. The information in the above passage most directly tells the reader the following:The spread of Islam was able to completely change life in West AfricaLife in West Africa was not really changed by the influence of IslamIslam made in impact in African and mixed in with already existing traditionsTimbuktu was one of the few cities in West Africa affected by the spread of Islam Your answerYour reason- using evidence for the stimulus or from our chapter -A foreigner traveling to West Africa most likely would have noticed the following The Architecture was significantly less advanced than architecture of other civilizations like Europe and Asia The population was very literate, kept its traditions alive, while accepting some foreign influencesPeople in these civilizations would trade most of their goods for foreign goods that they felt were superiorThe Slave trade was very prevalent and impacted virtually every aspect of life, which greatly increased foreign trade Your answerYour reason- using evidence for the stimulus or from our chapter -The city that would most likely have resembled Timbuktu in this era of history would have been:RomeBaghdadMeccaPersepolis Your answerYour reason- using evidence for the stimulus or from our chapter - ................
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